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Course-Material-1-Limit-of-a-Function (1)

This document outlines a Basic Calculus module focused on understanding limits of functions through various approaches including tabular and graphical methods. It includes definitions, examples, and activities designed to evaluate limits, as well as required materials for learning. The content emphasizes the distinction between the limit of a function and the function's value at a specific point.

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nicoleadraneda.23167
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12 views

Course-Material-1-Limit-of-a-Function (1)

This document outlines a Basic Calculus module focused on understanding limits of functions through various approaches including tabular and graphical methods. It includes definitions, examples, and activities designed to evaluate limits, as well as required materials for learning. The content emphasizes the distinction between the limit of a function and the function's value at a specific point.

Uploaded by

nicoleadraneda.23167
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC CALCULUS

Course Material No. 1

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 1 of 10


WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?
This module is designed to help you with the
following:

▪ illustrate the limit of a function by


observing table of values and the graph;

▪ distinguish the difference between


lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑎); and
𝑥→𝑎

▪ apply the tabular approach and graphical


approach to evaluate the limit of a
function.

REQUIRED LEARNING MATERIALS AND RESOURCES


▪ PowerPoint Presentation ▪ Worksheet: Limit of a Function
▪ Handout: Limit of a Function ▪ Calculators

PRE-ACTIVITY

A. Evaluate the following functions at a specific value of 𝒙.


1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5; 𝑥 = −2
(2𝑥−5)
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = (5𝑥+3); 𝑥 = 0
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 9; 𝑥 = 3
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = |4𝑥 − 7|; 𝑥 = −3
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4; 𝑥 = −1

B. The graph of 𝒈(𝒙) is shown below. Find the following function values given
the values of 𝒙.
1. 𝑔(−2) = ______
2. 𝑔(0) = ______
3. 𝑔(2) = ______
4. 𝑔(4) = ______
5. 𝑔(3) = ______

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 2 of 10


CONTENT AND DISCUSSION
Mathematics Journal 1.1
Definition of Limit of a Function

Let 𝒇 be a function and let 𝒂 and 𝑳 be real numbers. The limit of 𝒇(𝒙) as 𝒙 approaches
𝒂 is equal to 𝑳, written as:
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂

If and only if the following conditions hold:


i. As 𝒙 takes values closer and closer (but not equal) to 𝒂 on both sides (left and
right) of 𝒂, the corresponding values of 𝒇(𝒙) get closer and closer (and perhaps
equal) to 𝑳.
ii. The value of 𝒇(𝒙) can be made as close to 𝑳 as desired by taking values of 𝒙
close enough to 𝒂.

In-class Activity 1
I. Find the limit by completing the table of values.
1) 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓) = 𝟗
𝒙→𝟏

2) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏) = −𝟒
𝒙→−𝟏

3) 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 3 of 10


𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝟓
4) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( ) = 𝟏𝟎
𝒙→𝟓 𝒙−𝟓

𝟏
5) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙−𝟏) = 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕 /𝑫𝑵𝑬
𝒙→𝟏

II. Find the limit given the graph of a function.


1) 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓) = 𝟗
𝒙→𝟏

2) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏) = −𝟒
𝒙→−𝟏

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 4 of 10


3) 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎

𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝟓
4) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( ) = 𝟏𝟎
𝒙→𝟓 𝒙−𝟓

𝟏
5) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( ) = 𝒅𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕 /𝑫𝑵𝑬
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏

Note: The graph of the following functions was sketched using an online utility, https://www.desmos.com/calculator.

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 5 of 10


Mathematics Journal 1.2
Left-Hand Limit

Let 𝒇 be a function defined at every number in some open interval (𝒙, 𝒂). Then the
limit of 𝒇(𝒙) as 𝒙 approaches 𝒂 from the left is equal to 𝑳, written as:
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂−
Note: We take values of 𝒙 less than 𝒂 but very close to 𝒂. (𝑥 < 𝑎)

Mathematics Journal 1.3


Right-Hand Limit

Let 𝒇 be a function defined at every number in some open interval (𝒂, 𝒚). Then the
limit of 𝒇(𝒙) as 𝒙 approaches 𝒂 from the right is equal to 𝑳, written as:
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂+
Note: We take values of 𝒙 greater than 𝒂 but very close to 𝒂. (𝑥 > 𝑎)

Mathematics Journal 1.4


Existence of Limit

The limit of 𝒇 as 𝒙 approaches 𝒂 exists and is equal to the number 𝑳 if and only if
𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) both exist and are equal to 𝑳. That is,
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Mathematics Journal 1.5: Key Difference


Limit
The 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) is concerned with the behavior of the function as 𝑥 gets close to 𝑎,
𝒙→𝒂
without necessarily evaluating the function at 𝑎.

Function Value
The 𝒇(𝒂) is simply the value of the function at 𝑎, assuming the function is defined
there.

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 6 of 10


In-class Activity 2
Consider the graph of the function 𝒇(𝒙) as shown below. Determine what is being asked in
each item.

1) (a) 𝒇(−𝟒) = 𝟐 4) (a) 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝑫𝑵𝑬


(b) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 (b) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒
𝒙→−𝟒 𝒙→𝟎
(c) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 (c) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙→−𝟒 𝒙→𝟎
(d) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 (d) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑫𝑵𝑬
𝒙→−𝟒 𝒙→𝟎

2) (a) 𝒇(−𝟐) = 𝟒 5) (a) 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟎


(b) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓 (b) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→𝟐
(c) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 (c) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→𝟐
(d) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑫𝑵𝑬 (d) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑫𝑵𝑬
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

3) (a) 𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝟐 6) (a) 𝒇(𝟒) = 𝑫𝑵𝑬


(b) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 (b) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟏
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→𝟒
(c) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 (c) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→𝟒
(d) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 (d) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑫𝑵𝑬
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→𝟒

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 7 of 10


Worksheet #1
Name: Year & Section:
Topic: Limit of a Function Date:
I. Find the following limits by completing the table of values.

𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
1. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( 𝒙−𝟑 ) = ____________
𝒙→𝟑

𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
𝒍𝒊𝒎− ( 𝒙−𝟑 ) = ____________
𝒙→𝟑

𝒙 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 2.99999


𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟑

𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
𝒍𝒊𝒎+ ( 𝒙−𝟑 ) = ____________
𝒙→𝟑

𝒙 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001


𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟑

𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
2. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( 𝒙+𝟐 ) = ____________
𝒙→−𝟐

𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
𝒍𝒊𝒎− ( 𝒙+𝟐 ) = ____________
𝒙→−𝟐

𝒙 -2.1 -2.01 -2.001 -2.0001 -2.00001


𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟑

𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
𝒍𝒊𝒎+ ( ) = ____________
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙+𝟐

𝒙 -1.9 -1.99 -1.999 -1.9999 -1.9999


𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟑

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 8 of 10


II. Using the graph shown below, determine what is being asked in each item.

(𝟏)𝒇(−𝟒) = (𝟗)𝒇(−𝟏) = (𝟏𝟕)𝒇(𝟓) =

(𝟐) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟎) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟖) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) =


𝒙→−𝟒 𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→𝟓

(𝟑) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟏) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟗) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) =


𝒙→−𝟒 𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→𝟓

(𝟒) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟐) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝟎)𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) =


𝒙→−𝟒 𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→𝟓

(𝟓)𝒇(−𝟐) = (𝟏𝟑)𝒇(𝟐) = (𝟐𝟏)𝒇(𝟗) =

(𝟔) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟒) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝟐) 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) =


𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟗

(𝟕) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟓) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝟑) 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) =


𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟗

(𝟖) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟔)𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝟐𝟒)𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) =


𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟗

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 9 of 10


TERMS TO REMEMBER REFERENCES:
▪ Limit
▪ Elisa S. Baccay, Ed.D., & Rene
R. Belecina, Ph.D. (2022). Basic
▪ Function Value
Calculus. Rex Book Store, Inc
▪ Limit of a Function
▪ Perla S. Dela Cruz, Lea D.
Madrigal, & Ma. Therese
▪ Left-Hand Limit
Christine C. Valdez (2022).
Basic Calculus. C & E
▪ Right-Hand Limit
Publishing, Inc.
▪ Limit of Existence
▪ Neil Jerome A. Egarguin, Lauro
L. Fontanil, & Vernel M. Lawas
(2021). Basic Calculus. C & E
Publishing, Inc.

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 10 of 10

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