BASIC CALCULUS

Course Material No. 2

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 1 of 10

 WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?
This module is designed to help you with the
following:

▪ illustrate the limit laws;

▪ apply the limit laws in evaluating the

limits of algebraic functions; and

▪ appreciate the importance of limit laws

and factoring techniques in evaluating the
limits of algebraic functions.

REQUIRED LEARNING MATERIALS AND RESOURCES

▪ PowerPoint Presentation ▪ Worksheet: Limit of a Function
▪ Handout: Limit of a Function ▪ Calculators

PRE-ACTIVITY

A. Factor Completely.
1. 𝒑𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔
2. 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓
3. 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟖𝟒
4. 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒚 + 𝟑𝟐
5. 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎

B. Simplify the following algebraic fractions.

𝒑𝟐 −𝟑𝒑−𝟓𝟒
1.
𝒑−𝟗
𝒙+𝟕
2.
𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙−𝟕
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟑𝟎
3.
𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟖𝒙
𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟐
4.
𝟕𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟐𝒙−𝟒
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟑𝟎
5.
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝟓

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 2 of 10

CONTENT AND DISCUSSION

Theorem 1
Basic Limit Laws
For any real numbers 𝒂 and 𝒄, and integer 𝒏, the basic
limits laws are:
𝒂. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒄 = 𝒄 𝒄. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒄𝒙 = 𝒄𝒂
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
𝒃. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒅. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Examples:
𝒂. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒄. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟓𝒙 = 𝟓(𝟕) = 𝟑𝟓
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟕

𝒃. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 = − 𝟑 𝒅. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟒 = ( 𝟏)𝟒 = 𝟏

𝒙→−𝟑 𝒙→𝟏

Theorem 2
Limit of a Constant Multiple
If 𝒄 is any constant and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳, then
𝒙→𝒂

𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒄𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝑳

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Examples:
𝟏. If 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟕, then 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑(𝟕) = 𝟐𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐. If 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = , then 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟖𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟖 (𝟒) = 𝟐
𝒙→𝒂 𝟒 𝒙→𝒂
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟓
𝟑. If 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟏𝟎, then 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟒 𝒇(𝒙) = (−𝟏𝟎) = −
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝟒 𝟐

𝟒. If 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟓 , then 𝒍𝒊𝒎(−𝟒𝒈(𝒙)) = − 𝟒(𝟏𝟓) = −𝟔𝟎

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 3 of 10

 Theorem 3
Limit of a Sum and Difference
If 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑴, then
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙)

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
=𝑳±𝑴

Examples:
𝟏. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒂. 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒃. 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝟐. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟓 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = − 𝟏

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒂. 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝟓 + (−𝟏) = −𝟔

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒃. 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝟓 − (−𝟏) = −𝟒

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Theorem 4
Limit of a Product
If 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑴, then
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)) = (𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)) (𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝑳𝑴

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Examples:
𝟏. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)) = (𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)) (𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙)) = (𝟏𝟐)(𝟐) = 𝟐𝟒

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝟐. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟓 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = − 𝟏

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)) = (𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)) (𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙)) = (−𝟓)(−𝟏) = 𝟓

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 4 of 10

 Theorem 5
Limit of a Quotient
If 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑴, then
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑳

𝒙→𝒂
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) 𝑴
𝒙→𝒂
where 𝑴 ≠ 𝟎.

Examples:
𝟏. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝒂
𝒇(𝒙) 𝟏𝟐
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = = =𝟔
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) 𝟐
𝒙→𝒂

𝟐. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟓 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = − 𝟏

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) −𝟓

𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒙→𝒂 = =𝟓
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) −𝟏
𝒙→𝒂

Theorem 6
Limit of a Power
If 𝒏 is any positive integer and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳, then
𝒙→𝒂

𝒏
𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙) )𝒏 = (𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)) = (𝑳)𝒏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Examples:
𝟏. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓, then
𝒙→𝒂
𝟑
𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙))𝟑 = (𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)) = (𝟓)𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
𝟐
𝟐. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟑, then
𝒙→𝒂
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒇(𝒙))𝟒 = (𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)) = (− ) =
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝟑 𝟖𝟏

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 5 of 10

 Theorem 7
Limit of a Radical or Root
If 𝒏 is any positive integer and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳, then
𝒙→𝒂

𝒏 𝒏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒏√𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝑳
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Examples:
𝟏. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝟗, then
𝒙→𝒂

𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟒𝟗 = 𝟕

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
𝟐. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟔𝟒, then
𝒙→𝒂
𝟑 𝟑
𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑√𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = √−𝟔𝟒 = −𝟒
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Mathematics Journal 2.1

Definition of a Polynomial Function

A polynomial function 𝒇 in terms of 𝒙 is of the form

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎

where 𝒂𝒊 , for 𝒊 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝒏, are real coefficients and 𝒏 is a nonnegative integer. If the

leading coefficient 𝒂𝒊 ≠ 𝟎,then 𝒏 is the degree of the polynomial.

Theorem 8
Limits of a Polynomial Function
For a polynomial function 𝒇 in terms 𝒙,

𝒏 𝒏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒏√𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝑳
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

where 𝒂 is any real number.

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 6 of 10

 Examples:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝟏. 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓) = 𝟑 ( ) + 𝟓 = + 𝟓 =
𝒙→
𝟏 𝟔 𝟐 𝟐
𝟔

𝟐. 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟐(𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟐

𝒙→𝟏

𝟑. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒) = (−𝟐)𝟑 + 𝟕(−𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟐(−𝟐) + 𝟒

𝒙→−𝟐

= −𝟖 + 𝟕(𝟒) + 𝟒 + 𝟒
= −𝟖 + 𝟐𝟖 + 𝟒 + 𝟒
= 𝟐𝟖

Mathematics Journal 2.2

Definition of a Rational Function

A rational function 𝒇 in terms of 𝒙 is of the form

𝒑(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒒(𝒙)
where 𝒑(𝒙) and 𝒒(𝒙) are polynomials in 𝒙 and 𝒒(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎.

Theorem 9
Limits of a Rational Function
For a rational function 𝒇 in terms 𝒙,

𝒑(𝒙) 𝒑(𝒂)
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒒(𝒙) = 𝒒(𝒂)
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

where 𝒂 is any real number and 𝒒(𝒂)≠𝟎

Examples:
𝒙 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =
𝒙→𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟔 𝟓 + 𝟔 𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒 (𝟎)𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒 𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒
𝟐. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = = =− = −𝟑
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 + 𝟖 𝟎+𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟒 (−𝟏)𝟐 +𝟐(−𝟏)+𝟒 𝟏−𝟐+𝟒 𝟑 𝟏
𝟑. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟑(−𝟏)𝟐 −(−𝟏)+𝟖 = = 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒙→−𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟖 𝟑(𝟏)+𝟏+𝟖

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 𝟎
Note: (The case when evaluation of 𝒇(𝒂) leads to indeterminate form 𝟎 .)
𝒙−𝟒 (𝒙−𝟒) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟒. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟔 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙−𝟒)(𝒙+𝟒) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙+𝟒 = 𝟒+𝟒 = 𝟖
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒

𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙+𝟓 (𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟓) 𝒙+𝟓 −𝟏+𝟓 𝟒

𝟓. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = −𝟏−𝟑 = −𝟒 = −𝟏
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟑 𝒙→−𝟏 (𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟑) 𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙−𝟑

Mathematics Journal 2.3

Definition of a Radical Function

A radical function 𝒇 in terms of 𝒙 is of the form

𝒏
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒑(𝒙)
where 𝒏 is a positive integer and 𝒑 is a polynomial function or a ratio of polynomial
functions.

Theorem 9
Limits of a Radical Function
For a radical function 𝒇 in terms 𝒙,

𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒏√𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒏√𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒑(𝒙)

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
where 𝒂 is any real number and 𝒏 is a positive integer, and
𝒑(𝒂) > 𝟎 if 𝒏 is even.

Examples:
𝟏. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝟏𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐 = √𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟏𝟔 − 𝒙𝟐 ) = √𝟏𝟔 − (𝟑)𝟐 = √𝟏𝟔 − 𝟗 = √𝟕
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙→𝟑

𝟑 𝒙 𝟑 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 𝟑 −𝟖 𝟑 −𝟖 𝟑 −𝟖 𝟐
𝟐. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝟏𝟏−𝟐𝒙 = √ 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→−𝟖 = √𝟏𝟏−𝟐(−𝟖) = √𝟏𝟏+𝟏𝟔 = √ 𝟐𝟕 = − 𝟑
𝒙→−𝟖 (𝟏𝟏−𝟐𝒙)
𝒙→−𝟖

√𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙−𝟓)

√𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙−𝟓 𝒙→𝟏 √(𝟏)𝟐 +𝟖(𝟏)−𝟓 √𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
𝟑. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = = = = =𝟓
𝒙→𝟏 𝟑𝒙+𝟕 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟑𝒙+𝟕) 𝟑(𝟏)+𝟕 𝟑+𝟕 𝟏𝟎
𝒙→𝟏

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 𝟎
Examples: (The case when evaluation of 𝒇(𝒂) leads to indeterminate form 𝟎 .)
𝟏−√𝒙 𝟏−√𝒙 𝟏+√𝒙 𝟏−𝒙 −(𝒙−𝟏)
𝟒. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( 𝒙−𝟏 ) (𝟏+ 𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙−𝟏)(𝟏+ = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙−𝟏)(𝟏+
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 √ 𝒙→𝟏 √𝒙) 𝒙→𝟏 √𝒙)

−𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
Remark: Rationalizing the 𝒙→𝟏 𝟏 + √𝒙
numerator using the conjugate = 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒙→𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 (−𝟏)

1 + √𝑥 . (𝟏)+𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
√𝒙

𝒍𝒊𝒎 −𝟏
𝒙→𝟏
=
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏+√𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

−𝟏
= 𝟏+𝟏
𝟏
= −𝟐

In-class Activity 1
I. Let 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐, 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝟏, and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟎. Evaluate the following.
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

1) 𝒍𝒊𝒎[𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐 + (−𝟏) = 𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟏

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

2) 𝒍𝒊𝒎[𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐 − (−𝟏) = 𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟑

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

3) 𝒍𝒊𝒎[𝒉(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎 − (−𝟏) = 𝟎 + 𝟏 = 𝟏

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

4) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝒉(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒍𝒊𝒎 [𝒉(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)] = √𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒉(𝒙) − 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝟎 − (−𝟏) = √𝟎 + 𝟏 = √𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) 𝟐

5) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝒂
= = −𝟐
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) −𝟏
𝒙→𝒂

−𝒈(𝒙) −𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) −(−𝟏) 𝟏

6) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒙→𝒂
= =𝟐
𝒙→𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂
𝟐

7) 𝒍𝒊𝒎[𝒇(𝒙)][𝒈(𝒙)] = [𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)] [𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙)] = (𝟐)(−𝟏) = −𝟐

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
𝟐
8) 𝒍𝒊𝒎[𝒈(𝒙)]𝟐 = [𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙)] = (−𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒈(𝒙)−𝒉(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙)−𝒉(𝒙) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙)−𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒉(𝒙) (−𝟏)−𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏

9) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒙→𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙→𝒂 𝟐 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂
= = = −𝟒
𝒙→𝒂 𝟐𝒇(𝒙) 𝟐(𝟐) 𝟒
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝟏 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
10) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)−𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)−𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙)−𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝟐−(−𝟏) = 𝟐+𝟏 = 𝟑
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 9 of 10

II. Find the limit of each of the following functions
1) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎) = 𝟓(−𝟐)𝟑 − 𝟐(−𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟖(−𝟐) + 𝟑𝟎
𝒙→−𝟐

= 𝟓(−𝟖) − 𝟐(𝟒) + 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟑𝟎
= −𝟒𝟎 − 𝟖 + 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟑𝟎
= −𝟐
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝟎 (√𝟑)𝟐 −𝟑𝟎 𝟑−𝟑𝟎 −𝟐𝟕
2) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( 𝒙𝟐 +𝟔 ) = = = = −𝟑
𝒙→√𝟑 (√𝟑)𝟐 +𝟔 𝟑+𝟔 𝟗

𝒙𝟑 −𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟐)(𝒙−𝟏) (𝒙𝟐 +𝟐) (𝟏)𝟐 +𝟐 𝟏+𝟐 𝟑

3) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( 𝒙𝟑 +𝟑𝒙𝟐−𝟒𝒙 ) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 [(𝒙)(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟒)] = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 [(𝒙)(𝒙+𝟒)] = (𝟏)(𝟏+𝟒) = (𝟏)(𝟓) = 𝟓
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
𝟐
√𝒙+𝟗−𝟑 √𝒙+𝟗−𝟑 √𝒙+𝟗+𝟑 (√𝒙+𝟗) −(𝟑)𝟐 𝒙+𝟗−𝟗
4) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( ) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )( ) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( (𝒙)( ) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ((𝒙)( )
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 √𝒙+𝟗+𝟑 𝒙→𝟎 √𝒙+𝟗+𝟑) 𝒙→𝟎 √𝒙+𝟗+𝟑)
(𝒙)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ((𝒙)(√𝒙+𝟗+𝟑))
𝒙→𝟎
𝟏
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )
𝒙→𝟎 √𝒙+𝟗+𝟑
𝟏
=
√𝟎+𝟗+𝟑
𝟏
=
√𝟗+𝟑
𝟏
= 𝟑+𝟑
𝟏
=𝟔
𝒙𝟑 +𝟕𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟒𝒙+𝟖 (𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙+𝟒) (𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙+𝟒) [(−𝟏)+𝟐][(−𝟏)+𝟒]
5) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( 𝒙𝟑 −𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟖 ) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 [(𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙−𝟒)] = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 [(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙−𝟒)] = [(−𝟏)−𝟐][(−𝟏)−𝟒]
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙→−𝟏
(𝟏)(𝟑)
= (−𝟑)(−𝟓)
𝟑
= 𝟏𝟓
𝟏
=𝟓

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 10 of 10

Worksheet #2
Name: Year & Section:
Topic: Evaluating Limits Algebraically Date:
I. Appy the basic limit laws to evaluate the following limits.
1) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝟓 6) 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝟏
𝟏𝟔𝒙
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟐

2) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏 7) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟐
𝒙→−𝟔 𝒙→√𝟐

3) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 8) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟑
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→−𝟗

4) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 −𝟑𝒙 9) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟔

𝒙→−𝟑 𝒙→𝟐
𝒙
5) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 10) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟓
𝒙→−𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝒙→𝟑

II. Let 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑, and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟖. Evaluate the following.
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

𝒈(𝒙)
1) 𝒍𝒊𝒎[𝟒𝒇(𝒙) + 𝟐𝒈(𝒙)] 6) 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝟒𝒇(𝒙)

2) 𝒍𝒊𝒎[𝟓𝒇(𝒙) − 𝟑𝒈(𝒙)] 7) 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒇(𝒙))𝟑

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

3) 𝒍𝒊𝒎[𝟐𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)] 8) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝒇(𝒙)

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
𝟏
4) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 [ 𝒇(𝒙)𝟐𝒈(𝒙)] 9) 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒈(𝒙))𝟐
𝒙→𝒂 𝟑 𝒙→𝒂
𝒇(𝒙)
5) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 10) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙→𝒂

III. Appy the basic limit laws to evaluate the following limits.
1) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒙→𝟑
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟏𝟓
2) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟐𝟒

√𝒙+𝟏−𝟐
3) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ( )
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 11 of 10

 TERMS TO REMEMBER REFERENCES:
▪ Basic Limit Laws
▪ Elisa S. Baccay, Ed.D., & Rene
R. Belecina, Ph. (2022). Basic
▪ Limit of a Constant Multiple
Calculus. Rex Book Store, Inc
▪ Limit of Sum and Difference
▪ Perla S. Dela Cruz, Lea D.
Madrigal, & Ma. Therese
▪ Limit of a Product and Quotient
Christine C. Valdez (2022).
Basic Calculus. C & E
▪ Limit of a Power
Publishing, Inc.
▪ Limit of a Radical
▪ Neil Jerome A. Egarguin, Lauro
L. Fontanil, & Vernel M. Lawas
▪ Polynomial Function
(2021). Basic Calculus. C & E
Publishing, Inc.
▪ Limit of a Polynomial Function

▪ Rational Function

▪ Limit of a Rational Function

▪ Radical Function

▪ Limit of a Radical Function

▪ Indeterminate

▪ Rationalizing

▪ Factoring

2nd Term, A.Y. 2024 – 2025 Basic Calculus Page 12 of 10