DECLARATION

We, hereby, declare that the entire project work, presented in this report is the outcome of
investigation, study and presentation performance performed by us under the supervision of DR.
Preye Kenneth. A, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Niger Delta
University Amassoma. We also announce that no part of this report has been or is submitted
elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma.

Signature

_________________

Mr. Oye Eric Azibapu

ID: UG/16/0904

Countersigned

Dr. Kenneth Preye. A

Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Niger Delta University Amassoma.....

APPROVALS

The project report titled, “Design & Construction of a 220V Voltage Stabilizer”, submitted by
MR. Oye Eric Azibapu , ID: UG/16/0904 to the department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering, Niger Delta University Amassoma, has been accepted as satisfactory in partial
fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical & ElectronicEngineering.

Dr. Preye Kenneth.A (Supervisor)

Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Northern University Bangladesh

Lecturer

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Niger

Delta University Amassoma.
 Lecturer

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Niger

Delta University Amassoma

Engr. Dr. Preye Kenneth. A

Associate Professor & Head

Department of Electrical & Electronic

Engineering Niger Delta University Amassoma

ABSTRACT
A voltage stabilizer is a device which is used to sense inappropriate voltage levels and correct them to
produce a reasonably stable output where the load is connected. Here we will study the design of a
simple automatic AC voltage stabilizer which can be used for the above purpose. In this circuit, active
and passive devices, such as diodes, transformer, resistor, capacitor, relay, IC etc. have been used.
One step down transformer and one step up transformer have also been used in this work. In case the
line voltage crosses a predetermined threshold, the comparator detects it and its output immediately
goes high, switching ON the transistor and the relay for the desired actions. The relay contacts are
appropriately integrated to the transformer taps for executing the above actions as per the
commands given by the op amp output. The designed circuit operates successfully and the results
obtained are satisfactory. When installed, the relay trips whenever the input voltage crosses 230
volts, bringing the output to 218 volts and keeps it until the voltage reaches higher levels. When the
voltage drops back to 225, the relay gets de-energized pulling the voltage to 238 volts and maintains
the difference as the voltage further goes down. The above action keeps the output to the appliance
well between 200 to 250 volts with fluctuations ranging from 180 to 265 volts.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First start with great thank to almighty, we take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude
and deep regards to our guide Dr. Preye Kenneth.A for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and
constant encouragement throughout the course of this project. I can’t say thank you enough for his
tremendous support and help. I feel motivated and encouraged every time we attend his meeting.
Without his encouragement and guidance this project would not havematerialized.

We sincerely thank the respected teachers and faculty members of Niger Delta University Amassoma
as they have tremendous contribution behind our progress.

Last but not least we wish to avail ourselves of this opportunity, express a sense of gratitude and love
to our friends and our beloved parents for their manual support, strength and help and for
everything.

TABELOFCONTENTS PageNo.

Chapter 1: Introduction& Overview………………………………………… 1

1.1Introduction………………………………………………………... 1

1.2 BlockDiagram……………………………………………………. 1

1.3 Overview………………………………………………………….. 2

Chapter 2: Description ofEquipments ……………………………………… 3

 2.1RequiredComponent……………………………………………… 3

2.2Transformer………………………………………………………. 4

2.3Capacitor ………………………………………………………….. 8

2.4Resistor…………………………………………………………….. 15

2.5Potentiometer………………………………………………………. 18

2.6Diode………………………………………………………………. 23

2.7ZenerDiode………………………………………………………… 26

2.8Op-Amp (LM741)…………………………………………………. 27

2.9Transistor………………………………………………………….. 29

2.10Relay……………………………………………………………….. 33

Chapter 3: Circuit andOperation …………………………………………… 37

How the Circuit Functions………………………………………… 37

3.2 CircuitDiagram…………………………………………………… 38

3.3 Circuit Design &Implementation ………………………………… 39

Chapter 4: Discussion andConclusion………………………………………. 40

4.1Utilities………………………………………………………………. 40

4.2Limitation…………………………………………………………… 40

4.3Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 41

References…………………………………………………………….…….......... 42

Chapter 1

Overview & Introduction

A voltage stabilizer is a device which is used to sense inappropriate voltage levels and correct
them to produce a reasonably stable output at the output where the load is connected.
Which is fabricated using transistor and other discrete components. It can be used to protect
 loads such as TV, Refrigerator and VCR from undesirable over and under line voltages, as well
as surges caused due to sudden failure/resumption of mains power supply. This circuit can be
directly as standalone circuit between the main supply and the load, or it may be inserted
between an existing automatic/manual stabilizer and the load. In case the mains voltage
crosses a predetermined threshold, the ICs non inverting detects it and its output immediately
goes high, switching ON the transistor and the relay for the desired actions.

The relay, which is a DPDT type of relay, has its contacts wired up to a transformer, which is
an ordinary transformer modified to perform the function of a stabilizer transformer.

So if the input AC voltage tends to increase a set threshold value, the transformer deducts
some voltage and tries to stop the voltage from reaching dangerous levels and vice versa
during low voltage situations.

Operation :

C220V ac input supply from supply line and flow the ac voltage of rectifier. Rectifier chance

the voltage ac to dc and capacitor chance the filtering dc. Operational amplifier or comparator
compare the ac supply voltage. Relay is an Electrical switching device. Its Normally-open (NO)
 contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated the circuit is disconnected when the
relay is inactive. Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is
activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. Change-over (CO), or double-
throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally-closed
contact with a common terminal. Output voltmeter show the stable voltage.

1.3. Overview

A voltage stabilizer is a device which is used to sense inappropriate voltage levels and correct
them to produce a reasonably stable output at the output where the load is connected.
The power line fluctuations and cut-offs cause damages to electrical appliances connected to
the line. It is more serious in the case of domestic appliances like Fridge and Television. If a
fridge is operated on low voltage, excessive current flows through the motor, which heats up,
and get damaged.

The high/low voltage protection circuit with time delay presented here is a low cost and
reliable circuit for protecting such equipments from damages. Whenever the power line is
switched on it gets connected to the appliance only after a delay of a fixed time. If the power
down time (time for which the voltage is beyond limits) is less than the delay time, the power
resumes after the delay: If it is equal or more, then the power resumes directly.

This circuit has been designed, built and evaluated by me to use as a protector for my home
refrigerator. This is designed around readily available semi-conductor devices such as
standard bipolar medium power NPN transistor (BC547), an 8-pin type 741 op-amp IC and
DPDT relay. Its salient feature is that no relay hunting is employed. This draw back is
commonly found in the proctors available in the market.

The complete circuit is consisting of various stages. They are: - Dual rail power supply,
Reference voltage source, Voltage comparators for hi/low, Time delay stage and Relay driver
stage. Lets now look at the step-by-step design details
 Chapter 2 Description of Equipments
RequiredComponent:
Resistor R1&R2

= 10KΩ

ResistorR3

= 470KΩ

VariableResistor

=10KΩ

CapacitorC1 = 1000

µF/25 V Diode D1&D2 =

1N4007

Zener Diode Z1 & Z2 = 4.7 V/ 400mW

TransformerTR1 = 0V - 12 V ,

500mA TransformerTR2 = 9V-0V-

9V,5A.
Op-Amp = LM741

Transistor = BC547

Relay = DPDT, 12V,200Ω.

LED = Red(1)

Voltmeter = 1Pcs.

oltmeter = 1Pcs.

2.1 Transformer:

Basic principles a transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic fluxin the
core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This varying
magneticfield at the secondary induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the
secondary winding. Making use of Faraday's Lawin conjunction with high magnetic
permeabilitycore properties, transformers can thus be designed to efficiently change
ACvoltages from one voltage level to another within power networks. Transformers have
become essential for the AC transmission, distribution, and utilization of electricalenergy.

Ideal transformerequations:
 Center Taps Transformer:

In electronics, a center tap is connection made to a point halfway along a winding of a Transformer or
inducer, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer. Taps are Sometimes used on inductors
for the coupling of signals, and may not necessarily be at the half- way point , but rather, closer to one
end. A common application of this is in the Hartley oscillator. Inductors with taps also permit the
transformation of the amplitude of alternating current (AC) voltages for the purpose of power
conversion, in which case, they are referred to as autotransformers, since there is only one winding. An
example of an autotransformers is an automobile ignition coil. Potentiometer tapping provides one or
more connections along the device’s element, along with the usual connections at each of the two ends
of the element, and the slider connection. Potentiometer taps allow for circuit functions that would
otherwise not be available with the usual construction of just the two end connections and one slider
connection.
Capacitor

Electronic Symbol

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical

componentused to store energy electro statically in an electric field. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by
a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or
conductive electrolyte, etc. The "non-conducting" dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's
 charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide
layer etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuitsin many common electrical
devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor
stores energyin the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

Theory of operation:

Chapter 3
Circuit and operation

Diagram

How the circuits Work..