cirvre CIVIL 2024 FLUID MECHANIC SESSION 22 ShHOEEP iVANiIaS Que 6. A laminar flow Wave = Umar . is taking place in a pipe 4 Le “a= oe of diameter 200 mm. © Re = The maximum velocity = of = is 1.5 m/sec. Find the (a) Sec. (6) R= tom. mean velocity and the ., uy = > radius at which this ° "%* Moma J) . occurs. Also calculate ~ Vag = (Quavs)(\— _a® 7 the velocity at 3 cm 3 ( x) - Upat = Urnox{i— = onthe wal of the 2 1. nae ft nex t) Sr=R = 19 1~ ca) Pease ae eeed Que 7. What power is = jnoom A velocity (Th Oo” Vag required per kilometre p= \oomm a _ 4 » of aline to overcome = R= Somm a= Vag % : the viscous resistance = 0 U/sec > Vow = wos to the flow of glycerine = 0.01 m/sec Ee) through a horizontal A= & poise pipe of diameter 100 = 0.8 N se = 4.273 msec mm at the rate of 10 m? litres/s Take. = 8 poise Y= 6 Alokes and kinematic viscosity = 6x10" > (v) = 6.0 stokes. ? Be Pease hae celePoww = fagh, Cr per >|p = So 9 h, = ¥ex@x 32H Vag L He = 0.01 x 32x(0.8)x1.273x 1000 (0.400)~ a m= ox = 32586 W = 92-588 kWPARALLEL PLATE DIRECTION i FLOW OF VISCOU, °F"0" FLUID BETWEEN ——~ PARALLEL PLATES a ax PARALLEL PLATE * Consider 2 parallel fixed plates kept at a distance ‘t’ apart, viscous fluid is flowing from left to right between them * Consider a fluid element of thickness ‘Ay’, at a distance of y’ from the lower fixed plate. + Let the length of the fluid element be Ax. + If‘p’ is the intensity of pressure on the face AB, then the intensity of pressure on the face CD ‘ 2 will be (p + Zax) + Let z be the shear stress acting in face BC, then the shear stress on face AD will be a (+554) + Let width of element in direction perpendicular to the paper be unityFLOW OF VISCOUS ornton FLUID BETWEEN = PARALLEL PLATES (e-Bajaces xayxtA=D ay? ay*t Bajo] “i PARALLEL PLATE eax * Forces acting on the fluid element are 1. The pressure force, p x Ay x 1 on face AB. 2. The pressure force, ( + 2 as) Ay x 1 on face CD. Ix 3. The shear force, t x Ax x 1 on face BC. 4. The shear force, (« + = ay] Ax x 1 on face AD. AJ Civil Engineering by Sandeep tyaniFLOW OF VISCOUS ornton FLUID BETWEEN = PARALLEL PLATES (e-Bajaces xayxtA=D ay? ay*t Bajo] “i PARALLEL PLATE eax * Forces acting on the fluid element are 1. The pressure force, p x Ay x 1 on face AB. 2. The pressure force, ( + 2 as) Ay x 1 on face CD. Ix 3. The shear force, t x Ax x 1 on face BC. 4. The shear force, (« + = ay] Ax x 1 on face AD. AJ Civil Engineering by Sandeep tyani1. Velocity Distribution ts a __ 1 (ap 2 4 u= male) e wy) — ‘ee op Hey: tare constant Velocity Shear Stress Distrubution _Distrinution Put y=5 a1 (2) 2 [= wale) 1 (dp\. vw = Taal) Civil Engineering by Sandeep tyanikes 2. Maximum to average Velocity Umax = 7 Uavg Se Velocity Shear Stress Distrubution _Distrinution 3. Drop of Pressure head for a given length ny = PAR Pa) _ 12 Vang L eg pgt Civil Engineering by Sandeep tyani4. Shear Stress Distribution — 1/dp r=-3(32)e-29 — PO op #5, +t are constant Velocity Shear Stress Distrubution Distrinution 5. Maximum Shear Stress us ae or Puty=Oort i.e atthe wall of plates 2\ax 6. Discharge Q=Area of flow xX Ugyg — And Ugyg = =e) ef Or tt Civil Engineering by Sandeep tyaniQue. For an oil of viscosity 0.02Ns/m2 flowing between two stationary parallel plates 1m wide maintained 10mm apart. The velocity midway between the plates is 2 m/sec ,Calculate b)> Una = 2 m/sec a) Pressure gradient along flow 3 b) Average Velocity and Umax = 7 Uavg c) Discharge @)> Umax =~ wage) aes 0.01)? =~ ean He)! ) = o = —3200 N/m? perm 2 > Uave= 52) => Uavg= 1.33 m/sec Civil Engineering by Sandeep tyaniQue. For an oil of viscosity 0.02Ns/m2 flowing between two stationary parallel plates 1m wide maintained 10mm apart. The velocity midway between the plates is 2 m/sec ,Calculate a) Pressure gradient along flow b) Average Velocity and ¢) Discharge = Q = Areaof flow x Ugg > Q=bxtx Uavg => Q=1x0.01 x 1.33 => Q = 0.0133 m3/sec Civil Engineering by Sandeep tyania) $) ) tar = na = ge (56 Q = Area of flow x avg “2 ieee Sa=-l1_, 2B x (0.100) Bx Aysas = eP__3q2u A fm Oe 0 at plate » Zee = Laney) Tt “el 3924) x 196.2 Nfin® (0.100) Civil Engineering by Sandeep tyani Que. Determine a) Pressure gradient b) Shear stress at the two horizontal plates c) Discharge per metre width for laminar flow of oil with a maximum velocity of 2 m/sec between two horizontal parallel fixed plates which are 100mm apart. Given viscosity = 2.4525 Ns/m?.yee : =e. Ey 6= &xt>x Yay = f= tx Uavg = @.l00)x 2,2 (100) 2. = 0.1383 mec ™m Que. Determine a) Pressure gradient b) Shear stress at the two horizontal plates c) Discharge per metre width for laminar flow of oil with a maximum velocity of 2 m/sec between two horizontal parallel fixed plates which are 100mm apart. Given viscosity = 2.4525 Ns/m?. Civil Engineering by Sandeep tyaniNOTE: FLOW OF VISCOUS FLUID BETWEEN PARALLEL PLATES When one plate is moving and another is fixed (Couette Flow) * The flow of viscous fluid between two parallel plates out of which one plate is fixed and other is moving is called as Couette Flow * If one plate is stationary and another is moving with velocity ‘U’, theni KINETIC ENERGY CORRECTION AND MOMENTUM CORRECTION FACTORS * KINETIC ENERGY CORRECTION FACTOR (a): * The ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow per second based on actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy of flow per second based on average velocity across same section. @= KEactuat/SeC (for turbulent flow = 1.33 KE qverage/SeC (@for laminar flow = 2.0 * MOMENTUM CORRECTION FACTOR (8): + The ratio of the momentum of the flow per second based on actual velocity across a section to the momentum of the flow per second based on average velocity across the section. Momentumeactuai/SeC (B)for laminar flow = 1.33 ~ Momentumaverage/SeC (B)for turbulent flow = 8)i KINETIC ENERGY CORRECTION AND MOMENTUM CORRECTION FACTORS + Lower the values of correction factor, the flow will be more turbulent and velocity distribution is more uniform but in the laminar flow, velocity distribution is not uniform, hence momentum correction factor and kinetic energy correction factor are different.| BOUNDARY LAYER When a real fluid flows past a solid body or solid wall, the fluid particles adhere to the boundary and condition of no slip occurs. Hence the velocity of fluid close to the boundary will same as, that of the boundary. For stationary body, the velocity of fluid at the boundary will be zero. Farther away from the boundary, the velocity will be higher and velocity gradient (52) will exis. ‘The velocity of fluid increases from zero to free stream velocity (U) of the fluid in the direction normal to the boundary, in a narrow region in the vicinity of boundary, this region is termed as boundary layer. ‘The flow in boundary layer region is viscous in nature. Bernoulli's equation is not applicable in boundary layer region HEIL Leng ley ‘Transition Region Turbulent Laminar 7: Trastion Point *——4 n= 0990| BOUNDARY LAYER + When a real fluid passes a flat plate, the velocity at the leading edge is zero and the retardation of particles increases when more area of plate is exposed to the flow and hence the boundary layer thickness increases as the distance from the leading edge increases upto certain distance from leading edge. The flow in the boundary layer is laminar and as the laminar boundary layer grows, instability occurs and flow changes from laminar to turbulent through transition. Even in the turbulent boundary layer region, close to the plate, the flow is laminar. Hence this region is known as laminar sub region. I only defined for turbulent flow. ITT | Leng ley ‘ramston Region Bat Turbulent Laminar| BOUNDARY LAYER * BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS (6): * It is the distance from the boundary of the solid body measured in the y-direction to the point, where the velocity of fluid is approximately equal to 0.99times the free stream velocity (U) of the fluid. * DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS (6°): * It is the thickness by which solid boundary must be displaced in order to compensate for the reduction in mass flow rate due to boundary layer growth. @ vonage 9 “ + 6 u = DistneoTion 5°= (1-5) ay =. uzvelocity of fluid at elementary strip @ gas Us free stream velocity of fluid| BOUNDARY LAYER * MOMENTUM THICKNESS (@): * It is the distance by which boundary should be displaced in order to compensate for the reduction in momentum due to boundary layer growth. @= fox a- 4 dy * KINETIC ENERGY THICKNESS (6 *"): * It is the thickness by which solid boundary must be displaced in order to compensate for the reduction in kinetic energy due to boundary layer growth. . a 4 * uw 6 = fo gf = 2 dy uzvelocity of fluid at elementary strip 3 Us free stream velocity of fluid H(Shape Factor)i VON KARMAN’S MOMENTUM INTEGRAL EQUATION * It is applicable to laminar, transition and turbulent boundary layers flows. To 00 To=shear stress at surface pU2 ax ncnomentum thickness U= free stream velocity of fluid x=distance from leading edge a To = 7 CaP Ca=drag coefficient