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Cyclones

The document discusses various methods of dilute particle separation, focusing primarily on cyclones, which utilize centrifugal forces to separate solids from liquids. It details the design, efficiency, and operational principles of cyclones, including calculations for separation factors and examples of cyclone applications. Additionally, it briefly mentions other separation processes such as momentum separators, wet dedusters, and electrostatic precipitators.

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4 views19 pages

Cyclones

The document discusses various methods of dilute particle separation, focusing primarily on cyclones, which utilize centrifugal forces to separate solids from liquids. It details the design, efficiency, and operational principles of cyclones, including calculations for separation factors and examples of cyclone applications. Additionally, it briefly mentions other separation processes such as momentum separators, wet dedusters, and electrostatic precipitators.

Uploaded by

arjunpall782
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit Operations 2

ENGG 10032

Dr Li Sun
School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences
Dilute Particles Separation
- Cyclones
- Other processes
Cyclones

• Centrifugal forces
press solids against
wall as they spin
around
• Lost momentum
leads solids to fall
• Can deal with
solid/liquid slurries
- Hydrocyclone
Cyclones

• Wide range of materials of


construction
• Designs for high efficiency
or high throughput
• Often used as first step in
multi-stage operations
• May use a combination
Cyclone and Filter
Cyclones
Spinning object constantly changes direction
ie. Accelerates, even if revs don’t change
Acceleration α given by:
α = rω2 = utan2 ÷ r
Where
r = radius (m)
ω = angular velocity (radian/s)
utan = tangential velocity (m s–1)
Newton’s 2nd law gives centrifugal force as: Fc = mα
Fg = mg
Normal gravity gives:
Separation Factor:
Cyclones
Example: Cyclone 30 cm in diameter with 15 m s–1 velocity
near the wall. Calculate the Separation Factor.
Solution:
d= 30 cm
r= 0.15m = 152.95
utan=15 m s–1

• Velocities above 20 m s–1 give high ΔP and abrasion


• Large cyclone diameter lowers separation factor
• Cyclones work best when fully loaded, rather than partially
• More effective to have small cyclones in parallel
• Small cyclones often achieve factors of 2500
Cyclones

• Stairmand design is
process industry
standard
High η model
• Two variations
- high efficiency cyclone
- high gas rate cyclone

• All other dimensions High Q model


based around main
diameter DC
Cyclones
Both use scale-up equation “2”- the proposed new cyclone
“1”- Standard cyclones tested with
air at 20°C and standard solid
d- particle diameter
Scale factor
Inlet area (high η type)
= 0.5DC× 0.2DC DC1 = 0.203 m
=0.5(0.203) × 0.2(0.203) Δρ1 = 2000 kg m–3
= 4.1209 × 10–3 m2 μ1 = 18 × 10–6 Pa s
Q1= 223 m3 hr–1 (high η model)
Inlet area (high Q type) Q1= 669 m3 hr–1 (high Q model)
= 0.75DC× 0.375DC
=0.75(0.203) × 0.375(0.203) Ideal inlet velocity 15 m s–1
= 11.59 × 10–3 m2 Must be within 9 to 27 m s–1
Cyclones- Example
Known:
Size cyclone to recover
Solid density = 2500 kg m–3
80% of following particles.
Gas is N2 at 1 atm and at 150 °C
Particle Cumulative Volume flow = 4000 m3 hr–1
size μm weight %
2 10
5 25
high η model high Q model
10 45
20 70
30 80
Solution
40 86
 Use high efficiency type
50 90
- high gas rate type not suitable
due to too many small particles
Cyclones- Example
• Volume flow = 4000 m3 hr–1 = 1.111 m3 s–1
• If apply standard inlet area (high η model)= 4.1209 × 10–3 m2
Velocity = 1.111 ÷ (4.1209 × 10–3 ) = 270 m s–1

• Cyclone inlet velocity must be within 9 to 27 ms–1.


- So 10 cyclones are designed in parallel to get to 27 ms–1

• If cyclones are designed at ideal velocity = 15 m s–1


- Cyclone inlet area = 0.1111 m3 s–1 ÷15 m s–1= 0.007407 m2
= 0.5DC2× 0.2DC2
- So DC2 =0.272 m
Cyclones- Example
Use scale-up equation to find the
cyclone scale factor (particle size
ratio d2/d1)
10 cyclones in parallel Standard cyclone data
Q2 = 4000/10 m3 hr–1= 400 m3 hr–1 Q1= 223 m3 hr–1
DC2 = 0.272 m DC1 = 0.203 m
= 23×10–6 Pa.s (N2 at 1 atm, 150 °C) Δρ1 = 2000 kg m–3
ρ = 0.81 kg m–3 (N2 at 1 atm, 150 °C) μ1 = 18 × 10–6 Pa s
Δρ2 = (2500-0.81) 2500 kg m–3

–6

–6
Cyclones- Example
Revisit size data on an imaginary sample of 100 kg
Mean Mean size ×
Size range kg in Size scale factor
μm range μm μm

0–2 10 1 1.171
2–5 15 3.5 4.098
5 – 10 20 7.5 8.781
10 – 20 25 15 17.563
20 – 30 10 25 29.271
30 – 40 6 35 40.980
40 – 50 4 45 52.689
50+ 10 50 58.543

Scale factor
Cyclones- Example
Total particles not recovered
Revisit size data = 10.86 kg from 100 kg
Size range kg in Mean Mean × scale η from kg kg lost Lost
Size factor
μm range graph recovery profile
μm μm
0–2 10 1 1.171 45% 4.5 5.5 50.64%
2–5 15 3.5 4.098 85% 12.75 2.25 20.72%
5 – 10 20 7.5 8.781 92% 18.4 1.6 14.73%
10 – 20 25 15 17.563 95% 23.75 1.25 11.51%
20 – 30 10 25 29.271 98% 9.8 0.2 1.84%
30 – 40 6 35 40.980 99% 5.94 0.06 0.55%
40 – 50 4 45 52.689 100% 4 0 0%
50+ 10 50 58.543 100% 10 0 0%
Particles recovered in total = 89.14 kg from
Scale factor
100 kg particles ie. Exceeded 80% spec
Cyclones- Further matters
Double cyclone separators
sometimes used if particle
size range is large
Gas introduced to outer
separator and partially
cleaned
Tangential openings on
inner separators allow part-
cleaned gas to enter
Centrifugal force on inner
cyclones is greater (smaller
radius) so extra material
deposited
Dilute particle separations
- Cyclones
- Other processes
Momentum separators
Could use gravity alone – large!

air & dust air

Baffles – drops or sold particles lose momentum on


striking an obstruction

air & dust air


Wet Dedusters and Demisters
Louvres – like baffles but more compact
Droplets/dust too fine to be removed by unassisted
momentum separator
Use scrubbing liquid to agglomerate and/or weigh
down pollutant

Interception
Inertial impaction
Wet Dedusters and Demisters
Liquid introduced in
Film or Spray (column) Fresh
liquid
Fresh
liquid Clean gas

Dusty gas

Dusty gas Dirty liquid


Jet (venturi)
Cyclone follows to separate liquid from washed gas
Electrostatic Precipitators
Common for removal of smoke particles

99% of flue gas ash removed by this method

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