Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2020

Microwave Engineering

M.Eng. Dang Ngoc Hanh

[email protected]

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Chapter 1
Theory and Applications of
Transmission Lines

Trinh Xuan Dung, PhD

[email protected]

Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology

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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines
3. Transmission Line Equations and Solutions
4. Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line
5. Propagation constant and velocity
6. Lossless and Lossy Transmission Lines
7. Reflection Coefficient
8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance
9. Power Transmission on Transmission Lines
10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio
11. Impedance Matching
Problems

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1. Introduction
❖ The previous class provided the analysis of EM field and wave traveling in the
free space. This chapter provides the analysis of wave propagations in the
guided mediums : transmission lines.
❖ For efficient point-to-point transmission of power and information, the source
energy must be directed or guided.
❖ The key difference between circuit theory and Transmission Line is electrical
size.
❖ At low frequencies, an electrical circuit is completely characterized by the
electrical parameters like resistance, inductance, capacitance etc. and the
physical size of the electrical components plays no role in the circuit analysis.
❖ As the frequency increases however, the size of the components becomes
important. The voltage and currents exist in the form of waves. Even a change
in the length of a simple connecting wire may alter the behavior of the circuit.

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1. Introduction

❖ The circuit approach then has to be re-investigated with inclusion of the space
into the analysis. This approach is then called the Transmission Line
approach.
❖ Although the primary objective of a transmission line is to carry
electromagnetic energy efficiently from one location to other, they find wide
applications in high frequency circuit design.
❖ Also at high frequencies, the transmit time of the signals can not be ignored. In
the era of high speed computers, where data rates are approaching to few
Gb/sec, the phenomena related to the electromagnetic waves, like the bit
distortion, signal reflection, impedance matching play a vital role in high speed
communication networks.

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1. Introduction
General problems of the chapter I(l)

ZS
Characteristic Impedance Z0 V(l) ZL
VS

0 l z
At a given location along the line, find:
❖ Current, voltage and power
❖ Reflection coefficient, impedance, VSWR
❖ Design real TLs, such as micro-strip lines, CPW lines
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2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines

Examples of Transmission Lines:

Two-wire TL Coaxial TL Microstrip TL

❖ Two-wire Transmission Line: consists of a pair of parallel conducting wires

separated by a uniform distance. Examples: telephone line, cable connecting
from roof-top antenna to TV receiver.
❖ Coaxial Transmission Line: consists of inner conductor and and a coaxial
outer separated by a dielectric medium. Examples: TV Cable, etc.
❖ Microstrip Transmission Line: consists of two parallel conducting plates
separated by a dielectric slab. It can be fabricated inexpensively on PCB.
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2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines

I(l)

ZS ❖ Current i and voltage v

V(l) ZL are a function of
VS position z because a
wire is never a
“perfect” conductor. It
0 l z will have:
▪ Inductance (G)
▪ Resistance (R)
▪ Capacitance (C)
▪ Conductance (L)

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2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines

R, L, G, and C are per-unit-length quantities defined as follows:

❖ R = series resistance per unit length, for both conductors, in /m.
❖ L = series inductance per unit length, for both conductors, in H/m.
❖ G = shunt conductance per unit length, in S/m.
❖ C = shunt capacitance per unit length, in F/m.
o Series inductance L represents the total self-inductance of the two
conductors.
o Shunt capacitance C is due to the close proximity of the two conductors.
o Series resistance R represents the resistance due to the finite conductivity
of the individual conductors.
o Shunt conductance G is due to dielectric loss in the material between the
conductors.
o R and G, therefore, represent loss.

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2. Lumped-Element Circuit Model for Transmission Lines

Table: Transmission Line Parameters of some common lines:

Further reading: Kỹ thuật SCT, p.25-p.33

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3. Transmission Line Equations and Solution

Applying Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

𝝏𝒊 𝒛, 𝒕
𝒗 𝒛 + 𝚫𝒛, 𝒕 = 𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝑹𝚫𝒛𝒊 𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝑳𝚫𝒛
𝝏𝒕
Applying Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL):
𝝏𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕
𝒊 𝒛 + 𝚫𝒛, 𝒕 = 𝒊 𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝑮𝚫𝒛𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝑪𝚫𝒛
𝝏𝒕

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3. Transmission Line Equations and Solution

𝒗 𝒛 + 𝚫𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 𝝏𝒊 𝒛, 𝒕
Then: = −𝑹𝒊 𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝑳
𝚫𝒛 𝝏𝒕

𝒊 𝒛 + 𝚫𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝒊 𝒛, 𝒕 𝝏𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕
= −𝑮𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝑪
𝚫𝒛 𝝏𝒕
𝐼𝑃 =
When ∆𝑧 → 0:
𝝏𝒗(𝒛, 𝒕) 𝝏𝒊 𝒛, 𝒕 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝑰𝑷 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕)
= −𝑹𝒊 𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝑳 𝑽𝑷
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕 𝑰𝑷 =
𝝏𝒊(𝒛, 𝒕) 𝝏𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 𝒁𝑪
= −𝑮𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 − 𝑪 𝜹𝒗𝒄 (𝒕)
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕 𝒊𝒄 𝒕 = −𝑪
𝜹𝒕

These equations are “telegrapher’s equations”. There are infinite number of

solutions 𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 and 𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 for the “telegrapher’s equations”. The problem can
be simplified by assuming that the function of time is “time harmonic”
(sinusoidal).
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3. Transmission Line Equations and Solution

❖ If a sinusoidal voltage source with frequency 𝜔 is used to excite a linear,
time-invariant circuit then the voltage at every point with the circuit will
likewise vary sinusoidal.
❖ The voltage along a transmission line when excited by a sinusoidal source
must have the form:

𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 = 𝒗 𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋 𝒛 = 𝕽𝒆 𝒗 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 𝒆𝒋𝝋 𝒛

❖ The time harmonic voltage at every location z along a transmission line:

𝑽 𝒛 = 𝒗 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝋 𝒛

where: 𝒗 𝒛 = 𝑽 𝒛 and 𝝋 𝒛 = 𝒂𝒓𝒈 𝑽 𝒛

❖ There is no reason to explicitly write the complex function 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 since the only
unknown is the complex function 𝑽 𝒛 . Once we determine 𝑽 𝒛 , we can
always recover the real function 𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 :
𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 = 𝕽𝒆 𝑽 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕
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3. Transmission Line Equations and Solution

❖ Let’s assume that 𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 and 𝒊 𝒛, 𝒕 each have the time harmonic form:
𝒗 𝒛, 𝒕 = 𝕽𝒆 𝑽 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕
𝒊 𝒛, 𝒕 = 𝕽𝒆 𝑰 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕
❖ Then time derivative of these functions are:
𝝏𝒗(𝒛, 𝒕)
= 𝕽𝒆 𝒋𝝎𝑽 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕
𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝒊(𝒛, 𝒕)
= 𝕽𝒆 𝒋𝝎𝑰 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕
𝝏𝒛
❖ The telegrapher’s equations thus become:
𝝏𝑽 𝒛 𝒋𝝎𝒕
𝕽𝒆 𝒆 = 𝕽𝒆 − 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑰 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕
𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝑰 𝒛 𝒋𝝎𝒕
𝕽𝒆 𝒆 = 𝕽𝒆 − 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪 𝑽 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕
𝝏𝒛
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3. Transmission Line Equations and Solution

❖ Then the complex form of telegrapher’s equations are:

𝝏𝑽 𝒛
= − 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑰 𝒛
𝝏𝒛 Complex Value:
𝝏𝑰 𝒛
= − 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪 𝑽 𝒛 𝒗 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝋 𝒛
𝝏𝒛

Note that these functions are not a function of time t.

❖ Take the derivative with respect to z of the telegrapher’s equations, lead to:

𝝏𝟐 𝑽 𝒛
= 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪 𝑽 𝒛
𝝏𝒛𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝑰 𝒛
= 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪 𝑰 𝒛
𝝏𝒛𝟐

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3. Transmission Line Equations and Solution

❖ These equations can be written as:

𝝏𝟐 𝑽 𝒛 𝟐 𝝎 𝑽 𝒛
= 𝜸
𝝏𝒛𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝑰 𝒛 𝟐 𝝎 𝑰 𝒛
= 𝜸
𝝏𝒛𝟐

where 𝜸 𝝎 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪 is propagation constant.

❖ Only special equations satisfy these equations. The solution of these
equations can be found as:

𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆 −𝜸𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒆+𝜸𝒛
𝟎
+ −𝜸𝒛 − +𝜸𝒛
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 + 𝑰𝟎 𝒆
where 𝜸 = 𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷.

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3. Transmission Line Equations and Solution

❖ The time harmonic voltage at every location z along a transmission line:

𝑽 𝒛 = 𝒗 𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝝋 𝒛

where: 𝒗 𝒛 = 𝑽 𝒛 and 𝝋 𝒛 = 𝒂𝒓𝒈 𝑽 𝒛

❖ Only special equations satisfy these equations. The solution of these

equations can be found as:

𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆 −𝜸𝒛
+ 𝑽 − +𝜸𝒛
𝟎𝒆
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑰+
𝟎𝒆
−𝜸𝒛
+ 𝑰−
𝟎𝒆
+𝜸𝒛

where 𝜸 = 𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷.

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3. Transmission Line Equations and Solution

❖ The current and voltage at a given point must have the form:
𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆 −𝜶𝒛 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝒆 + 𝑽 − +𝜶𝒛 +𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝟎𝒆 𝒆
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑰+
𝟎𝒆
−𝜶𝒛 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛 + 𝑰− 𝒆+𝜶𝒛 𝒆+𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝟎
𝑽+𝟎
𝑰𝟎+
Reflected wave Incident wave
I(l)

ZS
V(l) ZL

VS

0 z
𝜸 𝝎 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪 is propagation constant.
𝜸 = 𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷
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Summary 1
𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆 −𝜸𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒆+𝜸𝒛
𝟎
+ −𝜸𝒛 − +𝜸𝒛
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 + 𝑰𝟎 𝒆

𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆 −𝜶𝒛 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒆+𝜶𝒛 𝒆+𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝟎
+ −𝜶𝒛 −𝒋𝜷𝒛 − +𝜶𝒛 +𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 𝒆 + 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 𝒆

𝜸 𝝎 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪 is propagation constant.

𝜸 = 𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷
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Q&A

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Reflected wave Incident wave

I(l)

ZS
V(l) ZL

VS

0 z

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4. Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line

❖ The terms in each equation describe two waves propagating in the
transmission line, one propagating in one direction (+z) and the other wave
propagating in the opposite direction (-z):

𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆 −𝜸𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒆+𝜸𝒛
𝟎
+ −𝜸𝒛 − +𝜸𝒛
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 + 𝑰𝟎 𝒆
𝝏𝑽 𝒛
❖ Then: = −𝜸𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆−𝜸𝒛 + 𝜸𝑽− 𝒆+𝜸𝒛 = − 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑰 𝒛
𝟎
𝝏𝒛

❖ After re-arranging, 𝑰 𝒛 must be:

𝜸 + −𝜸𝒛 𝜸 +𝜸𝒛 = 𝑰+ 𝒆−𝜸𝒛 + 𝑰− 𝒆−𝜸𝒛
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑽𝟎 𝒆 − 𝑽−𝟎𝒆 𝟎 𝟎
𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳
❖ For the equations to be true for all z, I0 and V0 must be related as:
+ − 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳
𝑽𝟎 𝑽𝟎
𝑰+
𝟎 = and 𝑰−
𝟎 =
where: 𝒁𝟎 = =
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎 𝜸 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪
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4. Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Line

❖ 𝑽+ +
𝟎 and 𝑰𝟎 are determined by the “boundary condition” (what is connected to
𝑽+
𝟎
either end of the transmission line) but the ratio + is determined by the
𝑰𝟎
parameters of the transmission line only.

❖ Set 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 and 𝑌 = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶. Then:

1 𝑍 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝒁𝟎 = 𝑍Δ𝑥 + ∥ 𝑍0 =
𝑌Δ𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑌 𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶

𝐿
❖ Lossless transmission line: 𝒁𝟎 =
𝐶

❖ In practice:
❖ 𝒁𝟎 is always real.
❖ In communications system: 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎𝜴. In telecommunications: : 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓𝜴.
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5a. Propagation Constant and Velocity

❖ Propagation constant: 𝜸 𝝎 = 𝜶 𝝎 + 𝒋𝜷 𝝎 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪
𝛼: attenuation constant [Np/m] or [dB/m].
𝛽: phase constant [rad/s].

𝛼 𝑑𝐵/𝑚 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑒 𝛼 𝑁𝑝/𝑚 = 8.68𝛼 𝑁𝑝/𝑚

❖ The “wave velocity” is described by its “phase velocity”. Since velocity is

change in distance with respect to time, we need to first express the
propagation wave in its real form:
𝑽+ 𝒛, 𝒕 = 𝕽𝒆 𝑽+ 𝒛 𝒆−𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕 − 𝜷𝒛

❖ Let’s set the absolute phase to some arbitrary value: 𝝎𝒕 − 𝜷𝒛 = 𝝓𝒄 . Then:

𝝎𝒕 − 𝝓𝒄 𝝏𝒛 𝝎
𝒛= and 𝒗𝒑 = =
𝜷 𝝏𝒕 𝜷

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5b. Line Impedance

❖ The Line Impedance is NOT the T.L Impedance 𝒁𝟎 . Recall that:
𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+ 𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒛
𝑽+ 𝒛 − 𝑽− 𝒛
𝑰 𝒛 =
𝒁𝟎

❖ Therefore, the Line Impedance can be written as:

𝑽 𝒛 𝑽+ 𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒛
𝒁 𝒛 = = 𝒁𝟎 +
𝑰 𝒛 𝑽 𝒛 − 𝑽− 𝒛
❖ Or more specifically:

𝑽𝟎+ 𝒆−𝜸𝒛 + 𝑽−
𝟎𝒆
𝜸𝒛
𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎 + −𝜸𝒛
𝑽𝟎 𝒆 − 𝑽−
𝟎𝒆
𝜸𝒛

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6. Lossless and Low-loss Transmission Line

❖ In practice, transmission lines have losses due to finite conductivity and/or
lossy dielectric but these losses are usually small.
❖ In most practical microwave:
▪ Losses may be neglected → Lossless Transmission Line.
▪ Losses may be assumed to be very small → Low-loss Transmission Line.
❖ Lossless Transmission Line: 𝑹 = 𝟎, 𝑮 = 𝟎
𝜸 𝝎 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪 = 𝒋𝝎 𝑳𝑪
𝜶 𝝎 =𝟎
𝜷 𝝎 = 𝝎 𝑳𝑪

❖ Low-loss Transmission Line: both conductor and dielectric loss will be

small, and we can assume that 𝑅 ≪ 𝜔𝐿 and 𝐺 ≪ 𝜔𝐶. Then: 𝑅𝐺 ≪ 𝜔2 𝐿𝐶.
Then:
𝑹 𝑮
𝜸 𝝎 ≃ 𝒋𝝎 𝑳𝑪 𝟏 − 𝒋 +
𝝎𝑳 𝝎𝑪

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6. Lossless and Low-loss Transmission Line

❖ Using the Taylor series expansion* for:
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 + 𝒙 ≃ 𝟏 + 𝒙Τ𝟐 − 𝒙 ൗ𝟖 + 𝒙 ൗ𝟏𝟔 + ⋯

𝑹 𝑮 𝒋 𝑹 𝑮
❖ Then: 𝜸 𝝎 ≃ 𝒋𝝎 𝑳𝑪 𝟏 − 𝒋 𝝎𝑳
+ 𝝎𝑪
≃ 𝒋𝝎 𝑳𝑪 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝝎𝑳
+ 𝝎𝑪

𝟏 𝑪 𝑳 𝟏 𝑹
❖ Hence: 𝜶≃ 𝑹 +𝑮 = + 𝑮𝒁𝟎
𝟐 𝑳 𝑪 𝟐 𝒁𝟎

𝜷 ≃ 𝝎 𝑳𝑪

𝑅+𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝐿
where: 𝑍0 = 𝐺+𝑗𝜔𝐶
≃ 𝐶

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series

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7. Reflection Coefficient
Reflected wave Incident wave
𝑰(𝒍)

𝒁𝑺 𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆 −𝜸𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒆+𝜸𝒛
𝟎
𝑽(𝒍) 𝒁𝑳 + −𝜸𝒛 − +𝜸𝒛
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 + 𝑰𝟎 𝒆
𝑽𝑺

𝟎 𝒍 𝒛

❖ Voltage Reflection Coefficient is defined as:

𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽−
𝟎𝒆
+𝜸𝒛
𝑽−
𝟎
𝚪𝑽 𝒛 = = + −𝜸𝒛 = + 𝒆𝟐𝜸𝒛
𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝟎 𝒆 𝑽𝟎
❖ Current Reflection Coefficient is defined as:
𝑽−
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰− +𝜸𝒛 − 𝟎 ൗ𝒁
𝟎𝒆 𝟎 𝟐𝜸𝒛
𝚪𝑰 𝒛 = = + −𝜸𝒛 = + 𝒆 = −𝚪𝑽 𝒛
𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 𝑽𝟎
൘
𝒁𝟎
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7. Reflection Coefficient
Reflected wave Incident wave
𝑰(𝒍)

𝒁𝑺 𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆 −𝜸𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒆+𝜸𝒛
𝟎
𝑽(𝒍) 𝒁𝑳 + −𝜸𝒛 − +𝜸𝒛
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 + 𝑰𝟎 𝒆
𝑽𝑺

0 𝒛=𝒍−𝒅 𝒍 𝒛

𝑽−
𝟎
❖ At load: 𝚪𝑳 = + 𝒆𝟐𝜸𝒍
𝑽𝟎

𝑽(𝒍) 𝑽+
𝟎𝒆
−𝒋𝜷𝒍 + 𝑽− 𝒆𝒋𝜷𝒍
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳
❖ Note that: 𝑳
𝒁 = = 𝒁 𝟎 + −𝒋𝜷𝒍 = 𝒁 𝟎
𝑰(𝒍) 𝑽𝟎 𝒆 − 𝑽−
𝟎 𝒆𝒋𝜷𝒍 𝟏 − 𝚪𝑳
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁 𝟎
❖ Then: 𝚪𝑳 =
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁 𝟎
𝑽−
𝟎 𝟐𝜸𝒛 𝑽−
𝟎 𝑽−
𝟎
❖ At location z: 𝚪 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒅 = + 𝒆 = + 𝒆𝟐𝜸 𝒍−𝒅 = + 𝒆𝟐𝜸𝒍 𝒆−𝟐𝜸𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝜸𝒅
𝑽𝟎 𝑽𝟎 𝑽𝟎
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7. Reflection Coefficient - Representation on a complex plane

❖ Reflection Coefficient at 𝑧 = 𝑙 − 𝑑:

𝚪 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝜸𝒅

where: 𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽.
❖ Then: 𝚪 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒅 𝒆−𝟐𝒋𝜷𝒅

d = /2
2
2 d = 2 d

2 
=2 = 2
 2

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8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance

❖ The line impedance at 𝑧 = 𝑙 − 𝑑:
𝑽+
𝟎𝒆
−𝒋𝜸𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒆𝒋𝜸𝒛
𝟎
𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎 + −𝒋𝜸𝒛
𝑽𝟎 𝒆 − 𝑽𝟎− 𝒆𝒋𝜸𝒛 𝒁(𝒙)
❖ Note that:
𝑽−
𝟎
𝚪 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒅 = + 𝒆𝟐𝜸𝒍 𝒆−𝟐𝜸𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝜸𝒅
𝑽𝟎
𝟏+𝚪 𝒛
❖ Then the line impedance can be specified: 𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎
𝟏−𝚪 𝒛
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒆𝜸𝒅 + 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝒆−𝜸𝒅
❖ More specifically: 𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒆𝜸𝒅 − 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝒆−𝜸𝒅
𝒁𝑳 𝒆𝜸𝒅 + 𝒆−𝜸𝒅 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒆𝜸𝒅 − 𝒆−𝜸𝒅
= 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝑳 𝒆𝜸𝒅 − 𝒆−𝜸𝒅 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒆𝜸𝒅 + 𝒆−𝜸𝒅
𝒁𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝜸𝒅 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝜸𝒅 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝜸𝒅
= 𝒁𝟎 = 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝜸𝒅 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝜸𝒅 𝒁𝟎 + 𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝜸𝒅
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Quiz 1: A 6-m section of 150Ω lossless line is driven by a source with

𝑣𝑔 𝑡 = 5 cos 8𝜋 × 107 𝑡 − 300 (𝑉)
And 𝑍𝑔 = 150Ω. If the line, which has a relative permittivity 𝜀𝑟 = 2.25 is terminated
in a load 𝑍𝐿 = (150 − 𝑗50)Ω, find:
a. 𝜆 on the line. Note that: 𝜆 = 𝑣𝑃ൗ𝑓 where 𝑣𝑃 = 𝑐ൗ 𝜀𝑟 .

b. The reflection coefficient at the load.

c. The input impedance.
d. The input voltage Vi and time-domain voltage vi(t).

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8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance

❖ Lossless T.L (𝛼 = 0):
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅
𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅
𝒁(𝒙)
▪ 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0 :
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅
𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎 = 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝜸𝒅
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅 𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝜸𝒅
▪ 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗𝑋𝐿 :
𝒋𝑿𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅
𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎 has imaginary part only
𝒁𝟎 − 𝑿𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅
▪ 𝑍𝐿 = 0:
𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅 pure reactance

▪ 𝑍𝐿 = ∞:
𝒁𝟎
𝒁 𝒛 = = −𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅 pure reactance
𝒋𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅
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8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance

▪ 𝑍𝐿 = 0: 𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅 = 𝒋𝑿(𝒅) Pure reactance

Inductance

At load

Capacitance

✓ Shorted-circuit T.L can be used to realize inductors or capacitors at specific

frequencies → Distributed Components.

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8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance

▪ 𝑍𝐿 = ∞: 𝒁 𝒛 = −𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅 = 𝒋𝑿(𝒅) Pure reactance

Inductance

At load
Capacitance

✓ Open-circuit T.L can be used to realize inductors or capacitors at specific

frequencies → Distributed Components.

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8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance

❖ A quarter wavelength TL:

𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅 𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 = 𝒁𝒊𝒏
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅 𝒁𝑳
✓ If 𝑍𝐿 → ∞: 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝒍=
𝝀
𝟒
✓ If 𝑍𝐿 = 0: 𝒁𝒊𝒏 → ∞.
𝒁𝟐𝟎
❖ Application for impedance transformation: 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = → 𝒁𝟎 = 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝑳

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Summary 2
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝚪𝑳 =
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎

𝚪 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝜸𝒅

𝟏+𝚪 𝒛
𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎
𝟏−𝚪 𝒛

A quarter wavelength TL
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = → 𝒁𝟎 = 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝑳

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Q&A

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Quiz 2

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8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance

Quiz 3: The open-circuit and short-circuit impedances measured at the input terminal
of a very low-loss TL of length 1.5m which is less than a quarter wavelength, are
respectively -54.6j (Ω) and 103j (Ω)
a. Find Z0 and 𝛾 of the line.
b. Without changing the frequency, find the input impedance of a short-circuited TL
that is twice the given length.
c. How long should the short-circuited TL be in order to appear as an open circuit at
the input terminals?

𝒁𝟎
𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅
𝒋𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅
𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒅

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8. Transmission Line Impedance and Admittance

Quiz 4: A voltage generator with
𝑣𝑔 𝑡 = 5 cos 2𝜋 × 109 𝑡 (𝑉)
and internal impedance is 𝑍𝑔 = 50Ω is connected to a 50Ω lossless T.L. The line
length is 5cm and the line is terminated in a load with impedance 𝑍𝐿 = 100 − 𝑗100Ω.
Determine:
a. Reflection coefficient at load Γ𝐿 ? (phasor form)
b. 𝑍𝑖𝑛 at the input of the T.L. (vp=c=3.10^8 m/s , complex form)
c. The input voltage 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 and input current 𝑖𝑖 𝑡 ? (amplitude, frequency, phase)

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9. Power Transmission on Transmission Lines

𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆 −𝜸𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒆+𝜸𝒛
𝟎
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 + −𝜸𝒛 − +𝜸𝒛
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 + 𝑰𝟎 𝒆
𝒁𝒊𝒏

𝝀
𝒍=
𝟒

❖ Steps to find 𝑽𝟎+ and 𝑽−

𝟎:

𝒁 −𝒁 𝒁𝒊𝒏
1. 𝚪𝑳 = 𝒁𝑳+𝒁𝟎 4. 𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝑺 𝒁
𝑳 𝟎 𝒊𝒏 +𝒁𝑺

2. 𝚪𝒊𝒏 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝜸𝒍 5. 𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽+ − +

𝟎 + 𝑽𝟎 = 𝑽𝟎 𝟏 + 𝚪𝒊𝒏

𝟏+𝚪 𝑽
3. 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 𝟏−𝚪𝒊𝒏 6. 𝑽+ 𝒊𝒏
𝟎 = 𝟏+𝚪 𝑽− +
𝟎 = 𝚪𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝟎
𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒏

❖ If 𝒁𝑳 = 𝒁𝟎 : 𝑽+𝟎 = 𝑽𝑺ൗ𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒁𝒔 = 𝒁𝟎

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9. Power Transmission on Transmission Lines

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑰(𝒍)

𝒁𝑺 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑃𝑡
𝑽(𝒍) 𝒁𝑳
𝑽𝑺

𝟎 𝒍 𝒛

❖ The time average power flows along a transmission line:

𝟏
𝑷𝒕 = 𝕽𝒆 𝑽 𝒛 𝑰∗ (𝒛)
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝕽𝒆 𝑽+ 𝟎𝒆
−𝜶𝒛 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒆𝜶𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝜷𝒛 𝑽+∗ 𝒆−𝜶𝒛 𝒆𝒋𝜷𝒛 − 𝑽−∗ 𝒆𝜶𝒛 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝟏
= 𝕽𝒆 𝑽+ 𝟎 𝒆
𝟐 −𝟐𝜶𝒛 − 𝑽+ 𝑽−∗ 𝒆−𝒋𝟐𝜷𝒛 + 𝑽+∗ 𝑽− 𝒆𝒋𝟐𝜷𝒛 − 𝑽− 𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝜶𝒛
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝟏 + 𝟐 −𝟐𝜶𝒛 − 𝟐 𝟐𝜶𝒛 𝑽+
𝟎
𝟐
= 𝑽𝟎 𝒆 − 𝑽𝟎 𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒛 𝟏 − 𝚪𝒛 𝟐
= 𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒄 − 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍
𝟐𝒁𝟎 𝟐𝒁𝟎

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9. Power Transmission on Transmission Lines

❖ The time average absorbed by load: 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑃𝑡
𝟏
𝑷𝒕 = 𝕽𝒆 𝑽𝑳 𝑰∗𝑳 𝒁𝑳
𝟐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑽+
𝟎
𝟐
= 𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒍 𝟏 − 𝚪𝑳 𝟐
= 𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒄 − 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍
𝟐𝒁𝟎 𝟎 𝒍 𝒛

𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = −𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝜞

Power Flow:

𝑽+ 𝟐 𝑽+
𝟎
𝟐
𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒄,𝟎 =
𝟎 𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒄,𝒍 = 𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒍
𝟐𝒁𝟎 𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝑳
𝑽+
𝟎
𝟐
𝑽+
𝟎
𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍,𝟎 = 𝒆−𝟒𝜶𝒍 𝚪𝑳 𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍,𝒍 = 𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒍 𝚪𝑳 𝟐
𝟐𝒁𝟎 𝟐𝒁𝟎

𝟎 𝒍 𝒛

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𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎𝒆
−𝜶𝒛 𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒛 + 𝑽− 𝒆+𝜶𝒛 𝒆+𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝟎
Summary 3 + −𝜶𝒛 −𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝑰 𝒛 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 𝒆 − +𝜶𝒛 +𝒋𝜷𝒛
+ 𝑰𝟎 𝒆 𝒆

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝚪𝑳 =
𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝑺
𝒁𝒊𝒏 + 𝒁𝑺
▪ Matched TL: 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0 → 𝚪 = 𝟎
𝒁(𝒙)
▪ Short circuit TL: 𝑍𝐿 = 0 → 𝚪 = −𝟏

−𝟐𝜸𝒍
▪ Open circuit TL: 𝑍𝐿 = ∞ → 𝚪 = 𝟏
𝚪𝒊𝒏 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆 𝚪 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝜸𝒅
𝟏 + 𝚪𝒊𝒏 𝟏+𝚪 𝒛
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎
𝟏 − 𝚪𝒊𝒏 𝟏−𝚪 𝒛 𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑽+
𝟎 = , 𝑽− +
𝟎 = 𝚪𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝟎
𝟏 + 𝚪𝒊𝒏

𝑽+ 𝟐 𝑽+ 𝟐
𝑽+ 𝟐
𝟎
𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒄,𝟎 =
𝟎 𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒄,𝒍 = 𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒍
𝟐𝒁𝟎 𝟎
𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝑳
𝑷𝒕 = 𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒍 𝟏 − 𝚪𝑳 𝟐
𝑽+ 𝟐 𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍,𝟎 =
𝟎
𝒆−𝟒𝜶𝒍 𝚪𝑳 𝟐 𝑽+
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐𝒁𝟎 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍,𝒍 = 𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒍 𝚪𝑳 𝟐
𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝑹𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = −𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝜞
𝟎 𝒍 𝒛
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10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio

𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎𝒆
−𝜸𝒛
+ 𝑽−
𝟎𝒆
+𝜸𝒛

−
𝑽
−𝜸𝒛 (𝟏 + 𝟎 𝒆+𝟐𝜸𝒛 )
= 𝑽+
𝟎 𝒆
𝑽+
𝟎 𝒁(𝒙)
= 𝑽+
𝟎𝒆
−𝜸𝒛
(𝟏 + 𝚪 𝒛 )

❖ If 𝛼 = 0: 𝚪 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝜸𝒅

𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎𝒆
−𝒋𝜷𝒛 𝟏 + 𝚪 𝒛 → 𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏+𝚪 𝒛

❖ Then:
𝑽 𝒛 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝚪 𝒛 = 𝚪𝑳

𝑽 𝒛 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝚪𝑳 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝚪 𝒛 = − 𝚪𝑳

𝑽 𝒛 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = =
𝑽 𝒛 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏 − 𝚪𝑳
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10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio

❖ We have:

𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎𝒆
−𝒋𝜷𝒛
𝟏+𝚪 𝒛

where:
𝒁(𝒙)

𝚪 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝜷𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝒓 𝒆−𝟐𝒋𝜷𝒅

𝟏ൗ
❖ Then: 𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏+𝚪 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳 𝟐
+ 𝟐 𝚪𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜷𝒅 − 𝜽𝒓 𝟐

❖ Matched TL: 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0 → 𝚪 = 𝟎

❖ Short circuit TL: 𝑍𝐿 = 0 → 𝚪 = −𝟏

❖ Open circuit TL: 𝑍𝐿 = ∞ → 𝚪 = 𝟏

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10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio

𝟏ൗ
𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝚪𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜷𝒅 − 𝜽𝒓 𝟐

❖ 𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽 𝒛 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝚪𝑳 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛:

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛽𝑑 − 𝜃𝑟 = −1 2𝛽𝑑 − 𝜃𝑟 = 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋

❖ 𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽 𝒛 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛:

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛽𝑑 − 𝜃𝑟 = 1 2𝛽𝑑 − 𝜃𝑟 = 2𝑛𝜋

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCZ1zFPvrIc
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10. Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio

Example 2: Measurements VSWR with a Z=50 slotted line terminated in an
unknown load impedance is found to be 3.0. The distance between successive
voltage minima is 30cm and the first minimum is located at 12cm from the
load. Determine:

a. The reflection coefficient Γ.

b. The load impedance 𝑍𝐿

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Summary 4 𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝑺
𝒁𝒊𝒏
𝒁𝒊𝒏 + 𝒁𝑺 𝚪𝑳 =
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
𝒁(𝒙)

𝟏+𝚪 𝒛
𝚪 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆 −𝟐𝜸𝒅 𝒁 𝒛 = 𝒁𝟎
𝟏−𝚪 𝒛
𝑽+ 𝟐 𝑽+
𝟎
𝟐
𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝟎 𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒄,𝒍 = 𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒍 𝑽+ , 𝑽𝟎− = 𝚪𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝟎+
𝟎 =
𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒄,𝟎 = 𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝟐𝒁𝟎 𝟏 + 𝚪𝒊𝒏
𝒁𝑳
𝑽+ 𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍,𝟎 =
𝟎
𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝒆−𝟒𝜶𝒍 𝚪𝑳 𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍,𝒍 =
𝑽+
𝟎
𝟐
𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒍 𝚪𝑳 𝟐 𝑽𝟎+ 𝟐 −𝟐𝜶𝒍 𝟐
𝟐𝒁𝟎 𝑷𝒕 = 𝒆 𝟏 − 𝚪𝑳
𝟐𝒁𝟎

𝟎 𝒍 𝒛
𝟏ൗ 𝑽 𝒛 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳
𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳 𝟐
+ 𝟐 𝚪𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜷𝒅 − 𝜽𝒓 𝟐 𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = =
𝑽 𝒛 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏 − 𝚪𝑳

❖ 𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽 𝒛 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏 − 𝚪𝑳 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛽𝑑 − 𝜃𝑟 = −1 2𝛽𝑑 − 𝜃𝑟 = 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋
❖ 𝑽 𝒛 = 𝑽 𝒛 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑽+
𝟎 𝟏 + 𝚪𝑳 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛽𝑑 − 𝜃𝑟 = 1 2𝛽𝑑 − 𝜃𝑟 = 2𝑛𝜋
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Q&A

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Exercises
Exercise 1: Two half-wave dipole antennas, each with impedance of 75Ω are
connected in parallel through a pair of T.L. and the combination is connected to a feed
T.L. as shown in the following figure. All lines are 50Ω lossless.
a. Calculate 𝑍𝑖𝑛1
b. Calculate 𝑍𝑖𝑛 of the feed line.

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Exercises
Exercise 2: A 50Ω lossless line of length 𝑙 = 0.15𝜆 connects a 300MHz generator
with 𝑉𝑔 = 300𝑉 and 𝑍𝑔 = 50Ω to a load 𝑍𝐿 = 75Ω.
a. Compute 𝑍𝑖𝑛
b. Compute 𝑉𝑖 and 𝐼𝑖 .
1
c. Compute the time-average power delivered to the line, 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 2 ℝ𝑒 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖 .
d. Compute 𝑉𝐿 , 𝐼𝐿 and the time-average power delivered to the load, 𝑃𝐿 =
1
2
ℝ𝑒 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑙 .
e. Compute the time-average power delivered by the generator and time-average
power dissipated by in 𝑍𝑔

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Q&A

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Câu 1

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Câu 2

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Câu 3

Câu 1:
Để đo trở kháng của tải, người ta nối tải với đường dây
truyền sóng không suy hao 50 như hình vẽ. Sau khi RS=50
cấp tín hiệu cao tần ở tần số 3GHz, trên đường dây xuất L = 12cm
hiện sóng đứng với điện áp hiệu dụng tại bụng sóng và
Z0=50 
nút sóng là : Vmax = 8V , Vmin = 2V . Bụng sóng gần tải VS ZL
nhất với khoảng cách dbs = 1cm . Khoảng cách giữa
bụng sóng và nút sóng liền kề là 2cm .
a. Tính vận tốc truyền sóng của đường dây truyền sóng
b. Tính tỉ số sóng đứng điện áp VSWR, và dùng đồ Smith để tính trở kháng tải và hệ số phản xạ tại tải.
c. Khoảng cách từ tải đến nguồn là 12cm. Tính và viết biểu thức điện áp tổng trên tải và điện áp nguồn Vs
theo thời gian biết điện áp nguồn có pha là 0o.
Nếu đường dây tuyền sóng ở hình trên có hệ số tổn hao là 5 dB/m, điện áp nguồn và trở kháng tải là
không đổi, hãy tính công suất tại ngõ vào của đường dây và công suất trên tải theo dBm.

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Câu 4
Câu 1:(2.5 điểm) Cho đường dây truyền sóng (xem như không tổn hao) có chiều dài l = 1.2 như hình vẽ;

trở kháng đặc tính R0 = 50 . Nguồn cấp có trở kháng nội 50 . Dùng đồ thị Smith xác định:
a. Vị trí điểm tải Z L trên đồ thị Smith; hệ số phản tại tải L . Tỉ số sóng đứng điện áp VSWR.
b. Quỹ tích trở kháng đường dây và hệ số phản xạ khi đi từ tải về nguồn.
c. Trở kháng Z IN và hệ số phản xạ tại đầu vào đường dây IN .
d. Vị trí bụng sóng, nút sóng (điện áp) gần tải nhất.
e. Xác định số bụng sóng và số nút sóng (điện áp) trên toàn bộ đường dây.

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Câu 5

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