Emile Durkhime-french sociologist

Curitiba Bus Rapid Transit System

Curitiba, Brazil

Submitted by: Nick Grossman

Imagine a bus system that is neighborhood-friendly, and also cost-, energy-, and time-efficient. Curitiba's got it.

For more images ofCuritiba Bus Rapid Transit System or other places, try searching our Image Collection

Why It Works
The Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system is a new, highly efficient mode of public transportation that has recently been adopted in Curitiba, a city of some
1.7 million people. In most instances, BRT buses are a faster mode of transportation than private automobiles. The organizational, structural, and
technological advances of the BRT system are the main factors in increasing efficiency and speed of buses. Traffic lights are delayed for oncoming
buses, decreasing the amount of time between stops. A computer chip inside the bus signals sensors on the road, which then alert the passengers at
the next station if the bus is running on time. In addition, fares are pre-paid, reducing waiting at bus stops, and waiting platforms are elevated to allow
for quicker entry and exit to the bus. Finally, the busses have their own lanes, which keep the bus system independent of congested traffic.
What Makes Curitiba Bus Rapid Transit System a Great Place?
BRT routes are perfectly plotted into rings, with each ring expanding further into the outer reaches of the city. Busses are color
coordinated to make it easy for riders to distinguish between different rings/routes. This pattern allows for uniform bus routes and
locations for bus stops throughout the city. Curitiba is a great example of efficiency of the BRT system, as embarking and

Busses are traditionally stereotyped as "lower class," and the BRT system is designed to help eliminate this label. The speed,
reliability, bus stop locations and environmental friendliness of the BRT system have caused many middle- and upper-class
people to begin using it. Over time, BRT will remove the negative image that people have of bus systems, and increase the use
of public transportation.

The Bus Rapid Transit system is the most widely used form of transportation in Curitiba, used by approximately 75% of travelers.
Transit systems should also be evaluated according to their impact on both the local community and economy. Public spaces
where people come together are areas where local businesses and entrepreneurship thrive. BRT stops can function as
destination points for commercial activities such as shopping and social activities, and as catalysts for building and rebuilding surrounding communities
and business sectors.

The reliability, organization, safety, and quickness of the BRT system is changing the stereotype of bus systems being "lower
class." Cities where the system has been implemented have experienced high ridership rates from all socioeconomic classes.
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History & Background

When the debate began 30 years ago in Curitiba over which type of tranportation system to implement, a major deciding factor was construction costs.
The cost of a new subway system was estimated at over $90 million per kilometer, versus just $200,000 per kilometer for construction of new BRT
routes. Since the implementation of the BRT system, travel time thoughout the city has lowered, total harmful emissions have dropped, and total street
congestion has decreased.

The City of Curitiba Public Transportation History

From mule Tram in 1887 to the BRT, (Bus Rapid Transit), in 1974, Articulated Bus in 1980, and th
Bus, a short train on tires, transporting up to 270 passengers, in 1992.The following is a translation o
interviews with Curitiba's transport innovators from Southern Brazil.

"During the past few decades most city planners around the world," said Architect Carlos Ceneviva,
growth by analyzing traffic volume; so larger streets, avenues, and overpasses were built to alleviate
problems." However, we know now that Curitiba creator's team, including him, took a different app
the team closed down their busiest streets, dedicating more spaces for people. As Hitoshi Nakamura
philosophy was to have cars, but never be dominated by them." The creators of Curitiba's public tran
system planned for people to drive fewer cars and enjoy the city.

Curitiba has over one hundred-year of history of public transportation. The first system was a tram p
during the imperial time in 1887. From 1910, Curitiba grew faster; so in 1912 an electrical tram repl
tracked. In 1928, the first bus begun circulating through the city streets. Soon after the system becam
that private companies started exploring the business. Mayor Ney Braga proposed legislature to con
was to create an organized system, and so, the Selective Zones was born and still exists to this day.

In 1974, the existing system did not meet the city's growing demands. Under his first term, Mayor J
team of architects and civil engineers implemented the Trinary Road System and its dedicated Bus L
known in the United States and around the world as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). First of its kind in the
designed by Architect Rafael Dely. In 1979, Lerner established the Rede Integrada de Transporte (R
consists of an integrated system where citizens pay one ticket to go anywhere in the city within the t
In 1980, the articulated bus replaced the smaller Express buses in the dedicated lanes, increasing the
system. In March of 1991, the Tube Stations and Speedy Bus (Ligeirinho) appeared in Curitiba's str

The Speedy Bus, designed to travel long distances without stop, and Tube Station that made possibl
and debarkation at level with fare collected outside the bus, increased the number of people using th
users were car owners who found public transportation reliable, easier, and less expensive than drivi
1992, the Biarticulated buses, a short train on tires (They are twenty-five meters long and have five
transporting up to 270 passengers), became another option.

In 1980, the city of Strasbourg, France put out a public awareness campaign in favor of public trans
showing three images to make the public aware of the number of buses, cars and trams needed to tra
people. At that time, 174 cars were needed, three buses, and one tram. Today, just one of Curitiba's
bus carries 270 passengers. If the system were adopted world-wide, imagine how much less gas, pol
traffic congestions there would be. Imagine cities around the Greater Monterey and San Francisco B
with Speedy Buses, making travel and commuting easy, fast, inexpensive, and less polluting. Perhap
eliminate more ugly overpasses in San Francisco and San Jose. The cities would be much more plea
and live in.

The City of Curitiba Transportation System has been adopted, partially, in many cities around the w
many US cities, such as: Los Angeles, Seattle, Honolulu, Boulder, Houston, and others. However, th
as efficient as in Curitiba because, according to Jaime Lerner, the system must be fully adopted, wh
occurring. Partially as it has been adopted, it does not work. So far, only the City of Bogotá, Colomb
adopted the system and it became also a model for other cities as Curitiba Transportation System is.
was also successfully tested in New York City, but the city authorities has not yet gotten into agreem
Curitiba to launch the system permanently.

"The Biarticulated Buses and its dedicated lanes are like an above ground subway system," said Ar
Ceneviva, "with the advantage of lower installation cost per square kilometer." For example, it costs
million per square kilometer to install a subway system versus US$ 3 to 8 million, depending on stre
development, to install the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system. The BRT is a less expensive solution a
comparable competitor to the subway system, thus to invest in more expensive public transportation
smart decision. Curitiba's Public Transportation System is self-sufficient. It pays for itself complete
government money is needed at all. It is a privately owned, profitable running business, regulated by
a clean, safe, efficient, inexpensive, yet profitable business.

To reduce consumption has become an important factor for human survival. Reduction of automobi
streets will decrease emission of CO2 helping decrease global warming risks and traffic jam. There
reason for oil’s wars as well. However, alternative renewable fuels such as the Brazilian alcohol (Et
other biodiesel to come to the market that are less polluting than gasoline would help with less emis
not help us reduce traffic congestion. The world has to reduce the number of cars running or traffic
and more unbearable. Inexpensive and fast public transportation is the convenient solution.

Curitiba Transportation System Photographic Galle

Trinary Road System - This image portrays the center street of the Trina
The center section is dedicated to Biarticulated buses, known as BRT (B
Transit). On either side lane, are the sections intended for local traffic. P
street are the "Rapidas," (Speedy Street), which are two one-way streets
dedicated lanes. That is the complete Trinary Road System.

Tube Station - This unique design speeds up the flow of embarcation and deb
it happens at level. Passengers pay before getting into the bus, making the pr
which is essential for efficient operations.
Persona - This image shows the system makes it possible for persons of differ
and ages to leave their cars at home and take the bus.

Biarticulated -During the peak hours, on average, every fifty seconds, there is
at a tube station on both sides, going in both directions, carrying up to 270 pa
buses are the key elements on the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit), system; which is o
integrates the Trinary Road Design. It is important to understand that this seg
not resolve traffic flow problems in any city.

"Abra Cadabra" - These doors open easily to load and unload passengers at le
Trinary Road Design efficient. City planners must know that the dedicated lan
(Bus Rapid Transit), it is only part of the system; it alone does not operate effi
efficient as it is in Curitiba and Bogotá, the system must be fully implemented

Debarkation - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), helps with the efficiency of the Trinary
created by Architect Rafael Deley. People flow through without hassles.

The Transport - The BRT (Bus Rapit Transit), supporting system. The easiest, s
economical way to travel around the city; even small children are safe.

Rapidas (Speedy Street) - This street is one of the two side streets that compliment the Trinary
providing an alternative route for cars traveling across the city. They are essential supporting fl
Lanes called BRT, (Bus Rapid Transit). Without these supporting traffic flow streets, the system
effiently.
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;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] cjwf/0ff
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fyldstf
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ljsf;
;Dd]ng -Millenium Declaration_ n] * cf]6f k|d'v nIo -Goals_ / !* cf]6f dfkgof]Uo
kl/;"rs
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$*
cf]6f ;"rsx¿ -Indicators_ to ul/Psf] lyof] . oL ;a} nIox¿ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd xfl;n
ug'{kg]{ to
ePsf] lyof] .
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo ljZjJofkL ljsf;sf] ;femf b[li6sf]0f xf] . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIon]
ljZjsf dflg;sf ljsf;k|ltsf cfsfª\Iffdfq ;d]6]sf] 5}g, o;n] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf l:jsfl/Psf
dfgjLo d"No tyf dfgj clwsf/sf ljljw kIfnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] 5 . ef]saf6 d'lSt,
cfwf/e"t lzIff
tyf :jf:Yosf] clwsf/, dlxnf ;dfgtf / ;zStLs/0f h:tf kIfnfO{ o;n] hf]8bf/ ¿kdf
p7fPsf]
5 . o;n] eljiosf k':tfk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ /fd|/L dgg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
MDGs sf sf/0fn] x/]s ljsf; of]hgfnfO{ oL nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] lx;fan]
cfkm\gf gLlt, sfo{qmd, tyf of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ jfrfdf g]kfn klg
afFlwPsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k
g]kfnn] klg ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ bzf}F of]hgfb]lv of]hgf tyf jflif{s
sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]z
u/L ltgnfO{ xfl;n ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;g\ @))@, @))% / @)!) df ;x;|
fAbL ljsf;
nIosf] k|ult k|ltj]bg;d]t k|sflzt ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
ljsf;zLn / cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] klg ;femf lhDd]jf/L
xf] eGg] s'/fsf] ;Gb]z klg ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIon] lbPsf] kfOG5 . cfly{s ;fdflhs
ljsf;sf
b[li6sf]0fn] sdhf]/ /fHosf] ljsf;df ljsl;t tyf wgL b]zx¿n] ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ st{Jo
x'g] ;Gb]z
klg o;n] lbPsf] kfOG5 .

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿

-!_ ul/aL / ef]s lg/fs/0f ug]{ -Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger_ M–
o;cGtu{t
lgDg b'O{cf]6f nIo tf]lsPsf 5g\ M–
-s_ ! 8n/eGbf sd cfo x'g] hg;ª\Vof ;g\ @)!% ;Dd cfwf 36fpg] .
-v_ ef]sd/Laf6 u|:t hg;ª\Vof ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf cfwf 36fpg] .
g]kfndf ;g\ !(() df ! 8n/eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] hg;ª\Vof ##=% k|ltzt lyof] . ;g\
@))%
df of] ;ª\Vof @$=! k|ltztdf ;Lldt ePsf] 5 .! MDGs xfl;n ug{ ;g\ @)!% df of] ;ª\
VofnfO{
!& k|ltztdf sfod ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
;g\ !((^ df g]kfndf $@ k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf lyP . ;g\ @))#÷)$ df
ul/Psf] g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;e]{n] #! k|ltzt hgtfdfq ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] b]vfPsf]
5 . o; cjlwdf
!! k|ltzt ljGb'n] ul/aL 36]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfn]
of] ;ª\VofnfO{ @$
k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo lnPsf]df @%=$ k|ltztdf em/]sf] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . @ MDGs
xfl;n ug{ ;g\
@)!% df of] ;ª\VofnfO{ @! k|ltztdf sfod ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]un] ;g\ @)!# ;Dd
ul/aL @! k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .# ul/aLsf] k|j[lQ -Trend_ dgg ubf{ ;x/L
If]qsf] eGbf
u|fdL0f If]qsf] ul/aL a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))( sf] d"Nofª\sg - Assessment_ n]
(%=% k|ltzt
ul/ax¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . $
ljut b'O{ bzs otf ul/aL 36fpg] sfo{df pNn]Vo k|ult xfl;n eP klg ul/aLsf]
c;dfgtf
eg] a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ul/aLsf] c;dfgtf b]vfpg] Gini Coefficient ;g\ !((^ df )=#$
lyof] eg] ;g\
@))$ df of] a9]/ )=$! / ;g\ @)!) df cem a9]/ )=$^ k'u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . %
ul/aL 36fpg pNn]Vo ¿kdf d2t ug]{ sf/s tOEjx¿df ljk|]if0f cfo, s[lif tyf u}/s[lif
If]qdf Hofnfb/df ePsf] j[l4, s[lif If]qdf cfl>t hg;ª\Vof 36\g', ;x/Ls/0fdf j[l4 x'g'
tyf /fHosf]
d'Vo nufgL k|fyldstf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf If]qdf x'g' cflbnfO{ dflgG5 . h]xf];\
xfn;Ddsf] k|ultnfO{
dWogh/ ubf{ ul/aL 36fpg];DaGwL ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
ef]sd/L -Hunger_ dfkg ug]{ # cf]6f ;"rs 5g\ . klxnf], ^ dlxgfb]lv %
( dlxgf;Ddsf
aRrfsf] tf}n, bf];|f], dflg;nfO{ rflxg] Go"gtd kf]ifs vfg]s'/f / t];|f], k'8\
sf]kgf . ;g\ !(() df %
jif{d'lgsf %& k|ltzt aRrfdf x'g'kg]{eGbf sd tf}n ePsf] kfOPsf] lyof] . MDGs
xfl;n ug{ ;g\
@)!% ;Dddf o;nfO{ @*=% k|ltztdf emfg'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf o:tf]
hg;ª\Vof #*=^
k|ltzt b]lvPsf] 5 . k|of; u/] of] nIo xfl;n x'g] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !((@ df g]kfnsf $( k|
ltzt
hgtfn] cfkm\gf] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] Go"gtd kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf gkfPsf] cj:yf -
Undernourised_ ljBdfg
lyof] . ;g\ @))& ;Dd @@=% k|ltzt dflg;df cfkm\gf] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] Go"gtd
kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf
gkfPsf] cj:yf -Undernourised_ lyof] .^ MDGs xfl;n ug{ ;g\ @)!% df of] ;ª\
VofnfO{ @%
k|ltztdf sfod ug'{kg]{ nIo k"/f eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ul/aL 36fpg] sfo{df
pNn]vgLo k|ult eP klg
g]kfndf k'8\sf]kg -Stunting_ sf] ;d:of eg] uDeL/ 5 . ^–%( dlxgfsf aRrfsf] plrt
j[l4 gePsf]
-Stunted_ ;ª\Vof ;g\ !(() df %& k|ltzt lyof] . ;g\ @)!) df 36]/ $( k|ltzt sfod eof]
eg]
! Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2010 page 13.

@ lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ k]h g+= !) .

# Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 13.

$ Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 13.

% Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 14.

^ Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 21.

@)!% ;Dddf o;nfO{ #) k|ltztdf emfg'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . oL nIo xfl;n

ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf #( k|ltzt aRrfx¿sf] ck]lIft ljsf; ePsf] kfOFb}g . To:t} #^=!% k|ltzt
hg;ª\Vofn]
cem} Go"gtd cfjZos kg]{ vfgf kfpFb}gg\ .& g]kfndf !*=$ k|ltzt kl/jf/sf] Ps
dlxgfeGbf sdsf
nflu vfBfGg ;l~rlt x'G5 eg] $) lhNnf vfB c;'/Iffdf 5g\ . * g]kfn ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo
k|ult
k|ltj]bg, @)!) n] ;d]t g]kfnsf $) lhNnfdf vfBfGg cefj x'g] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
t/fO{df
rflxg]eGbf !! k|ltzt vfBfGg a9L pTkfbg x'G5 eg] kxf8df rflxg]eGbf !$ k|ltztn]
sdL
/ lxdfnL If]qdf rflxg]eGbf !( k|ltzt sd vfBfGg pTkfbg x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . (
ul/aL -Extreme Poverty_ dfkgsf nflu ;g\ !(*% df k|ltlbg ! 8n/sf] cfDbfgLdf dfkg
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !((# df !=)* 8n/ dfkg ug]{ u/L revised ul/Psf] 5 .!)
-@_ ljZjJofkL k|fylds lzIff xfl;n ug]{ -Achieve Universal Primary Education_
M–
o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt nIo tf]lsPsf 5g\ M–
-s_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;a} aRrfaRrLsf] k|fylds lzIff k"/f u/fpg] .
nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] dfkg ug]{ ;"rsx¿ o;k|sf/ tf]lsPsf 5g\ M
-s_ k|fylds txdf s'n egf{b/ !)) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] .
;g\ !(() df g]kfndf egf{ b/ hDdf ^$ k|ltzt lyof] . xfn k|fylds
txsf] egf{ b/ (#=& k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 eg] MDGs xfl;n ug{ ;g\ @)!%
df of] ;ª\Vof ztk|ltzt k'Ug'kg]{ x'G5 . of] nIo xfl;n x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
-v_ egf{ eO{ % sIff;Dd k'Ug]sf] k|ltzt !)) g} k'¥ofpg] . ;g\ !(() df egf{
eO{ kfFr sIff;Dd k'Ug] ;ª\Vof #* k|ltzt lyof] . ;g\ @)!) df &&=(
k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf ;g\ @))& ;Dd k|fylds lzIff k"/f ug]{ &* k|ltzt k'u]sf] World
Development Report, 2010 n] b]vfPsf] 5 .
-u_ ;fIf/tf b/ -!%–@$ jif{_ !)) g} k'¥ofpg] . k|ult x]bf{ ;fIf/tf b/ eg]
*^=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .!!
ctM ljZjJofkL k|fylds lzIff xfl;n ug]{ nIo k|of; hf/L /x] k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
kl5Nnf bzsdf g]kfndf lzIff ljsf;sf] nx/ cfPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf xfn ^ cf]6f
ljZjljBfno :Yffkgf eO;s]sf 5g\ . s]xL ljZjljBfno :yfkgf x'g] qmddf 5g\ . ljBfnosf
;ª\Voftkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ljBfno :yfkgf / ljBfyL{ egf{df af9L g} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
@)#@ ;fndf
k|fylds, lg=df=lj= / df=lj= u/L hDdf !),^*^ /x]sf]df @)^^ ;fndf cfOk'Ubf
of] ;ª\Vof $(,(@$
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L ljBfyL{ egf{ klg pNn]Vo ¿kdf j[l4 eO{ @)#@ ;fndf
& nfv ePsf]df
@)^^ ;fndf cfOk'Ubf &@,(%,))) k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .!@ ljBfyL{ egf{ ;ª\Vof /
ljBfnosf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo
j[l4 ePsf] tYofª\sn] k'li6 ub{5 . t/ lzIffdf u'0f:t/sf] r'gf}tL ljBdfg 5 . ;LdfGts[t
ju{df cem}
klg lzIffsf] kx'Fr sd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . åGån] gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . cem} klg k|
fylds ljBfnodf
k9\g] pd]/sf @,!*,))) -^=# k|ltzt_ ljBfyL{ ljBfno lzIffeGbf aflx/} /x]sf] b]lvG5
.!# ljBfno egf{
eO{ aLr}df 5f8\g] k|j[lQ klg pNn]Vo ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
-#_ n}ª\lus ;dfgtfnfO{ a9fjf / dlxnf ;zStLs/0f ug]{ - Promote Gender Equality
and
Empower Women_ M– o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt nIo tf]lsPsf 5g\ M–
-s_ ;g\ @))% ;Dd k|fylds tyf dfWolds txdf n}ª\lus lje]b x6fpg] / ;g\ @)!
% ;Dddf
;a} txsf] lzIffdf n}ª\lus lje]b x6fpg] .
pko'{Qm nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] olsg ug{ lgDglnlvt ;"rsx¿ to ePsf 5g\ . ltgdf
ePsf] k|ult lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M
l;=
g+=
;"rs
;g\
!(()
;g\
@)))
;g\
@))%
;g\
@)!)
;g\
@)!%
! k|fylds txdf 5fq / 5fqf cg'kft )=%^ )=&( )=*^ !=) !=)
@ dfWolds txdf 5fq / 5fqf cg'kft )=$# )=&) )=*@ =(# !=)
# pRr lzIffdf cfOdfO{ / nf]Ug]dfG5]sf] cg'kft )=#@ )=@* NA )=^# !=)
$ nf]Ug]dflg; / cfOdfO{dflg;sf] ;fIf/tf cg'kft )=$* NA )=&# )=*# !=)
g]kfndf ;g\ @))& ;Dd 5fqf cg'kft (* k|ltzt k'u]sf] World Development Report,
2010 n] b]vfPsf] 5 .
lzIffsf nflu vfB sfo{qmdcGtu{t 5fqfx¿nfO{ ljBfno egf{ / cWoogdf pTk|]l/t
ug{ lbjf
vfhf sfo{qmd tyf dfl;s @ ln6/ t]n ljt/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;}
u/L ;LdfGts[t
;d'bfosf aRrfnfO{ lzIffdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ljleGg 5fqj[lQ k|bfg eO/x]sf 5g\ . n}ª\
lus ;dfgtf
k|j4{g tyf dlxnf ;zStLs/0ftkm{ klg dxOEjk"0f{ k|ult xfl;n ePsf] 5 . k|fylds /
dfWolds
lzIfftkm{ !%–@$ jif{sf] ;fIf/tfdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf k|z+;gLo ¿kdf a9]sf] 5 .
dlxnflj?4sf] lx+;fdf
eg] cem} w]/} ug{ AffFsL b]lvG5 .
a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt sl/a $ /x]sf] 5 . !$ CEDAW sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf 5
.
g]kfnn] o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfnosf] :yfkgf eO{
logLx¿sf] lxtdf sfo{/t /lxcfPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf ;zStLs/0fn] g} ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f x'G5 .
;fdflhs
¿kfGt/0f geO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f klg x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] Empowerment equality sf]
cfwf/ xf] .
dlxnf ;zStLs/0fsf nflu Joj:yflksf ;+;b\nufot g]kfnsf ;a} k|sf/sf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
dlxnfnfO{ klg cf/If0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;+;b\df dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/Paf6 ut ;
+ljwfg
;efsf] lgjf{rgdf #@=* k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .!% lghfdtL ;]jfdf ##
k|ltzt, k|x/L
/ ;]gfdf @).@) k|ltzt cf/If0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ToIftkm{sf
pd]bjf/ / ;dfg'kfltssf
;d]t u/]/ Ps ltxfO x'g} kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f
@) n] klxnf]kN6 dlxnfsf] xs;DaGwL Joj:Yff u/L dlxnf ePs} sf/0fn] s'g} klg
e]befj gul/g],
k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs x'g] tyf k}lqs ;DklQdf 5f]/f / 5f]/Lsf] ;dfg xs x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf]
!# Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 29.

!$ Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 35.

!% Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 35.

b]lvG5 . d'n'sL P]gdf ePsf] !! cf}F ;+zf]wgn] dlxnf k'?if ;dfgtfsf nflu ljBdfg
k|fjwfgdf Jofks
;'wf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] dlxnf ;zStLs/0fnfO{ a9fjf ldn]sf] b]lvG5 .
-$_ afn d[To'b/ 36fpg] -Reduce Child Mortality_ M– o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt nIo
tf]lsPsf 5g\ M–
-s_ % jif{d'lgsf] afnd[To'b/ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf b'O{ ltxfO 36fpg] .
pko'{Qm nIo xfl;n eP gePsf] olsg ug{ lgDglnlvt ;"rsx¿ to ePsf 5g\ . ltgdf
ePsf k|ult klg lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M–
l;=g+= ;"rs !(() !((% @))) @))% @)!)!^ @)!%
! Infant Mortality Rate 108 79 64 61 41 36
@ Under 5 Mortality Rate 162 118 91 82 50 54
# Proportion of one year old immunised
against measles -bfb'/f_ 42 57 71 85 85.6 >90
kfFr jif{d'lgsf] afnd[To'b/ hflt, hghflt tyf If]qut ¿kdf eg] leGgtf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;g\
@))^ sf] tYofª\snfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|ult k|ltj]bg, @)!) n]
hgfPcg';f/ k|ltPs
xhf/ hGddf g]kfnsf] PsLs[t tYofª\s ^* ePsf]df ;Dk"0f{ blntx¿sf] eg] () /x]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
kxf8] blntx¿sf] t cem a9L (% /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dw];L blntsf] *!, g]jf/afx]ssf
hghfltsf] *),
t/fO{ hghfltsf] *&, dw];Lsf] *$ / d'l:ndsf] *) /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . !& To:t}
afnd[To'b/ / kfFr
jif{d'lgsf] d[To'b/ b'j} ;a}eGbf w]/} lxdfnL If]qdf / To;kl5 t/fO{df 5 . kxf8df
eg] t'ngfTds ¿kn]
sd ePsf] tYofª\sn] b]vfpF5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] aL;jif]{ bL3{sfnLg :jf:Yo of]hgf NofO;s]sf] 5 . hgr]tgf km}nfpg]
sfo{qmddf
hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t PsLs[t afn/f]u lgbfg sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf]
5 . :jf:Yo
clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . xfn lzz'd[To'b/ $! k'u]sf]n] of]
nIo ;lhn} k'Ug]
b]lvG5 .!* g]kfndf k|ltjif{ &,(!,))) aRrf hlGdG5g\ .!( g]kfn 8]df]u|flkms PG8
x]Ny ;e]{, @))^
n] bfb'/flj?4sf] EoflS;g lng] aRrf *% k|ltzt gf3]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;df blntsf
EoflS;g lng]
aRrf eg] &!=# k|ltztdfq 5g\ .@)
afnd[To'b/ a9\g'df Pp6f sf/0f sd tf}nsf] aRrf hlGdg' klg xf] . ue{jtL cfdfn]
vfPsL
kf]ifs vfg]s'/fdf k]6leqsf] aRrfsf] tf}n e/ kb{5 . sd tf}nsf] aRrf hlGdg] ;d:of
blIf0f Pl;ofnL
/fi6«df a9L b]lvG5 . @,%)) u|fdeGbf sd tf}nsf] aRrf hGd] sd tf}nsf] aRrf
dflgG5 . blIf0f
Pl;ofnL d'n'sdf o:tf aRrf ljZjs} Ps rf}yfO /x]sf 5g\ . @! uef{j:yfdf $$ k|ltzt
cfdfx¿ dfq
aRrf hGdfpg'k"j{ :jf:YosdL{sf] ;]jf lnO{ cf}iflw ;]jg ug]{ u/]sf] tYofª\sn]
b]vfpF5 .
cem csf]{ 8/nfUbf] kIf s] 5 eg] Pr=cfO=eL= kf]h]l6e dlxnfx¿ ue{jtL
eO{ plrt :ofxf/
;Def/ cfjZos cf}iflw ;]jgsf] cefjdf To:tf cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo ;w}F vt/fdf kg]
{ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o'lg;]kmsf] tYofª\scg';f/ g]kfndf ;/b/ !,&#* dlxnf o:tf ue{jtL ePsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
@

!^ Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 41.

!& Nepal Millennium Development Goal Progress Report, 2010 Page 42.

!* lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq -@)^&÷*–@)^(÷)_ k]h g+= !! .

!( http://www.unicef.org.

@) Nepal Human Development Report, 2009 page 176.

@! MDGs Report 2009 page 14.

k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf

-%_ dft[ :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ ug]{ -Improve Maternal Health_ M– o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt
nIo
tf]lsPsf 5g\ M–
-s_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf dft[d[To'b/ cg'kft -Maternal Mortality Ratio_ ltg rf}yfO
36fpg] .
g]kfndf kl5Nnf jif{df dft[d[To'b/ pT;fxhgs ¿kn] 36]sf] 5 . of] ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf
tLg
rf}yfOn] 36\g] cg'dfg 5 . dft[ d[To'b/ ;g\ @)!% df -k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_ @!#
k'¥ofpg] nIosf]
t'ngfdf ;g\ @))( df @@( k'u]sf] tyf s]xL ;dootf g]kfnn] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofPsf]n]
nIo xfl;n
x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 .@@ dft[:Jff:Yodf ;'wf/ ug]{ csf]{ pkfo ;'/lIft k|;'lt ;]jf xf] .
o;sf nflu k|;'lt
x'g] a]nfdf tflnd k|fKt :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ jf bIf hgzlStaf6 k|;'lt ;]jf lng]sf] ;ª\Vof
klg a9]sf]
5 . o:tf] k|ltzt xfn @*=* k'u]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ^) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo
tf]lsPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf hfltut ¿kdf dft[d[To'b/ ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] sltko hfltdf of] Hofb}
pRr b]lvPsf]
5 . ;a}eGbf a9L d'l:nddf #!* b]lvPsf] 5 eg] dw];Ldf #)&, blntdf @&#,
hghfltdf @)&,
afx'gIf]qLdf !*@ / ;a}eGbf sd g]jf/df !)% b]lvPsf] 5 . @#
;/sf/n] ;'/lIft ;'Ts]/L u/fpg tyf c:ktfndf ;'Ts]/L u/fpgsf nflu hlt k|rf/ u/] klg
hlt ;'ljwfsf] 3f]if0ff u/] klg sltko u|fdL0f If]qdf clxn] klg 3/d} c;'/lIft
tl/sfn] ;'Ts]/L u/fpg]
;ª\Vofdf vf;} sdL cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . a]yfn] gRofkLsg rfF8} aRrf hGdf];\
egL /]nsf] l6s6
sDd/df afFWg] rng cem} x/fPsf] 5}g, g t jgemfFqmL nfu]sf] egL emf/km's
ug]{ rng g} x/fPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf ;x/df *% k|ltzt / ufpFdf #* k|ltzt dlxnfdfq ;'Ts]/L x'g'cl3 :jf:YosdL{sf]
;Nnfx / cf}iflw kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .@$ o;af6 ;'Ts]/L x'g'cl3 g} :jf:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfx /
cf}iflwljgf
w]/} cfdf / aRrfsf] Hofg vt/fdf kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf ^ nfv dlxnf kf7]3/ v:g] /f]uaf6 u|l;t ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . kf7]3/
v:g] ;d:ofsf]
pkrf/ / lgbfgsf nflu ;/sf/L k|of; cem} w]/} ck'/f] ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljZjdf
dft[ d[To'b/ :jLsfg}{
g;lsg] vfnsf] pRr /x]sf] tYofª\sn] atfpF5 . ;g\ @))% sf] tYofª\scg';f/ % nfv
cfdfx¿
ue{jtL cj:yfdf, aRrf hGdfpFbf cyjf ;'Ts]/Lsf] ^ xKtfleq db{5g\ . logdf (( k|ltzt
ljsf;zLn
b]zsf cfdfx¿ x'G5g\ . *^ k|ltzt t blIf0f Pl;of / ;a;xf/g clk|msfsf dfq
5g\ . ;a;xf/g
clk|msfdf /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] tyf pkrf/n] lgsf] x'g] vfnsf k|;"lt hl6ntfx¿ -
Complications
of pregnancy_ tyf aRrf hGdfpFbf x'g] vt/faf6 @@ hgfdf ! hgf dg]{ u/]sf]
kfOG5 eg] ljsl;t
b]zdf of] cg'kft &,#)) df ! hgfdfq 5 .@%
dft[:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ x'g k|hgg :jf:Yodf klg ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf afn ljjfxsf]
k|rng /x]sf], lszf]/L cj:yfd} ;'Ts]/L x'g] h:tf sf/0fn] :jf:Yosf If]qdf uDeL/ ;d:of
lgDTofPsf]
/ dflg;sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/ kfl//x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . !%–!( jif{leq
klxnf] aRrf hGdfpg] dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt !( b]lvG5 .@^
g]kfndf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]ustf{ $% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!
% ;Ddsf
nflu o:tf] nIo ^& k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .@& kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jf ufpFufpF;Dd
cem} ;xh
kx'Frdf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]q b'j}sf] ;lqmotf h?/L
b]lvG5 .
@@ lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ k]h g+= !! .
@# Nepal MDGs Progress Report 2010 page 47.

@$ gful/s b}lgs, @)^^.^.# ut] .

@% MDGs Report 2008 page 24.

@^ Nepal MDGs Progress Report 2010 page 51.

@& Nepal MDGs Progress Report 2010 page 51.

PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration 0

-^_ Pr=cfO=eL= P8\;, dn]l/of tyf cGo /f]u;Fu n8\g] - Combat HIV/AIDS,
Malaria and
Other Diseases_ M– o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt @ cf]6f nIo tf]lsPsf 5g\ M–
-s_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf HIV/AIDS sf] j[l4 /f]sL To;kl5 36fpFb} -Reverse_ hfg] .
-v_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd dn]l/of tyf cGo /f]u -Major Diseases_ sf] lgoGq0f u/L
36fpFb} hfg] .
g]kfndf ;g\ !(** df P8\;sf] klxnf] /f]uLsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] . @* MDGs Progress
Report 2010 sf] tYofª\scg';f/ xfn g]kfndf !%–$( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf HIV Prevalence
)=$(
k|ltzt 5 . cem ;g\ @)!) df Pr=cfO=eL= P8\; tyf of}g/f]u s]Gb|sf] tYofª\scg';f/
o:tf]
k|ltzt 36]/ )=#( k|ltzt ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . Pr=cfO=eL= P8\; tyf of}g/f]u
s]Gb|sf]
;g\ @))& sf] tYofª\scg';f/ P8\; /f]u af]s]/ afFlr/x]sf dflg;x¿ ^(,*)* ePsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf Pr=cfO=eL= P8\; eofjx aGb} hfg'df nfu" cf}ifwsf b'Jo{;gL, dlxnf
of}g Joj;foL, ef/tsf
d'DaO{nufotsf ;x/df uP/ of}g Joj;fo ug]{ dlxnfx¿, cfk|jf;Lx¿, r]tgfsf] sdL,
ablnFbf]
;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnn] ;g\ !(** d} /fli6«o P8\; /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ul/;s]sf]
xf] .
;g\ !((@ df /fli6«o P8\; ;dGjo ;ldlt -National AIDS Co-ordination Committee_ u7g
ul/of] . ;g\ !((% df P8\;;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt th'{df ul/of] . xfn :jf:Yo
dGqfnodftxt National
Centre for AIDS and STD Control :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . HIV/AIDS sf] pkrf/sf nflu g]kfndf
ART(Antirectroviral Therapy) ;]jf, VCT (Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV)
;]jf, P8\; ;ª\qmldt dlxnfx¿nfO{ Prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT)
;]jf
;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf !%–$( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf Pr=cfO=eL= ;ª\qmldt
/f]uL )=$( k|ltzt
/x]sf] jt{dfg cGtl/d of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq, @)^& df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . @( t/
g]kfndf ;g\ @))&
;Dd !%–$( pd]/ ;d"xdf HIV Prevalence )=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] World Development
Report,
2010 n] b]vfPsf] 5 .
HIV/AIDS /f]syfd u/L cfqmfGt ;ª\Vof 36fpg] nIo xfl;n ug{] sfd
r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .
HIV/AIDS kLl8tsf] j[l4b/ 36]sf] b]lvPsf] eP tfklg kLl8tsf] ;ª\Vof eg] a9]sf]
b]lvG5 .#)
dn]l/of / Ifo/f]u ljZjdf dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu csf]{ uDeL/ r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf
&% lhNnfdWo] !) lhNnfdfq dn]l/ofd'St 5g\ . t/fO{sf !# lhNnf a9L hf]lvdo'Qm
/ afFsL %@
lhNnf ;fdfGo hf]lvdo'Qm dflgPsf 5g\ . dn]l/ofaf6 g]kfndf k|lt ! nfvdf )=)$ dfq
d[To' x'g]
u/]sf] / of] 36\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .#! ;g\ @))* df dn]l/of a9L hf]lvdo'Qm
lhNnfdf pkrfl/t em'n
-Insecticide treated nets_ !,(@,&*$ ljt/0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . dn]l/ofsf] Prevalance
rate 36\bf]
qmddf /x]sf] 5 . Annual Parasite Incidence (API) ;g\ !((( df k|ltxhf/ )=%^ ePsf]df
;g\
@))* df )=!( df em/]sf] 5 .#@
ljZjdf k|To]s jif{ @) nfv dflg; lgsf] x'g ;Sg] Ifo/f]uaf6 dl//x]sf 5g\ . ## g]kfndf
Ifo/f]u
hg:jf:Yosf] uDeL/ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf k|ltxhf/ hg;ª\Vofdf !&#
Ifo/f]usf
la/fdL /x]sf] WDR, 2010 n] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo, k|ult k|ltj]bg,
@)!) n]
@* Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2010.

@( lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ k]h g+= !$ .

#) lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ k]h g+= !! .
#! Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2010.

#@ Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2010 page 60.

## The United Nations today page 186.

k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf

t g]kfndf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] $% k|ltztdf Ifo/f]usf] ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] / o;df ^) k|ltzt
ao:s
ePsf] pNn]v 5 .#$ ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gn] &) k|ltzt Detection / *% k|ltzt Treatement
Success nfO{ ;kmntfsf] cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5 . g]kfndf &% k|ltzt Detection /
Treatement
Success *( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .#%
-&_ jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf xfl;n ug]{ -Ensure Environmentally Sustainability_ M–
o;cGtu{t
lgDglnlvt # cf]6f nIo tf]lsPsf 5g\ M–
-s_ /fHosf gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGtx¿ PsLs/0f - Integrate_ ug]{ .
-v_ ;g\ @)!% ;Dd ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL tyf cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO - Sanitation_ sf] ;'ljwfaf6
jl~rt hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft cfwf 36fpg] .
-u_ ;g\ @)@) ;Dd sDtLdf !) s/f]8 -100 Million_ em'k8Laf;L -Slum Dwellers_
/ ;'s'Daf;L - Squatters_ sf] hLjg:t/df pNn]Vo ;'wf/ ug]{ .
l;=
g+= ;"rs ;g\
!(()
lj=;+=
)^#÷^$
cGtl/d
of]hgfsf]
nIo
;g\
@)!)#^
;g\ @)!%
;'ljwf jl~rt
hg;ª\Vof
! vfg]kfgLsf] ;'ljwf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vof -Ü_ $^ && *% -!%_ *) @&
@ ;/;kmfO k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vof -Ü_ ^ $^ ^) -$)_ $# $&
g]kfndf WDR, 2010 n] @& k|ltzt hgtfn] ;'wfl/Psf] ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf]
b]vfPsf] 5 .
em'k8Laf;L -Slum Dwellers_ To:tfnfO{ elgG5, hf] cfkm\gf] :jfldTjsf]
hldgdf ;fgf] bogLo
em'k8L jf c:j:ys/ 3/df a;f]af; ub{5g\ . To:tf cfjf;df vfg]kfgL /
plrt ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf]
cefj x'G5 . To:t} ;'s'Daf;L - Squatters_ To:tfnfO{ elgG5, h;sf] cfkm\gf] hldg
5}g / cfjf;sf nflu
;fj{hlgs hldg cf]u6]sf] x'G5 . o:tf cfjf; vf; u/L gbL lsgf/ tyf aga'6\ofg If]qdf
/x]sf x'G5g\ .
g]kfndf em'k8Laf;L -Slum Dwellers_ / ;'s'Daf;L -Squatters_ kof{Kt ;ª\Vofdf eP
klg
o;sf] /fli6«o tYofª\s 5}g . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf eg] ;g\ @))) df !!,*%) ;'s'Daf;L
ePsf]df
;g\ @))( df %),))) k'uL sl/a $@) k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] / oLdWo] !^,(%# gbL lsgf/
vf; u/L
afudtL, lji0f'dtL / dgf]x/f gbL lsgf/df a;f]af; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . #& g]kfndf
em'k8Laf;L -Slum
Dwellers_ / ;'s'Daf;L - Squatters_ sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ pRr:t/Lo j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/
cfof]u
/ ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]u u7g ePsf] 5 t/ k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr a9]sf]
c;dembf/Ln]
oL cfof]usf sfo{ vf;} k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .
em'k8Laf;L -Slum Dwellers_ / ;'s'Daf;L - Squatters_ kl/jf/nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] u/L
g]kfn
;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& sf] ah]6dfkm{t hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf]
5 . o;
sfo{qmdcGtu{t l;/fxf, ;Kt/L / slknj:t'sf d';x/, rdf/, b';fw, vTa], cGo blnt Pj+
d';ndfgx¿nfO{
nlIft u/L k|To]s lhNnfdf PsPs xhf/ u/L # xhf/ cfw'lgs cfjf; lgdf{0f u/L
a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf
ul/g] elgPsf] 5 . To;sf nflu ?= #) s/f]8 ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . #*
#$ Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2010 page 60 .

#% Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2010 page 61.

#^ Nepal MDGs Progress Report, 2010 .

#& Nepal MDGs progress report, 2010 page 81.

#* ah]6 jStJo, @)^^.^& k]h g+= #@

PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration
-*_ ljsf;df ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ -Develop a Global Partnership for
Development_ M– o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt & cf]6f nIo tf]lsPsf 5g\ M–
-s_ v'nf, lgoddf cfwfl/t -rule based_, eljiosf] cGbfh ug{ ;lsg] -Predicatable_,
lje]b/lxt -Non-discriminatory_ Jofkf/ tyf ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
-v_ cltsd ljsl;t b]zx¿ -LDCs_ sf] ljz]if cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ .
 eG;f/ ;'ljwf, sf]6fdf kx'Fr -lgof{tdf_,
 C0f ldgfxf,
 ODA sf] a9f]Q/L -ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{_
-u_ e"kl/j]li6t tyf 6fk' b]z -ljsf;zLn_ sf ljz]if cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ .
-3_ ljsf;zLn /fHox¿sf] C0f ;d:ofsf] lj:t[t lrGtg u/L bL3{sfndf C0fsf] lbuf]kgf
xfl;n ug]{ .
-ª_ cf}iflw pBf]usf] ;xof]udf ljsf;zLn b]znfO{ cfjZos cf}iflw k|bfg ug]{ -
ltg{ ;Sg] u/L_
-r_ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] ;xof]udf o'jfx¿nfO{ pko'Qm sfddf nufpg pko'Qm /0fgLlt
ljsf; tyf nfu" ug]{ .
-5_ lghL If]qsf] ;xof]udf gofF k|ljlw vf; u/L ICT sf] k|of]u / ;f]af6 benefited
agfpg] .
g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g, ;fkm\6f tyf lad:6]ssf] ;d]t ;b:o eO;s]sf] 5 . WTO
n] lje]b/lxt Jofkf/ l;h{gf ug]{ elgP klg ;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljsl;t b]zsf] s[lifdf
cg'bfgn]
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ cfqmfGt ag]sf 5g\ . cfkm\gf pTkfbgn] ljsl;t b]zdf kx'Fr
gkfPsf]n] o:tf b]zsf]
Jofkf/ 3f6f al9/x]sf] 5 .
PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] k"j{;GWofdf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] kl/j]zdf
ljsf;df
ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/Lsf] Hofb} 7"nf] dxOEj 5 . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ljZjJofkL ¿kdf
cfly{s
;fem]bf/L ug{ ;xof]uL aGg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] cfly{s
pbf/Ls/0f cfkm\gf]
Jofkf/ clej[l4 u/L ul/aL 36fpg] tyf cfly{s j[l4 ug]{ ;kgf b]lv/x]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/sf
nflu ;+;f/sf]
ahf/ lgjf{w pknAw x'g] cj:yf pT;fxhgs dfGg} kb{5 . emg\ g]kfnh:tf cltsd
ljsl;t b]zx¿n]
ljZjahf/df kfpg] ;x'lnotn] o:tf b]zdf yk pT;fxsf] pmhf{ k}bf x'g'nfO{ c:jefljs
dfGg ldNb}g .
cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] d"n Wo]o g} Jofkf/sf ;Gbe{df ;Ldf/lxt cjwf/0ff xf] . ljZj
Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otfsf] cf}lrTo klg oxL xf] . g]kfn h:tf cltsd ljsl;t ljZj
Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf]
;b:o x'g xf}l;g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f cfkm" ;Ifd ePsf] If]qsf] Jofkf/af6 cfkm" a9LeGbf
a9L nfeflGjt x'g'
g} xf] . ;fy} cltsd ljsl;t b]zn] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df kfpg] sf]6f tyf
eG;f/ ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf
g} xf] . g]kfnh:tf b]zdf >d ;:tf] x'gfn] sltko pTkfbg ljsl;t ahf/df /fd|f] k|
lt:kwf{ ug{
;Sg] b]lvG5 t/ o;sf nflu ljsl;t b]zn] cfkm\gf] s[lif pkhdf lbFb} cfPsf] cg'bfg
x6fpg} kb{5 .
ljsl;t b]zn] g]kfnnfO{ sf]6f ;'ljwf / ljgfeG;f/ Jofkf/ kx'Fr lbg] elgP klg g]kfnsf
tof/L kf];fs
/ s[lif pkhdf cem} klg pRr eG;f/ nufO/x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . g]kfn ef/t
Jofkf/ ;lGwn]
g]kfnL pTkfbgnfO{ ef/tLo ahf/df ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|j]z lbg] elgP klg pTklQsf]
ljifo, eG;f/ tyf
u}/eG;f/ dx;'n, sf]6f tyf ;+/If0f k|fjwfg -Safeguard clauses_ n] g]kfnsf] lgsf;L
Jofkf/nfO{
xtf]T;flxt agfPsf] 5 .
MDGs Need Assessment for 2005 n] s] ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 eg] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo
xfl;n ug{ g]kfnnfO{ 7"nf] ;|f]t cefj x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n
ug{ / u|fdL0f
k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu ?= !,!$*=* ca{ -!^=$ lalnog cd]l/sL 8n/_ nfUg] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 .#(
o;sf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotf ckl/xfo{ x'g cfpF5 . g]kfnn] ;g\ @))*÷)( df
s'n ljsf;
vr{df ljb]zL ;xfotf $(=&# k|ltzt / s'n ;/sf/L vr{df !^=%$ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$)

g]kfn h:tf cltsd ljsl;t b]zdf ljsf;sf] cfjZostf cgGt x'g' / ;|f]t;fwgsf] cefj
x'g' :jefljs} xf] . g]kfn h:tf] nufgL ug]{ ;|f]t;fwgsf] sdL ePsf] b]zdf ljsf;sf ofjt\
ultljlw
;~rfng ug{ ljb]zL ;xfotf lng' afWotf xf] . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df ljb]zL ;xof]udf
cg'bfgsf] cg'kft
sd / C0fsf] cg'kft pRr ePaf6 g]kfnn] ltg'{kg]{ C0f bfloTj klg al9/x]sf] 5 . ;g\
@))!÷)@ df
g]kfnn] ltg'{kg]{ ljb]zL C0f GDP sf] $&=( k|ltzt k'u]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @))*÷)(df
@&=( k|ltzt
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .$! ;g\ @))$ df s'n ltg'{kg]{ ;fj{hlgs C0f GDP sf] ^^ k|ltzt lyof] .
$@ hlt a9L

C0f plt a9L Jofh / ;]jfz'Ns . /fh:j art sd ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] b]zn] lnPsf]
C0fsf] ;fFjf,
Jofh jf ;]jfz'Ns e'StfgLsf nflu df]6f] /sd vr{ ug'{kg]{ 7"nf] r'gf}tL k}bf
ul//x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf ;a} lhNnfdf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf k'u]sf], @(! ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
k'Ug
afFsL /x]sf], 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj k|lt;o JolStdf @& k'u]sf] tyf ;a} k|sf/sf u/L *$
nfv 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg la:tf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .$# ;g\ @))* sf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df $@ nfv $) xhf/
df]afOn kmf]g
/ % nfv OG6/g]6 k|bfostf -Internet Subscriptions_ ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf;
nIo k|ult
k|ltj]bg, @)!) s} tYofª\ssf cfwf/df g]kfndf k|lt !)) hgfdf )=#% hgfn] OG6/g]6
;'ljwf k|bfos
/x]sf] / k|lt !)) hgfdf !=$ hgfn] OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf kfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . $$ ljZj ljsf; k|
ltj]bg
-World Development Report_ @)!) n] ;d]t g]kfndf k|lt !)) hgfdf !=$ hgfn] dfq
OG6/g]6
;'ljwf pkef]u ul//x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;]n'n/ df]afOn ;'ljwf k|lt;o hgfdf !%=&@
hgfn] pkef]u
ul//x]sf] b]lvPsf] / sl/a $) k|ltzt df]afOn kmf]g ;'ljwf lghL If]qsf sDkgLn] k|bfg
u/]sf 5g\ .$%
;x;|fAbL ljsf;df ljZjsf] jt{dfg cj:yf
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df dfq xf]Og, dfgjLo d"No /
clwsf/sf ;Gbe{df ;d]t
TolQs} dxOEjsf] dflgG5 . ;g\ @))) df cfof]lht ;x;|fAbL ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;
nIox¿nfO{ kfl/t
u/]kl5 ljZje/sf b]zdf o;nfO{ xfl;n ug{ h'g k|lt1f b]vfOof], of] g}
o;sf] ;kmntfsf] klxnf]
dxOEjk"0f{ s8L xf] . hxfF;Dd ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] s'/f 5, ul/aLnfO{ pRr k|
fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .
UNO n] !((&–@))^ nfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] cGt/f{li6«o bzs - International Decade
for the
Eradication of Poverty_ sf ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] 5 .$^ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3s}
kxndf ;x;|fAbL
ljsf; nIo to eO{ xfn ljZje/ o;nfO{ d"ndGq agfO{ sfof{Gjog x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;
+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3
/ o;sf ljlzi6Ls[t Ph]G;Lx¿ (Specialized Agencies) n] ;d]t ul/aLnfO{ pRr k|
fyldstfdf
/fv]sf 5g\ .
ljZjdf #) jif{cufl8 cfwf hg;ª\Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg lyP . clxn] cfP/ sl/a Ps
rf}yfOdfq 5g\ . aL;f}F ztfAbLsf kl5Nnf bzsdf ljZjsf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df tLj| ¿kdf
ePsf]
#( Nepal MDGs progress report 2010 page 85.

$) Nepal MDGs progress report 2010 page 88.

$! Nepal MDGs progress report 2010 page 92.

$@ Nepal MDGs progress report 2005.

$# cGtl/d of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq, @)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&) k]h !$& .

$$ Nepal MDGs progress report 2010 page 94.

$% Nepal MDGs progress report 2010 page 94.

$^ The United Nations today page 181.

PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration

cfly{s j[l4n] ubf{ ;g\ !(() df b}lgs !=@% 8n/eGbf sd cfodf afFr]sf
dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof !
ca{ *) s/f]8af6 36]/ ;g\ @))% df ! ca{ $) s/f]8df em/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cjlwdf ul/aL
k|ltzt
$^ k|ltztaf6 36]/ @& k|ltzt sfod x'g k'Uof] .$&
;g\ !(() df ljsf;zLn ljZj -Developing World_ sf sl/a @* k|ltzt -! ca{ @) s/f]8_
hgtf cTolws ul/aL -Extreme Poverty_ df afFr]sf lyP . ;g\ @))@ df pNn]Vo ¿kdf
36]/ !(
k|ltzt eof] .$*
k|ltlbg ! 8n/eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] ljZj hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf cfwf
36fpg]
nIo sl/asl/a xfl;n x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . Pl;ofnL b]zx¿sf] tLj| cfly{s ljsf;n]
o;nfO{
;Dej agfPsf] xf] . b'Mvsf] s'/f ;a;xf/g clk|msL d'n'sx¿df eg] sddfq k|ult ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
;g\ @)!% ;Dd rLgn] ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;ª\Vof % k|ltzt 36fpg] cfzf ul/Psf]
5.
ef/tdf ;g\ !(() df !=@% 8n/eGbf sd cfodf afFr]sf dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof %! k|ltzt
ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lg /x]sf]df tLj| cfly{s j[l4 / ul/aL 36fpg] sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tfn] ;g\ @)!
% ;Dddf @$
k|ltzt sfod x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cTolws ul/a - Extreme Poverty_ hg;ª\
Vof !*
s/f]8 *) nfv 36]sf] b]lvG5 .$(
åGån] ul/aLnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf s]xL jif{df ljZjdf z/0ffyL{sf] ;ª\
Vof a9]sf]
5 . O/fsaf6 dfq b]zleq / aflx/ u/L $ s/f]8 @) nfv dflg; lj:yflkt ePsf 5g\ . oL
dWo]
! s/f]8 ^) nfv dflg; z/0ffyL{ ag]sf 5g\ .%) n]agfg / hf]8{gsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] !)
k|ltzt
z/0ffyL{ 5g\ . O/fs / ;f]dflnofdf !) hgfdf Pshgf lj:yflkt 5g\ . ;du|df ljZjdf b]vf
kl//x]sf]
åGån] ul/aLnfO{ lglZrt ¿kdf rsf{Psf] b]Vg kfOG5 .
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] :yfkgfotf ljZjdf vfBfGg pTkfbg pNn]Vo b/df a9]sf] 5 .
o;sf
;fy} hg;ª\Vof klg al9/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljZjdf ;g\ !(()–!((& ;Ddsf]
cjlwnfO{ x]bf{ ljZjsf
ef]su|:t hgtf (% s/f]8 () nfvaf6 36]/ &( s/f]8 !) nfvdf em/]sf] b]lvG5 t/
Tof] ;ª\Vof
k'gM a9]/ uO{ *% s/f]8 $) nfv k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . cem pb]snfUbf] s'/f s] 5 eg]
of] ;ª\VofdWo] *@
s/f]8 ljsf;zLn b]zsf 5g\ .%! MDGs Report 2010 n] eg] ljZjdf *# s/f]8 dflg; s'kf]lift
-undernourised_ ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 t/ ljZjsf ljsf;zLn b]zdWo] ef]su|:t dflg; ;g\ !
(()–
!((@ df @) k|ltztaf6 36]/ !^ k|ltzt sfod ePsf] 5 .%@
;g\ !(() df ljsf;zLn ljZjsf s'kf]if0fn] u|:t kfFr jif{d'lgsf aRrfsf] ;ª\Vof #! k|ltzt
lyof] . ;g\ @))* df of] ;ª\Vof @^ k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 .%# ljsf;zLn b]zdf sd tf}nsf
aRrfsf]
;ª\Vof !$ s/f]8 gf3\5 . of] ;ª\Vof ;x/L If]qdf a:g] aRrfsf] eGbf ufpFdf a;f]af;
ug]{ aRrfsf]
;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ 5 .%$ ofjt\ k|of; / k|oTg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ljsf;zLn b]zsf $ aRrfdf Ps
aRrf x'g'kg]{
tf}neGbf sd tf}nsf 5g\ .%% ljZjdf *# s/f]8 dflg; cem} klg s'kf]lift -
Undernourished_
5g\ .%^
$& MDGs report 2010 page 6.

$* The United Nations today page 178.

$( MDGs report 2010 page 7.

%) MDGs report 2008 page 7.

%! The United Nations today page 181.

%@ MDGs report 2010 page 11.

%# MDGs report 2010 page 13.

%$ MDGs report 2008 page 11.

%% MDGs report 2010 page 13.

%^ MDGs report 2010 page 11.

k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf

aRrfnfO{ kf]if0f k'¥ofpg'kg]{ dxOEjk"0f{ pd]/ -Key stages_ hGd]b]lv @
jif{;Dd a9L :ofxf/ ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . hGd]sf] ! 306fleq} cfdfsf] b"w v'jfpg], cfdfsf] b"w lgoldt v'jfpg] tyf
o;nfO{ rflxg] cGo
kf]ifs vfg]s'/fx¿ v'jfpgfn] sd tf}n x'g] ;d:of x6fpg ;lsG5 .
kl5Nnf jif{x¿df b]lvPsf] vfBfGgdf tLj| d"Noj[l4n] emg} gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]
{ lglZrt 5 .
;fy;fy} ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbLn] /f]huf/Ldf u/]sf] s6f}tL / df};d kl/jt{gn]
vfBfGg pTkfbgdfly
kf/]sf] k|lts"n k|efjn] l:yltnfO{ yk eofjx agfpg] ;Defjgf 5 .
ljZjdf ef]sd/Lsf] ;d:ofnfO{ b[li6ut u/L vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7g - FAO_ n] ;x;|fAbL
ljsf;
nIonfO{ dgg u/L ljZje/ !)) b]zdf ljleGg cfof]hgf -Projects_ ;~rfng u/L ef]s,
s'kf]if0f
/ ul/aL x6fpg k|oTg ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 .%&
ljZjdf % jif{d'lgsf] afnd[To'b/ -hLljt hGddf_ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf] 5 %* M
k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf
l;=g+= If]qx¿ ;g\ !(() @))) @))^
! ;a;xf/g clk|msf !*$ !^& !%&
@ blIf0f Pl;of !@) ($ *!
# cf];]lgof *% &# ^^
$ CIS Pl;of &( ^$ $&
% klZrd Pl;of ^( $& $)
^ blIf0fk"j{ Pl;of && $& #%
& pQ/ clk|msf *@ $* #%
* Nofl6g cd]l/sf tyf Sof/laog %% #% $&
( k"jL{ Pl;of $% #^ @$
!) CIS o'/f]k @& @# !&
!! ljsl;t b]zx¿ !! * ^
!@ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿ !)# ** *)
cf}Bf]lus b]zdf hGd]sf aRrfeGbf ljsf;zLn b]zdf hGd]sf aRrf hGd]sf] klxnf]
kfFr
jif{leq dg]{ ;Defjgf !# u'gfn] a9L x'G5 . oLdWo] ;a;xf/fg clk|msL d'n'ssf]
lx:;f cfwf 5 .%(
afnd[To'b/sf] d'Vo sf/0f -Leading Causes_ df lgdf]lgof, emf8fkvfnf, dn]l/of,
bfb'/f h:tf
cfw'lgs o'u / k|ljlwn] ;fdfGo dfg]sf /f]ux¿ 5g\ . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf x]bf{ lgdf]lgof,
emf8fkvfnf,
dn]l/of / P8\;n] s'n afnd[To'sf] $# k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf] 5 . ^) afnd[To'df sf/s
/f]u ag]sf oL
/f]udWo] P8\;afx]s ;a} /f]u k"/} lgsf] kfg{ ;lsg] vfnsf x'g\ . kl5Nnf jif{df
eg] :jf:Yok|lt a9\bf]
hgr]tgf tyf o;tkm{sf] /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o a9\bf] rf;f] / nufgLn] aRrfnfO{ vf]k
nufpg] tyf
pkrf/ ug]{ qmd a9\bf] 5 . ;a;xf/g clk|msfdf bfb'/fsf] vf]k ;g\ !(() df %^ k|
ltztdf nufOGYof]
eg] ;g\ @))^ df cfOk'Ubf of] cg'kft a9]/ &@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ^! ljZjsf]
Psd'i6 tYofª\s
%& The United Nations today page 182.

%* MDGs Report 2008 page 20.

%( MDGs report 2008 page 21.

^) MDGs report 2010 page 27.

^! MDGs report 2008 page 21.

PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration

x]g]{ xf] eg] sl/a *) k|ltzt aRrfx¿nfO{ bfb'/f lj?4sf] vf]k nufpg] u/]sf]
kfOof] .^@ afnd[To'b/df
ljZjdf pNn]Vo k|ult ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;g\ !(() df !,))) hLljt
hGddf afnd[To'b/ !)) lyof] eg] ;g\ @))* df &@ dfq 5 . ljZje/ ;g\ !(() df o:tf]
d[To' !
s/f]8 @% nfv lyof] eg] ;g\ @))* df ** nfvdf em/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))) b]lv @))* sf
aLrdf
afnd[To'b/ jflif{s @=# k|ltztsf b/n] 36]sf] b]lvG5 .^#
ljZjdf ;g\ @))& sf] tYofª\scg';f/ & s/f]8 @) nfv aRrfx¿ lzIffsf] xsaf6 jl~rt
5g\ . o'g]:sf]sf] cWoogcg';f/ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf klg @ s/f]8 () nfv aRrfx¿ lzIff
kfpgaf6
jl~rt x'g]5g\ .^$
ljsf;zLn b]zdf ljBfyL{ egf{ *( k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))* sf] tYofª\scg';f/ ;a;xf/g
clk|msfsf cfwfhlt b]zdf $ aRrfdf Ps aRrf :s'nsf] kx'Fraflx/} 5g\ . ;fy} ;a;xf/g
clk|msfdf
ljBfyL{ egf{ -Enrolment_ &^ k|ltzt 5 . ;g\ !((( df eg] %* k|ltztdfq lyof] . o;/L
x]bf{ k|ult
eg] ePsf] b]lvG5 .^%
k|fylds lzIffdf egf{ ePsf s]6fsf] cg'kftdf s]6Lsf] cg'kfttkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;g\
@))^ df
s]6Lsf] egf{ cg'kft ljsl;t b]zdf ztk|ltzt b]lvG5 eg] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df of] cg'kft
($
k|ltztdfq b]lvG5 . of] cg'kft ;a;xf/fg clk|msfdf *( k|ltzt b]lvG5 . blIf0f Pl;ofdf
eg] (%
k|ltzt 5 .^^
;g\ @))* df ljZje/ :s'n ghfg] aRrfdWo] 5fqfsf] ;ª\Vof %# k|ltzt 5 . ;g\ !((( df
%& k|ltzt lyof] . To;} u/L ljZjdf ;g\ @))* df k|fylds lzIffdf !)) 5fqsf] t'ngfdf (^
5fqf,
dfWolds lzIffdf !)) 5fqa/fa/ (% 5fqf / pRr lzIffdf !)) 5fq a/fa/ *@ 5fqf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .^&
klZrd tyf dWo clk|msL d'n'sx¿df sd egf{b/, bf]xf]¥ofP/ egf{ x'g] k|j[lQ, egf{
eP/ aLr}df
5f\8\g] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf sf/0fdf vfBfGgsf] cefj, ;z:q åGå, P8\;, v8]/L,
afn>lds h:tf
;d:of d'Vo 5g\ .
ljZjsf dlxnfsf] cj:yftkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ @% k|ltzt Joj:yflksfdf k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ .
^)
k|ltzt unpaid family workers sf ¿kdf sfd ub{5g\ .^*
ljsf;zLn b]zdf ;g\ !(() df %# k|ltzt ue{jtL dlxnfx¿n] bIf :jf:Yo sfo{stf{af6
k|;"lt ;]jf lng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;g\ @))* df cfP/ o:tf dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof ^# k|ltzt
k'u]sf]
b]lvG5 . hxfF ;g\ @))* df ljsl;t b]zdf (( k|ltzt, blIf0f Pl;ofdf $% k|ltzt / ;a;xf/g
clk|msfdf $^ k|ltzt /x]sf] tYofª\sn] b]vfpF5 .^(
;g\ @))& sf] tYofª\scg';f/ ;a;xf/g clk|msfdf lszf]/L cj:yf -!%–!( jif{_ df ue{jtL
x'g]df k|lt !,))) df !@! hgf, k"jL{ Pl;ofdf % hgf, blIf0f Pl;ofdf %# hgf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .&)
;g\ @))& sf] tYofª\scg';f/ !%–$( jif{sf dlxnf s'g} g s'g} ue{ lg/f]wsf pkfo
ckgfpg]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] s'g} g s'g} ue{ lg/f]wsf] ;fwg ckgfpg]dWo] ;a;xf/g clk|
msfdf @@ k|ltzt,
^@ MDGs report 2008 page 21.

^# MDGs report 2010 page 26.

^$ MDGs report 2009 page 17.

^% MDGs report 2010 page 17.

^^ MDGs report 2008 page 16.

^& MDGs report 2010 page 17 & 20.

^* UNDP annual report 2009, page 16.

^( MDGs report 2010 page 31.

&) MDGs report 2010 page 31.

k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf

blIf0f Pl;ofdf %$ k|ltzt, ljsl;t b]zdf &! k|ltzt / ljsf;zLn b]zdf ^@ k|ltzt /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .&!
;g\ @))^ sf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df u}/s[lif If]qdf dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Ltkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ ljZjdf
dlxnfsf] cª\z #( k|ltzt 5 . ;g\ !(() df eg] #% k|ltztdfq lyof] t/ ljsl;t b]zdf eg]
of]
$^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . blIf0f Pl;ofdf hDdf !( k|ltzt 5 . ;a;xf/g clk|msfdf #!
k|ltzt
5 .&@ dlxnfx¿n] ;fdfGotM kf6{6fOd /f]huf/, df};dL tyf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] /f]huf/
kfpg] u/]sf]
/ /f]huf/ ;'/Iffsf] cefj /x]sf] b]lvG5 . blIf0f Pl;of, ;a;xf/g clk|msfdf t o:tf]
k|sf/sf] c;'/lIft
/f]huf/Lsf] lx:;f *) k|ltzt b]lvG5 . k9fn]vf lzlIft dlxnfx¿df eg] of] ;d:of sd}dfq
b]lvG5 .
bftfx¿n] n}ª\lus ;dfgtf sfod ug{ ;xfotf k|bfgdf k|fyldstf lbPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @))
%–)^ df 5
v08sf] Ps v08 ;xfotf dlxnfsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ s]lGb|t ePsf] b]lvG5 . &# t/ cfzftLt
¿kdf
dlxnfsf] cj:yfdf eg] ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
;g\ @))^ sf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df ljZjdf ;+;b\df dlxnfsf] cg'kfttkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ ljsl;t
b]zdf @@=^ k|ltzt 5 eg] ljsf;zLn b]zdf !^=% k|ltztdfq 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofdf !
@=( k|ltzt,
cf];]lgofdf @=% k|ltzt, pQ/L clk|msfdf *=# k|ltzt, klZrd Pl;ofdf (=! k|
ltzt, ;a;xf/g
clk|msfdf !&=# k|ltzt, Nofl6g cd]l/sf tyf Sof/laog If]qdf @@=@ k|ltzt /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .&$ ;g\
@))* sf] hgj/Ldf ;+;bLo l;6df dlxnfsf] cg'kft !* k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'u]sf]
b]lvG5 .
t/ ?jfG8fdf $*=* k|ltzt, l:j8]gdf $& k|ltzt, So'afdf $#=@ k|ltzt, lkmgNofG8df
$!=%
k|ltzt / ch]{lG6gfdf $) k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . Nordic d'n'sdf ;+;b\df ;/b/ $! k|ltzt
dlxnf
;xeflutf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .&% kl5Nnf jif{df ;+;b\df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9\g'df sf]6f k|
0ffnLsf]
cjnDag xf] .
ljZjdf a9\bf] cfGtl/s åGåsf sf/0f z/0ffyL{ ;ª\Vof a9\bf] 5 . z/0ffyL{ hLjg
latfpg]x¿n]
/fd|f] lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf /f]huf/L kfpg] ;Defjgf Go"g x'G5 . lzlj/sf] c:j:ys/ a;f]af; /
vfgkfgn]
dfgj :jf:Yodf ;d:of y'lk|G5g\ . emg\ dfgl;s tgfjn] :jf:Yodf yk ;d:of lgDTofpg]
cj:yf
l;h{gf x'G5 . kl5Nnf jif{df $ s/f]8 @) nfv dflg; åGåsf sf/0fn] lj:yflkt ePsf]
cj:yf ljBdfg
5 . tLdWo] ! s/f]8 %@ nfv b]z} 5f8]/ csf]{ b]zdf z/0ffyL{ hLjg latfPsf] cj:yf
ljBdfg 5 .
;g\ @))( sf] cGTo;Dddf ckmuflg:tfg / O/fsaf6 qmdzM @( nfv / !* nfv z/0ffyL{
aflxl/Psf
5g\ .&^ ljZjdf z/0ffyL{tkm{ b[li6ut ubf{ dlxnfsf] lx:;f s'n z/0ffyL{sf] cfwf 5 t/
z/0ffyL{
SofDksf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf eg] pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf Go"g b]lvG5 . && t/ kl5Nnf
jif{df z/0ffyL{
SofDkdf dlxnfx¿sf] /fhgLlts ;xeflutfdf a9f]Q/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
ljZjdf HIV af6 k|To]s lbg sl/a &,%)) JolSt ;ª\qmldt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ / k|ltlbg %,
%))
JolSt P8\;af6 dg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .&* of] d"ntM /f]syfdd"ns pkfosf] cefj tyf pkrf/
gkfpgfn]
olt 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf ;ª\qmldt tyf d[To' x'g uPsf] xf] eGbf cTo'lSt x'Fb}g . o;f]
eg]/ HIV af6
;ª\qmldtsf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg ljZjdf s'g} k|of; gePsf] eGg vf]lhPsf] eg] xf]Og . o;
If]qdf
&! MDGs report 2010 page 31.

&@ MDGs report 2008 page 18.

&# MDGs report 2008 page 19.

&$ MDGs report 2008 page 19.

&% MDGs report 2008 page 19.

&^ MDGs report 2010 page 15.

&& MDGs report 2008 page 19.

&* MDGs Report 2008 page 28.

PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration

/f]syfdd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ -Prevention Programmes_ sf] k|efjsfl/tfs} kmn:j¿k HIV
af6
gofF ;ª\qmldt -Newly Infected_ sf] ;ª\Vof ;g\ @))! df #) nfvsf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @))&
df @&
nfvdf ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .&( To;} u/L ljZjdf P8\;sf] pkrf/df Antiretroviral
pkrf/sf]
la:tf/kl5 P8\;af6 dg]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof;d]t 36\g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @))% df @@
nfv dflg;
P8\;af6 dg]{ u/]sf]df ;g\ @))& df cfOk'Ubf @) nfv dflg;dfq d/]sf] kfOG5 .
logdf !%
jif{d'lgsfsf] d[To' @,*),))) /x]sf] 5 .*) ljZjdf ;g\ @))! df @ s/f]8 (% nfv JolStx¿
HIV
;ª\qmldt eP/ afFr]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df ;g\ @))* df of] ;ª\Vof # s/f]8 #$ nfv
k'u]sf] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 .*! of] ;ª\Vofdf ax';ª\Vos JolStx¿ ;a;xf/g clk|msfsf 5g\ .
!% jif{eGbf dflysf HIV af6 ;ª\qmldtsf] ;ª\VofdWo] dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof ljsl;t b]zdf
@#
k|ltzt / ljsf;zLn b]zdf #! k|ltzt kfOG5 . of] ;ª\Vof blIf0f Pl;ofdf #* k|
ltzt / ;a;xf/g
clk|msfdf %( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .*@ ;a;xf/g clk|msfdf ;g\ @))! b]lv Pr=cfO=eL= sf
gofF
;ª\qmldtsf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo ¿kdf 36]sf] kfOPsf] 5 t/ cem} klg of] ;ª\Vof 7"nf]
b]lvG5 . ;g\ @))&
df dfq} o; If]qdf !& nfv gofF ;ª\qmldt b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @))& sf] tYofª\ssf
cfwf/df o;
If]qdf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] ^* k|ltzt Pr=cfO=eL= ;ª\qmldt 5g\ eg] s'n d[To'df &^
k|ltzt d[To'
P8\;;Fu ;DalGwt /f]uaf6 ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .*#
;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?lt/ P8\; /f]uaf6 k|efljt d'n'sx¿sf] ;"rLdf a|flhn ljZjsf] rf}yf]
a9L
k|efljt d'n's dflgGYof] . ;g\ !((# df ljZj a}ª\ssf] ;xof]udf cleofgs} ¿kdf ljleGg
hgr]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]kl5 oxfF P8\;af6 dg]{sf] ;ª\Vofdf #* k|ltztn] s6f}tL ePsf]
b]lvG5 .*$
;g\ @))* df ;a;xf/g clk|msfdf afa' jf cfdf jf b'j}hgf u'dfpg] afnaRrf -)–!& jif{_
! s/f]8 $! nfv k'u]sf] 5 .*% ;g\ @))* d} Antirectroviral Therapy ljsf;zLn b]zsf
/f]uLn]
$@ k|ltztn] lng] ub{5g\ . ;a;xf/g clk|msfdf o:tf] ;ª\Vof $# k|ltzt /
blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;of
/ cf];]lgofdf %& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .*^
ef/tdf @# nfveGbf a9L dflg;x¿ HIV/AIDS af6 u|l;t 5g\ . of] ;d:of ef/tsf ^
k|fGtdf a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf k|fGtx¿df dxf/fi6«, tldngf8', cfGw|k|b]z, dlgk'/,
gfufNofG8, sgf{6s
d'Vo 5g\ .*&
aª\unfb]zdf UNAIDs sf] cg'dfgcg';f/ !@,))) dfq HIV/AIDS af6 u|l;t 5g\ .
ckmuflg:tfgdf ;/sf/L tYofª\scg';f/ $&* HIV/AIDS sf s];x¿ e]l6Psf 5g\ t/ UNAIDS
/ WHO n] of] ;ª\Vof @,))) ;Dd x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . e'6fgdf ;/sf/L tYofª\
scg';f/ !$$
PrcfOeL P8\;sf la/fdL /]s8{ ul/Psf] 5 t/ UNAIDS n] of] ;ª\Vof %)) hlt x'g ;Sg]
hgfPsf]
5 . To;} u/L dflNbE;df ;g\ !((! df PrcfOeL sf] klxnf] s]; km]nf k/]sf]df ;g\
@))^ sf]
dWolt/ !# PrcfOeL kf]lhl6e e]l6Psf 5g\ .** dflNbE;n] a]n}df P8\; lgoGq0f
sfo{qmddf Wofg
&( http://data.unaids.org.

*) http://data.unaids.org.

*! http://data.unaids.org.

*@ MDGs Report 2008 page 29.

*# The United Nations today page 180.

*$ ljZj a}ª\s ;d"x, k]h g+= & / * .

*% MDGs report 2010 page 31.

*^ MDGs report 2010 page 45.

*& http://sitesources.worldbank.org.

** http://sitesources.worldbank.org.

k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf

s]lGb|t u/]sf] x'gfn] of] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] kfOof] . kfls:tfgdf ;g\ @))& sf]
cGTo;Dddf (^,)))
dflg;x¿ PrcfOeL ;ª\qmldt 5g\ .*( >Lnª\sfdf (%& cf]6f PrcfOeL s]; /]s8{ ul/Psf]
eP klg
UNAIDS n] #,*)) ePsf] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 .()
ljZjdf a9\b} uPsf] Pr=cfO=eL= P8\;sf] eofjx ;d:ofaf6 dfgj ljsf;df kg]{ k|
efjnfO{
b[li6ut u/L o;af6 kg{ hfg] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ sd ug{ ;+o['Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo
ljsf; sfo{qmd
-UNDP_ n] ;g\ @))* df @%,%%,!!,))) cd]l/sL 8n/ nufgL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . (! of] s'n
sfo{qmd
vr{sf] ^=@# k|ltzt xf] .
ljZjsf] cfwf hg;ª\Vof dn]l/ofsf] pRr hf]lvddf 5 . ;g\ @))* df *,^#,))) hgf
dn]l/ofaf6 d/]sf lyP . Tof] ;ª\VofdWo] &,^&,))) -*( k|ltzt_ clk|msfsf] lyof] . (@
;g\ @))* df k|lt ! nfvdf !^$ hgf Ifo/f]uL kfOPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))* d} ($ nfv Ifo/f]u
nfu]sf la/fdL /]s8{ eP . ;g\ @))& df of] ;ª\Vof (# nfv lyof] . ;f]xL cjlwsf]
tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df
ljsf;zLn b]zdf k|ltPs nfvdf @!) hgf, ljsl;t b]zdf *=% hgf, ;a;xf/g clk|msfdf $()
hgf, / blIf0f Pl;ofdf @@) hgf Ifo/f]uL ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L Ifo/f]uaf6 d[To'
x'g]df ;f]xL
cjlwsf] tYofª\ssf] cfwf/df k|ltPs nfvdf ljsf;zLn b]zdf @% hgf, ljsl;t b]zdf ! hgf,
;a;xf/g clk|msfdf %@ hgf / blIf0f Pl;ofdf $% hgf /x]sf 5g\ . (#
ljsf;zLn b]zdf ;x/L If]qdf a;fO;/fO lbgk|ltlbg al9/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zsf]
s'n ;x/L hg;ª\Vofsf] Ps ltxfO hg;ª\Vof Slum Condition df afFlr/x]sf 5g\ .($
;+;f/df ;a}eGbf w]/} k|b"if0f ug]{ -GHG_ b]z cd]l/sf xf], h;sf] of]ubfg
@)=( k|ltzt 5,
hd{gLsf] !)=* k|ltzt 5, ef/tsf] $ k|ltzt t/ g]kfnsf] eg] cToGt Go"g
of]ubfg )=)@% k|ltzt
5 .(% g]kfnn] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] pT;h{g )=! d]l6«s6g u/]sf] WDR, 2010 n]
b]vfPsf] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf k|ToIf ¿kdf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ / cfly{s j[l4;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf]n]
jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf sfod ug]{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] klg pRr k|
fyldstfdf k/]sf]
ljifo xf] . ;g\ @))* df jftfj/0fsf If]qdf UNDP n] $),#^,#%,))) cd]l/sL 8n/
vr{ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .(^ of] s'n sfo{qmd vr{sf] (=*% k|ltzt xf] . g]kfn kof{j/0fLo kl/jt{gsf]
hf]lvd If]qdf g}
kb{5 . hª\un / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] .
;g\ @))& sf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df blIf0f Pl;ofn] @=# lalnog d]l6«s6g sfa{g
8fOcS;fO8
lgisf;g ub{5 eg] k"jL{ Pl;ofn] &=@ lalnog d]l6«s6g, ;a;xf/g clk|msfn] )=&
d]l6«s6g, ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿n] !$=( lalnog d]l6«s6g / ljsl;t b]zx¿n] !@=! k|ltzt lgisf;g ub{5g\ .
sfa{g
8fOcS;fO8 lgisf;g ;g\ !(() sf] n]enaf6 #% k|ltzt a9]sf] b]lvG5 . (&
!^ ;]K6]Da/ @))( ;Dd df]G6]«on k|f]6f]sndf x:tfIf/ ug]{ !(^ kf6L{ ePsf 5g\ . (*
clxn]s} ult ljBdfg /x]df ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo vfg]kfgLsf ;Gbe{df k"/f x'g] b]lvPsf]
5 . ljsf;zLn b]zsf *^ k|ltzt hgtfsf] ;'wfl/Psf] vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t - Improved Sources
of
*( http://sitesources.worldbank.org.

() http://sitesources.worldbank.org.

(! UNDP annual report 2009 page 7.

(@ MDGs report 2010 page 46.

(# MDGs report 2010 page 50 & 51.

($ MDGs Report 2008 page 5.

(% Clean Development Mechanism by RRP Shrestha page 2.

(^ UNDP annual report, 2009 page 7.

(& MDGs report 2010 page 53.

(* MDGs report 2010 page 54.

PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration 0

Drinking Water_ df kx'Fr k'u]sf] cj:yf 5 . pQ/L clk|msf, Nofl6g cd]l/sf tyf
Sof/laog, k"jL{
Pl;of tyf blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofn] eg] klxNo} nIo xfl;n ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ((
sl/a ljZjsf] cfwf hg;ª\Vofn] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf kfgLsf] cefj em]ln/x]sf] 5 . !))
ljsf;zLn
b]zsf] sl/a Ps rf}yfO hg;ª\Vof s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;/;kmfO - Any form of sanitation_
ljgf
afFlr/x]sf kfOG5g\ .!)! MDGs 2010 sf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df ;g\ @))* df ljZjdf @
ca{ ^) s/f]8
hgtf Improved Sanitation Facilities af6 jl~rt ePsf] b]lvG5 . oxL k|j[lQ ljBdfg /x]df
;g\ @)!%
;Dddf of] ;ª\Vof a9]/ @ ca{ &) s/f]8 k'Ug]5, h;af6 ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n
ug{ c;Dej x'g]5 .
;f]xL tYofª\snfO{ cfwf/ dfgL x]bf{ ;g\ @))* df ljsf;zLn b]zsf $* k|ltzt hgtf
cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO ;]jf kfpgaf6 jl~rt 5g\ . cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO ;]jfaf6 jl~rt ;a;xf/g
clk|msfsf ^( k|ltzt / blIf0f Pl;ofsf ^$ k|ltzt 5g\ . To;} u/L ljZjsf ! ca{ !) s/f]8
dflg;n]
v'nf :yfgdf lb;flk;fa ub{5g\ .
kl5Nnf bzsdf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ / cltsd ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ljsl;t b]zx¿df ahf/ kx'Fr
k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !((* df o:tf b]zaf6 ljsl;t b]zdf ljgfeG;f/ lgof{t %$ k|ltztaf6
a9]/ ;g\ @))* df *) k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ;f] cjlwdf cltsd ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] eg] &* k|
ltztaf6
*! k|ltztdf k'u]sf] cyf{t\ gu0o j[l4 ePsf] 5 .!)@
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu j}b]lzs ;xof]u -Official Development Assistance_ sf] a9f]Q/L
ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIon] :ki6 :jLsf/]sf] 5 . G20 London Summit af6
klg ;x;|fAbL
ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xfotfnfO{ a9fpg] k|lt1f ul/Psf] 5 . !)# ljsl;t tyf cf}Bf]lus
d'n'sx¿n]
ljsf;zLn tyf cltsd ljsl;t b]zx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;xof]u /fzLdf a9f]Q/L ug'{kg]{df
tYofª\sn]
o;nfO{ unt ;flat ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))% df !)&=! lalnog 8n/sf] ;xfotf /sd ;g\
@))^
cfOk'Ubf !)$=$ lalnog 8n/df em¥of] . emg\ @))& df of] /sd 36]/ !)#=&
lalnog 8n/df ;Lldt
x'g k'Uof] .!)$ ;g\ @))% df ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ljZj ;Dd]ngdf ljsl;t
b]zx¿n] ;g\ @)!)
df !#) lalnog 8n/ k'¥ofpg] atfP klg of] ;xof]u /fzL a9\g'sf] ;§f 3l6/x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;g\ !(&) sf] ;fwf/0f ;ef -General Assembly_ n] ljsl;t b]zx¿n]
cfkm\gf] s'n /fli6«o cfo -Gross National Income_ sf] )=& k|ltzt ;xfotf k|bfgsf]
nIo tf]s]sf]
5 .!)% df]G6]/] sG;]G;;, @))@ df o;df ;xdlt hgfOPsf]df clwsf+z b]zn] ;t{sf]
kfngf u/]sf
5}gg\ . OECD sf b]zx¿dWo] of] nIo k"/f ug]{ b]zx¿ 8]gdfs{, nSh]dau{,
g]b/NofG8, gj]{ / l:j8]gdfq
5g\ .!)^ ljsf; ;xfotf ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ o;n] ubf{ cltsd ljsl;t tyf g]kfn h:tf ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿n] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ yk sl7gfO pTkGg x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .
;g\ @))( df ODA ljsl;t b]zsf] s'n /fli6«o cfosf] )=#! k|ltzt -!!(=^ lalnog 8n/_
5 . UN Target )=& k|ltzt xf] . ;g\ @))( df of] nIo k"/f ug]{ ljsl;t bftf /fi6«x¿df
8]gdfs{,
nSh]dau{, g]b/NofG8, gj]{ / l:j8]g x'g\ . To;} u/L ;g\ @))( df 7"nf bftf
/fi6«x¿df cd]l/sf, k|mfG;,
hd{gL / a]nfot x'g\ .!)& o'/f]k]nL ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ;xfotf ;ldltn] ;g\ @))%
df ;d'bfosf b]zsf]
(( MDGs report 2010 page 58.

!)) MDGs report 2008 page 40.

!)! MDGs report 2008 page 41.

!)@ MDGs report 2010 page 68.

!)# UNDP annual Report 2009 page 3.

!)$ MDGs report 2008 page 44.

!)% The United Nations today page 153.

!)^ MDGs report 2008 page 45.

!)& MDGs report 2010 page 67.

k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf
;du| s'n /fli6«o cfosf] )=%^ k|ltzt ;xfotf lbg] ;xdlt hgfPsf 5g\ eg] k|
To]s ;d'bfosf ;b:o
b]zsf] nIo Go"gtd )=%! k|ltzt tf]s]sf 5g\ .!)*
ljZjdf 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOn kmf]g, tyf OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof lbglbg}
al9/x]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(() df 6]lnkmf]g tyf df]afOn kmf]g k|of]ustf{sf] ;ª\Vof %#
s/f]8 lyof] eg] ;g\
@))^ sf] cGTodf cfOk'Ubf of] ;ª\Vof gf6sLo 9ª\un] a9]/ $ ca{ k'u]sf] 5 . !)(
clk|msfsf @@ k|ltzt
hg;ª\Vofn] df]afOn kmf]g k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljsl;t b]zdf %* k|ltzt hgtfn]
OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u
ub{5g\ eg] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf !! k|ltztn] / cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf hgtfn] ! k|ltzt hgtfn]
dfq OG6/g]6 k|of]u ul//x]sf] tYofª\sn] b]vfpF5 .!!) 6]lnkmf]gdf tf//lxt k|ljlw -
Wireless broadband
Technology_ sf] ljsf;n] ljsl;t b]z / cljsl;t b]zaLrsf] ;~rf/ vf8n - Communication
Gap_ k'l/lbPsf] 5 .
;g\ @))( sf] cGTo;Dddf !)) hgfdf ^& hgfn] df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .
df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf] hg;ª\Vof sl/a $ ca{ ^) s/f]8 x'G5 . To;} u/L ;g\
@))* sf]
cGTo;Dddf ljZjsf @# k|ltzt hgtfn] OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . !!!
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ cfOk/]sf afwf tyf r'gf}tLx?
-!_ cfly{s j[l4df ;':ttf M g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf jif{x¿sf] cfly{s j[l4sf] b/nfO{ cfFsng
ubf{
/f]syfdd"nslg/fzfhgs l:ylt b]vf kb{5 . cf=j= @)^^÷^& df cfly{s j[l4b/ #=%
k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))* df ef/tsf] o:tf] j[l4b/ &=# k|ltzt / rLgsf] (=^ k|ltzt /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . cfly{s j[l4 cfly{s ;d[l4sf] kl/;"rs klg xf] . cfly{s j[l4 /fd|f] ePdf
cy{tGqsf
;a} ;"rs ;sf/fTds eO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fnufot ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ d2t k'U5
t/ g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4sf] ;':ttfn] uDeL/ r'gf}tL l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 .
-@_ ul/ad'vL sfo{qmdsf] sd k|efjsfl/tf M g]kfndf cf7f}F of]hgf;Dddf cfly{s
j[l4n] ul/aL
lgjf/0f :jtM eOxfN5 eGg] dfGotf /flvGYof] . o;nfO{ Trickledown Approach klg
elgG5 .
o; pkfudn] g]kfndf ul/aL vf;} 36\g ;s]g . To;}n] nlIft sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg
yflnof] .
t/ g]kfnsf nlIft sfo{qmdn] cfzftLt glthf lbPsf] eg] kfOFb}g . o;n] ;x;|fAbL ljsf;
nIo xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
-#_ sdhf]/ ;+:yfut Ifdtf M ljsf;sf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6 vr{ x'g g;Sg'df sdhf]/ ;
+:yfut
Ifdtf klg Ps xf] . ljsf;sf] ef]s kfn]sf hgtfnfO{ ljsf; k:sg ;Sg] vfnsf] ;+:yfut
Ifdtfsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodfq xf]Og, /fHosf ofjt\ ljsf;
ultljlw tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf ;d]t ck|efjsfl/tf b]lvPsf] 5 .
-$_ cTofjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ;~ro / ljt/0f k|0ffnL sdhf]/ M ;a} ef}uf]lns
If]qdf
a:g] hgtfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ j:t' tyf ;]jf cfk"lt{ ug]{ sfo{df q'l6x¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ .
j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL q'l6/lxt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;df ;'wf/sf k|z:t u'~hfoz 5g\ .
-%_ sdhf]/ lghL If]q M lghL If]q ljsf;sf] dxOEjk"0f{ ;fem]bf/ xf] . g]kfndf lghL
If]q k|efjsf/L
b]lvPsf] 5}g .
-^_ nufgL jftfj/0f pko'Qm x'g g;Sg' M b]zdf nufgL jftfj/0f cg's"n gx'Fbf b]zsf]
cfly{s
ljsf; cfzftLt ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfly{s ljsf;;Fu ;fdflhs ljsf; hf]l8Psf]
!)* MDGs report 2010 page 67.

!)( MDGs report 2008 page 48.

!!) MDGs report 2008 page 48.

!!! MDGs report 2010 page 71 & 72.

PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration

/ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ oL ;a} kIfsf] pko'Qm ljsf; ePdfq x'G5 t/ g]kfndf
nufgL jftfj/0f layf]lnPsf] cj:yfn] ;a} vfn] ljsf;sf nIo xfl;n ug{ r'gf}tL b]lvPsf] 5
.
-&_ nufgLsf] pTkfbsTj sd tyf cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtf a9\bf] M nufgLsf] pTkfbsTj
sd x'g'
eg]sf] pTkfbgsf] nfut a9\g' xf] . o;n] ljsf;sf ultljlw;d]t :jtM nfut ck|efjL x'G5g\
.
emg\ cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtfn] ;|f]t;fwgsf] b'¿kof]u eO{ ljsf;sf] ult ;':tfPsf] 5 .
-*_ Jofkf/df cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df kx'Fr sd x'g' M g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t b]z xf] . cfly{s
pbf/Ls/0fsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfnn] ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg]
b]lvFb}g .
ljZjahf/df g]kfnsf j:t'sf] kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . sf]6f / eG;f/ ;x'lnotljgf o:tf]
kx'Fr
;Dej 5}g .
-(_ ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbL (Global Economic Slowdown) M– ljZjJofkL cfly{s
dGbLsf] k|ToIf
k/f]If k|efj g]kfndf klg k/]sf] 5 . x'gt g]kfn ljZj cy{tGqdf g]kfnsf] lx:;f Psbd
sd
5 t/ klg ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbLn] g]kfndf ljb]zL ;xfotf k|flKt, k|ToIf j}b]lzs
nufgL,
ko{6ssf] cfudg, lgof{t Jofkf/df gsf/fTds k|efj tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf gsf/fTds k|
efj
kfg]{ ePsf]n] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ o;n] r'gf}tL l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
-!)_ vfB ;'/Iff ;d:of (Food Security Crisis) M– hnjfo' kl/jt{g -Climate Change_ n]
k[YjLsf] tfkqmddf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . o;}sf sf/0faf6 xfjfkfgLdf kl/jt{g b]lvPsf] 5
.
o;n] s[lif pkhsf] pTkfbsTj 36\g'sf ;fy} 36\g] qmddf 5 . emg\ g]kfn h:tf b]zdf
o;sf]
gsf/fTds k|efj a9L x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .
-!!_ ljZjsf] tfkqmddf j[l4 (Global Warming) M– hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] k[YjLsf] tfkqmd
a9\bf] 5 .
o;n] dfgj hLjgdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ s[lif pTkfbg /
pTkfbsTj
36\g] / dfgj :jf:Yodf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-!@_ s[lif tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf;df sd nufgL (Lack of Investment in Agricultural
and
Rural Development) M– /fHosf] nufgL Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] s[lif tyf u|fdL0f
If]qsf] nufgL cfzftLt a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . clwsf+z dflg;sf] k];f s[lif / clwsf+z s[ifs
u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ ePsf]n] oL If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ kof{Kt nufgL cfjZos
kb{5 .
ljBdfg ;|f]t ck'u / eO/x]sf] ;|f]t nufgL ubf{ klg of] If]q cfjZostfg';f/sf] k|
fyldstfdf
gk/]sf]n] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ sl7g kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
-!#_ j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf sdL -Lack of Foreign Aid_ M– ljsl;t bftf b]zx¿n] ljsf;zLn tyf
cltsd ljsl;t b]zx¿nfO{ lbg] ;xfotf vf;} a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3n]
tf]s]sf]
nIo ljsl;t b]zsf] s'n /fli6«o cfosf] )=& k|ltzt tf]s]sf] eP klg 8]gdfs{,
nSh]dau{,
g]b/NofG8, gj]{ / l:j8]gn] dfq of] nIo k"/f u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . g]kfn cltsd
ljsl;t
b]z xf] . cfGtl/s /fh:j jrt sd, lghL If]q sdhf]/ ePsf] tyf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL
lelqg]
jftfj/0f klg algg;s]sf] cj:yfdf nufgL ug]{ e/kbf]{ ;|f]t j}b]lzs ;xfotf xf] t/ ljZjsf
;xfotf l:jsfg]{ b]zx¿sf] tfFtL g} ePsf] / ;xfotf k|fyldstfdf g]kfneGbf c¿ b]z
cufl8
cfpg yfn]sf]n] g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;xfotf cfzftLt ¿kdf a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g .
o;n] ;x;|fAbL
ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO pTkGg x'g] b]lvG5 .
-!$_ åGå tyf ljljw b}jL tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]kx¿ -Conflict and Natural Disaster_ M–
åGån]
lj:yflktx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpF5 . eO/x]sf] ufF; / af; 5f8]/ c;xfo aGgkg]{ afWofTds
cj:yf
l;h{gfn] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ d'l:sn kg]{ b]lvG5 .
k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf
-!%_ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;g\ @))%–@)!% sf nflu ;g\
@))$.)%
sf] d"Nodf *=* -^!&=* g]kfnL ?lkofF_ lalnog cd]l/sL 8n/ cfjZos kb{5 . !!@ oqf]
7"nf]
/sd s;/L h'6fpg] < g]kfnsf ;fd' of] uDeL/ r'gf}tLsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
-!^_ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ r'gf}tL M ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s
pbf/Ls/0f / cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] jt{dfgsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ca /fHo ;+oGqdfq ljsf;sf] PSnf]
kfq /x]g . ljsf; jf:tjdf ;/sf/sf] cltl/St lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q, gful/s ;dfh,
cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo ;a}sf] k|of;af6 dfq ;Dej x'g] xf] .
ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{
r'gf}tL eg] b]lvPsf] 5 .
-!&_ MDGs nfO{ :yfgLos/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . h/f alnof] eP ¿v alnof] x'G5 .
zf;g
Joj:yfsf tNnf] tx;Dd o;nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g .
-!*_ National Plans / MDGs nfO{ Integrate gu/L ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g .
-!(_ of]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f M ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n x'g] u/L of]hgfsf] k|
fyldsLs/0f
/ sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{df cfzftLt ¿kdf To:tf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
-@)_ Jojl:yt a:tL ljsf; / Joj:yfkg M Jojl:yt a:tL ljsf; / o;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg g}
nfut k|efjL ljsf;sf] klxnf] s8L xf] . oltdfq xf]Og, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf nflu Jojl:yt
a:tL ljsf; ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf xf] .
-@!_ lzIff / :jf:Yosf If]qdf kof{Kt nufgL gu/L ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n
ug{ ;lsFb}g .
/fHosf] nufgL Ifdtf sdhf]/ /x]sf sf/0f o; If]qdf cfzftLt nufgL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
-@@_ /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cefj M /fhgLlts l:y/tf / ;xdltljgf ljsf;sf]
sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{nfO{ s]nfpFbf /fhgLlt d"n d'2fdf
g} clNem/x]sf]
5 . ljsf;sf d'2fx¿ cf]em]ndf k/]sf 5g\ .
-@#_ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿ xfl;n eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ bl/nf] Joj:Yff x'g g;Sg'
o; If]qsf]
csf]{ ;d:of xf] .
-@$_ lhNnf:t/df kmf]sn KjfOG6 s;}nfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5}g .
-@%_ k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0f x'g g;Sg'n] ubf{ j}b]lzs nufgL
cfzftLt ¿kdf
lelqg ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] ubf{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ r'gf}tL l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ g]kfnn] ca lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg} kg]{ b]lvG5
M
-!_ cfly{s j[l4, ul/ad'vL sfo{qmd tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf nufgL M ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo
vf; u/L
ul/aL lgjf/0f, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfdf hf]8 tyf lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf
a9L s]lGb|t b]lvPsf] 5 . oL hf]8 lbOPsf If]qx¿sf] nIo xfl;n ug]{ pkfo eg]s}
cfly{s j[l4
xfl;n ug]{ / nlIft sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg' xf] . g]kfndf kl5Nnf cfjlws of]hgfn] oL
s'/fdf
hf]8 lbFb} nufgL o;tkm{ s]lGb|t x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu k|fKt
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] %) k|ltzteGbf a9L vr{ eO/x]sf] klg 5 . cfufdL lbgdf ;|f]t;fwg
ck'u eO/x]sf] If]qdf yk nufgL ug{ / eO/x]sf o:tf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'
cfjZos
b]lvG5 .
!!@ www.undp.org.

PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration

-@_ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iff M ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] nIo ;a}nfO{ x'g]vfg] / ;d[4
agfpg] xf] .
;dfhdf ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug'{ xf] . ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iff gx'Fbf /fHodf åGå
lglDtg]
s'/f xfd|} ljutsf] cg'ej 5 . ljZjsf b]zx¿ x]bf{;d]t oxL cj:yf b]lvG5 . To;}n]
/fHosf]
;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf ;fy} ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iff sfod ug{ /fHosf ultljlw s]lGb|t
ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
-#_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgdf lgd'vfsf] kx'Fr M hn, hª\un / hldgdf lgd'vfsf] kx'Fr
a9fpg
g;s];Dd ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . To;}n] /fHosf gLltdf cfd"n
kl/jt{g u/L e"ld tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;fwgdf o:tf ju{sf] plrt kx'Fr sfod ug]{ gLlt
Nofpg
h?/L b]lvG5 .
-$_ Jofks cf}Bf]lusLs/0f M cf}Bf]lusLs/0f cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf] . h'g b]zdf
Jofks
cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ePsf] 5, Tof] b]z cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df lzv/df k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
lsgeg] cfly{s ljsf;;Fu ;fdflhs ljsf; cleGg ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf pBf]u
If]qsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ckgfPkl5 pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; lghL
If]qn]
ug]{ xf] eg]/ ;/sf/ o; If]qlt/ vf;} Wofg lbO/x]sf] 5}g . nufgL jftfj/0f pko'Qm
gx'Fbf
lghL If]q vf;} ;lqmo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, g t k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL g} cfslif{t
x'g ;s]sf] 5 .
lgof{t Jofkf/ lbgk|ltlbg vl:sFb} 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k g]kfnsf] e'Stfg ;Gt'ngdf k|lts"n
k|efj
kl//x]sf] 5 . o:tf] k|lts"n kl/l:yltdf o; If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu /fHo e/f];fsf] s]Gb|
aGg}
kb{5 . o;sf nflu pBf]u tyf Jofkf/ If]qsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df
hf]8 lbg' h?/L 5 . cem 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]udf /fHosf] Wofg ljz]if ¿kdf s]lGb|t
x'g' h?/L
b]lvG5 .
-%_ ;+:yfut tyf dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; M ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodfq xf]Og, s'g} klg nIo
xfl;n
ug]{ s'/f To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] Ifdtfdf e/ kb{5 . ljsf;
ultljlwnfO{ krfpg
;Sg] ;+:yfut tyf dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; geO{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n x'g g;Sg]
ePsf]n] o;sf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' h?/L 5 .
-^_ lghL If]qsf] ljsf;, ;xeflutf / ;fem]bf/L M ljsf;sf] PSnf] kfq ;/sf/ x'g] k/Dk/fut
dfGotfdf
kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] 5 . lghL If]q, ;xsf/L If]q tyf u}/;/sf/L If]q, bft[ lgsfo, gful/s
;dfh ;a}sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / ;fem]bf/Ldf dfq ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
-&_ MDGs nfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{ M /fHosf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo
d}qL
x'g} kb{5 . ;/sf/L, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh ;a}n] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf cfbz{nfO{
cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{ ;s] o;sf nIo xfl;n ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .
-*_ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df kx'Fr M ;xfotf xf]Og, Jofkf/ (Trade not Aid) eGg]
dfGotfsf] ljsf;
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PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration
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