Structure

and
Bonding
28th September,2024
What we will be learning today?
• Explain what a bond is.

• Explain the formation of ionic and covalent bonds

• Predict the likelihood of an atom forming an ionic or a covalent bond

based on atomic structure

• Write formulae to represent ions, molecules and formula units

 What are bonds?
In chemistry, a chemical bond is a force of attraction between atoms that holds them together to
form molecules or compounds.

This bond results from the interaction between the electrons of the atoms involved. Chemical bonds
form to allow atoms to achieve a more stable electron configuration, typically by completing their
outer electron shells.

There are three primary types of chemical bonds:

Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Metallic Bonds

Covalent
bonds
 What are covalent bonds?
A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
This sharing of electrons allows each atom to achieve a more stable electron configuration, often
filling their outer electron shells.
 What are covalent bonds?
A covalent bond happens when:
1. Atoms have similar electronegativities, typically between two nonmetals. Rather than
transferring electrons, the atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.
2. Atoms with 4 to 7 valence electrons (often nonmetals) are present as they are more likely to gain
or share electrons.
3. Atoms with high ionization energy (nonmetals) are less likely to lose electrons and more likely to
form covalent bonds by sharing electrons.

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's

ability to attract and hold onto electrons when
it forms a chemical bond. Scale: 0-4
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 1: Diatomic fluorine molecule (𝐹2 ) Electronegativity of F atom: 3.98

F F

When drawing dot and cross bonding diagrams, we only draw the valence electrons since they only
are involved in bonding. Inner electrons do not bond since their octet is already filled.
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 1: Diatomic fluorine molecule (𝐹2 ) Electronegativity of F atom: 3.98

F F

When drawing dot and cross bonding diagrams, we only draw the valence electrons since they only
are involved in bonding. Inner electrons do not bond since their octet is already filled.
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 1: Diatomic fluorine molecule (𝐹2 ) Electronegativity of F atom: 3.98

1 pair of shared electron is

F F called a Single Bond

As a result of both atoms having the same electronegativity, the molecule formed is non-polar since
electrons are evenly distributed in the molecule.
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 2: Diatomic Oxygen molecule (𝑂2 ) Electronegativity of O atom: 3.44

O O

When drawing dot and cross bonding diagrams, we only draw the valence electrons since they only
are involved in bonding. Inner electrons do not bond since their octet is already filled.
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 2: Diatomic Oxygen molecule (𝑂2 ) Electronegativity of O atom: 3.44

O O

When drawing dot and cross bonding diagrams, we only draw the valence electrons since they only
are involved in bonding. Inner electrons do not bond since their octet is already filled.
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 2: Diatomic Oxygen molecule (𝑂2 ) Electronegativity of O atom: 3.44

2 pairs of shared electron

O O is called a Double Bond

The Oxygen atom is also non-polar since electrons are evenly distributed.
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 3: Diatomic Nitrogen molecule (𝑁2 ) Electronegativity of O atom: 3.04

N N

When drawing dot and cross bonding diagrams, we only draw the valence electrons since they only
are involved in bonding. Inner electrons do not bond since their octet is already filled.
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 3: Diatomic Nitrogen molecule (𝑁2 ) Electronegativity of O atom: 3.04

N N

This molecule is polar This molecule is non-polar

True / False True / False
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 3: Diatomic Nitrogen molecule (𝑁2 ) Electronegativity of O atom: 3.04

3 pairs of shared electron

N N is called a Triple Bond

This molecule is polar This molecule is non-polar

False True
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 4: Water molecule (𝐻2 𝑂) Electronegativity of O atom: 3.04
Electronegativity of H atom: 2.2

H
O

H
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 4: Water molecule (𝐻2 𝑂) Electronegativity of O atom: 3.04
Electronegativity of H atom: 2.2

O H

H
This molecule is polar This molecule is non-polar
True / False True / False
 What are covalent bonds?
Example 4: Water molecule (𝐻2 𝑂) Electronegativity of O atom: 3.04
Electronegativity of H atom: 2.2

O H

H
This molecule is polar This molecule is non-polar
True False
 Questions
1) Form a covalent compound between Carbon and Oxygen Electronegativity of O atom: 3.04
The compound must only have 1 carbon atom. Electronegativity of C atom: 2.55

O C

Is the molecule polar or non-polar?

 Questions
1) Form a covalent compound between Carbon and Oxygen Electronegativity of O atom: 3.04
The compound must only have 1 carbon atom. Electronegativity of C atom: 2.55

The octet of
oxygen is full.
O C O
Is the octet of
carbon full?

Is the molecule polar or non-polar?

 Questions
1) Form a covalent compound between Carbon and Oxygen Electronegativity of O atom: 3.04
The compound must only have 1 carbon atom. Electronegativity of C atom: 2.55

O C O

Is the molecule polar or non-polar? Carbon Dioxide is polar.

 Questions
2) Form a covalent compound between Iodine and Iodine

l l

Is the molecule polar or non-polar?

 Questions
2) Form a covalent compound between Iodine and Iodine

l l

Is the molecule polar or non-polar? 𝐼2 is non-polar.

Ionic bonds
 What is an ionic Bond?
An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that forms when one atom transfers one or more electrons
to another atom, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions.

These ions are held together by the electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative
charges. Ionic bonds typically occur between metals and nonmetals.
 Formation of Ions
When an atom loses electrons it become a Cation (positively charged ion; net charge will be positive)

Lithium Atom

-
+ N
Metals are more N
-
likely to lose + +
N
electrons due to
their low -
ionization energy
 Formation of Ions
When an atom loses electrons it become a Cation (positively charged ion; net charge will be positive)

Lithium Atom

-
+ N
N
-
+ +
N

-
 Formation of Ions
When an atom loses electrons it become a Cation (positively charged ion; net charge will be positive)

Lithium Atom

- +1
N
+ N -
The inner shell
+ +
N
becomes the
valence shell. -
 Formation of Ions
When an atom loses electrons it become a Cation (positively charged ion; net charge will be positive)

Magnesium Atom

Magnesium is in
Mg
Group 2 so it has
2 valence
electrons.
 Formation of Ions
When an atom loses electrons it become a Cation (positively charged ion; net charge will be positive)

Magnesium Atom
+?
Magnesium is in
Mg
Group 2 so it has
2 valence
electrons.
 Formation of Ions
When an atom loses electrons it become a Cation (positively charged ion; net charge will be positive)

Magnesium Atom
+2
Magnesium is in
Mg
Group 2 so it has
2 valence
electrons.
 Formation of Ions
When an atom gains electrons it become a Anion (Negatively charged ion; net charge will be negative)

Chlorine Atom

Non-metals are
more likely to gain
Cl
electrons due to
their high
ionization energy
 Formation of Ions
When an atom gains electrons it become a Anion (Negatively charged ion; net charge will be negative)

Chlorine Atom

-1
Non-metals are
more likely to gain
Cl
electrons due to
their high
ionization energy
 Ionic Bonding

Na Cl

Ionic bonds typically occur between metals and nonmetals.

 Ionic Bonding
+1 -1

Na Cl

NaCl
These ions are held together by the electrostatic attraction.
 Questions
1) Show the bonding between Magnesium and Chlorine

Cl
Mg
 Questions

[ ]
-1

[ ]
1) Show the bonding between Magnesium and Chlorine

+1
Cl
Mg

Cl
 Questions
1) Show the bonding between:
• Magnesium (Mg) and Oxygen (O)
• Potassium (K) and Bromine (Br)
• Calcium (Ca) and Fluorine (F)
• Lithium (Li) and Iodine (I)