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Lecture 01 u

The document provides an introduction to wastewater engineering, covering the definition of wastewater, its sources, and the importance of wastewater treatment (WWT). It outlines the objectives and stages of WWT, including primary and secondary treatment methods, and discusses various contaminants and treatment processes. Additionally, it highlights the consequences of untreated wastewater and alternative treatment options.

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Samad Bughio
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6 views

Lecture 01 u

The document provides an introduction to wastewater engineering, covering the definition of wastewater, its sources, and the importance of wastewater treatment (WWT). It outlines the objectives and stages of WWT, including primary and secondary treatment methods, and discusses various contaminants and treatment processes. Additionally, it highlights the consequences of untreated wastewater and alternative treatment options.

Uploaded by

Samad Bughio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 01

Introduction - wastewater
Engineering
Subject: Environmental Engineering II
3
Section: Wastewater Engineering and
Wastewater Quality
An introduction to:
Wastewater, Wastewater Contaminants,
Wastewater treatment, Objectives of WWT,
Treatment stages and Treatment methods

Disclaimer: The content in this presentation does not belong solely to the
author. It includes stuff taken from a number of internet resources. For that
citation the author acknowledges the actual authors.
4 After completion of this class discussion
the students will be able to:
Describe wastewater and its constituents
Explain Wastewater treatment and its Objectives
List out Treatment stages and Treatment methods
5 What is Wastewater?
• Wastewater is a term that is used to describe waste
material that includes industrial liquid waste and
sewage waste (Domestic and commercial) that is
collected in towns and urban areas and treated at
urban wastewater treatment plants.
6
Wastewater treatment
• A process to convert wastewater
(which is water no longer needed or
suitable for its most recent use) into
an effluent that can be either returned
to the water cycle with minimal
environmental issues or reused.
7
Wastewater
Contaminants
• Suspended solids
• Biodegradable organics (e.g., BOD)
• Pathogenic bacteria
• Nutrients (N & P)
8
Where does wastewater come
from?

• Residences
― human and animal excreta and waters used for washing, bathing,
and cooking.

• Commercial institution
• Hotels, Restaurants, Bus terminals and railway stations,
Educational Institutes.

• Dairy and industrial establishment


― slaughterhouse waste, dairy waste, tannery wastewater, etc.
9 Where does it all go!
Where does the When you flush the
water from the toilet where does
washer go? the contents go?

By gravity flow, the waste is on its way


to your local wastewater treatment plant!
10
11
What happen if wastewater is not
treated?
• Causes a demand for dissolved oxygen (lower
DO levels of streams )

• Adds nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) to


cause excessive algal growth

• Increases suspended solids or sediments in


streams (turbidity increase)
12 Objectives of WWT

• To Reduce organic content i.e., BOD


• To Remove/reduction of nutrients i.e.,
N,P
• To Remove/inactivation of
pathogenic microbes
Levels of Treatment
13

Primary
removal by physical separation of grit and large objects
(material to landfill for disposal)
Sedimentation and screening of large debris
Secondary Mostly dead
microbes
– Biological and chemical treatment
– aerobic microbiological process (sludge)
organic matter + O2 CO2 + NH3 + H2O
NH3 NO3 aquatic nutrient
Ammonia and Nitrate
Levels of Treatment
14
15 Treatment stages - Primary
treatment
• typical materials that are removed
during primary treatment include
– fats, oils, and greases
– sand, gravels and rocks
– larger settle-able solids including human
waste, and
– floating materials
16 Methods used in primary treatment

• Bar screens
• Grinding
• Grit Chamber
• Skimming Chamber
• Sedimentation Tank- primary Settling
tank
• Chlorination of effluent
17
Sedimentation Tank-
18
primary Settling tank
– Remove grease, oil
– Fecal solid settle, floating material rise to the
surface
– Produce a homologous liquid for later biological
treatment
– Fecal sludge are pumped to sludge treatment plant
19
20 Secondary treatment

• Biological treatment

– activated sludge

– trickling filter

– oxidation ponds
21 Activated sludge
process
• Primary wastewater mixed with bacteria-rich
(activated) sludge and air or oxygen is pumped into
the mixture
• Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria may exist
• Promotes bacterial growth and decomposition of
organic matter
• BOD removal is approximately 85%
• Microbial removal by activated sludge
• 80-99% removal of bacteria
• 90-99% removal of viruses
Components of Activated Sludge Process
22

• Aeration tank
• oxygen is introduced into the system
• Aeration source
• ensure that adequate oxygen is fed into the tank
• provided pure oxygen or compressed air
• Secondary clarifiers
• activated-sludge solids separate from the surrounding
wastewater
• Activated sludge outflow line
• Pump activated sludge back to the aeration tank
• Effluent outflow line
• discharged effluent into bay or tertiary treatment plant
23
Secondary process

process
To tertiary
24
From primary
process

ir Aeration Settling
iffuser and rapid collects sludge
mixing on bottom
Trickling filters
25

• Trickling filters are beds made of coke (carbonized coal),


limestone chips or specially fabricated plastic media

• Optimize their thickness by insect or worm grazing


• The primary wastewater is sprayed over the filter and
microbes decompose organic material aerobically.

• Low pathogen removal

- Bacteria, 20-90%

- Viruses, 50-90%

- Giardia cysts, 70-90%


26
Stabilization or oxidation
27
ponds
• Oxidation ponds are a few meters deep, and up to a
hectare in size.
• They are low cost with retention times of 1 to 4 weeks.
• Odor and mosquitoes can be a problem
• Pathogen removal:
- Bacteria, 90-99%
- Virus, 90-99%
- Protozoa, 67-99%
• Mechanisms include the long detention time, high pH (10-
10.5) generated by photosynthesis, predation, sunlight,
temperature
28
Continued
… are the preferred
Stabilization ponds
wastewater treatment process in developing
countries due to low cost, low maintenance.
This is balanced by larger land requirement.
29 When the treatment is done…
• Effluent back to stream after
– a final carbon filtration and
– chlorination/de-chlorination

• Sludge – very nutrient rich


– applied directly to land as fertilizer
– incinerated (good fuel after drying)
– composted
Sludge Treatment Processes
30
Thickening (water removal)

Digestion (pathogen inactivation and odor control)

Conditioning (improved dewatering with


alum and high temp, 175-230o C)

Dewatering (pathogen inactivation and odor control)

Incineration (volume and weight reduction)

Final disposal
Wastewater
31
Treatment
Alternatives

• Septic Tanks
• Constructed
Wetlands
• Composting
32

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