Container Terminal Operations

• Introduction to Containers Note -6

• Door to Door Multimodal Transport
• Container Sizes & Types
• Advantages & Disadvantages of Containers
• Introduction to Container Carrying Ships
• Container Shipping Operation
• Introduction to Container Terminals
• Container Terminal Activities & Operations
• Container Terminal Equipment
• Container Terminal Automation
• Container Terminal Business
 Ship Types

Fishing Cable Research Ships which keep the

Vessels Ships Ships sea lanes open

Dredger Survey Tugs

Ships which carry things Ships

Passenger General Cargo

Cruise Ferries Unit load Break bulk Bulk

Hovercraft Ro/Ro Tankers Dry Bulk Specialist-

Hydrofil chemicals-
wine etc
Gas carriers O/Os
& OBOs
Crude Carriers

Container Product carriers Lumber products

What type of Ships & Cargo
 Malcom Mc Lean
Loaded the first containers on the deck of Ideal X in 1956
& sailed between New York & Houston
Door to Door Concept
Packing & Unpacking consignments into a container
Stuffing/De-stuffing/Consolidating/De-
consolidation/Vanning/Devanning
 Container Sizes & Types
• Length – 20’, 40’, 45’ (48’, 53’, 58’)
• Width – 8’
• Height – Standard (8 ½), High Cube (9 ½)
• Weight – Tonnes – 20’-24.0T / 30.5T / > 30.5T
40’ – 30.5T / > 30.5T
• General Purpose / Standard / Side Open /Double Door/Tunnel
• High Cube
• Half Height
• Ventilated, Fan
• Open Top
• Reefer (refrigerated), Thermal (Hot or Cool), Insulated
• Flat Racks (fixed end & collapsible)
• Flat Beds (Platform Based)
• Super Rack
• Tank
• Dry Bulk
• Named Containers – Animal, Car, Hanging Garments, Baloon
 ISO Standard Containers
 Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport using
standard intermodal containers as prescribed by the International
Organization for Standerdization (ISO). These can be loaded and sealed
intact onto container ships, railroad cards, cargo planes and semi trailer
trucks.
 The introduction of containers resulted in vast improvements in port
handling efficiency, thus lowering costs and helping lower freight
charges and, in turn, boosting trade flows.[
 There are five common standard lengths, 20-ft, 40-ft, 45-ft, 48-ft, and 53-
ft. But Common Door to Door Multimodal capable = 20-ft, 40-ft, 45-ft
 Container capacity is often expressed in twenty-foot equivalent units
(TEU).
 An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal
tHeight of the box 9 ft 6 in (2.9 m) High cube
 The maximum gross mass for a 20 ft dry cargo container is 24,000 kg
(high density 30, 500 kg, and for a 40-ft (including the 2.87 m (9 ft 6 in)
high cube container), it is 30,480 kg.
 Standard 20 ft (length) × 8 ft (width) & 8 ½ ft height container.
 Advantages of Containerization
1) Encourage Door to Door Transport - Multimodal Transport
2) Reduce time between producer & consumer
3) Reduces transit time through quicker cargo handling & by
reducing the number of individual pieces of cargo need to be
handled
4) Speed - Create a unit load /standard transport product for rapid
handling
5) Strong enough to be packed & repacked many times
6) Less labour & staff cost – economies of scale
7) Saving in packaging cost
8) Good security - less pilferage
9) Protection against weather & other harmful atmosphere
10)Minimum physical handling of cargo - reduces risks of cargo
damage
11)Reduce Insurance cost / cargo claim liability.
12)Provide economical, cost effective transport
13)Change transport modes without unpacking & repacking
14)Allows easy handling onto & off transport
15)No intermediate handling at terminal transshipment points is
required.
 Advantages of Containerization
16) Reduce ship time in port
17) Better berth utilization
18) Less dwell time in port terminal
19) Efficient stacking / storage – yard utilization
20) Less labour involvement & cost savings.
21) More productive than conventional vessels due to much improved
utilization.
22) Increased service frequency resulting from faster speed.
23) More reliable schedule.
24) Just in time (JIT) delivery
25) Multimodal Transport
26) Minimum inventory required resulting lower costs because of
lowers transit time & therefore better inventory control.
27) Lot of business opportunities Eg. NVOCC, Freight forwarding/
clearing, ports to add value, ICD’s, CFS, consolidators etc.
28) Boom in international trade
 Disadvantages of Containerisation
1) Limitations in Container – Length/Width/Height
2) High capital intensive – vessels, containers, port
infrastructure & superstructure.
3) Not all merchandise can be containerized.
4) Due to trade imbalance will incur higher transport cost.
(empty container repositioning)
5) Some times Exporters with limited trade may not be
able to fill the container to capacity & thereby take full
advantage of the economies of scale.
6) In some countries restrictions exists regarding
movement of containers by road/rail – dimensions &
weight. (door to door multimodal not possible)
7) In certain trades/cargo not economical.
8) Displaced many thousands of port workers job
opportunities.
9) Smuggling
Al-Jubail (KSA) Port Authority caught over 5000 bottles
of Red Label smuggled inside slabs of granite
Multimodal Transport
Door to Door
 Container Sizes
General Purpose Container/ Standard Container
Types of Containers
Types & Sizes of Containers
Dry storage container is the most
common type of container, widely
used for transporting general cargo
such as dry materials.

Flat rack container has collapsible

sides and is versatile enough to ship a
wide variety of goods. Mostly it is
used for heavy machinery or
oversized cargos.

With a convertible top, this container

can carry materials of any height
making it a great choice to ship
excessively high or long cargo.
 Containers with doors on both
ends are known as tunnel and
it’s designed for quick loading
and unloading of goods.

Open side storage container

has doors at longer side of the
container and thus, providing
a much wider room for
loading of materials.

There are containers with

double doors which have an
extremely wide room for loading
and unloading materials. This
type of containers are best
suited to transport construction
materials such as steel and iron.
Refrigerated containers come with
carefully controlled low temperature
for materials requiring cold
temperature. They are used to ship
perishable substances such as fruits,
vegetables and pharmaceutical
products over long distances.

For products that need a regulated

temperature control (example:
room temperature), the insulated or
thermal container is used as it
protects the cargo from damage of
high temperature.

Tank containers are used to

transport liquid materials and they
are either made of steel or some
anti-corrosive materials for
protection purposes. Tanks are
often used to ship food stuffs such
as oils or chemicals.
A car carrier container can fit two
or four cars depending on the
size and they are mostly
transported by road, rail and
even sea.

Half height containers are

literally half the height of normal
containers and they are usually
used to transport goods such as
coal and stones for easy loading
and unloading.

A more sophisticated version of

flat rack container is called super
rack with extendable heights to
ship special or odd sized cargos
such as helicopter and drilling
machines. It can cater to a wider
variety of dimensions as
compared to normal flat racks.
 General Purpose
Ventilated / Vented Container
 Open Top Container
20’ & 40’ = Over Height (OH)
Thermal Container / Temperature Control
Hot or Cool - Reefer
Reefer Monitring
Tank Container / Tanktainer
 Autotainer Autotainer

• The first BMW luxury vehicles have now been successfully discharged in
Cayman and Guatemala after CMA CGM won a contract with BMW to ship
their cars to several destinations in the Caribbean. CMA CGM expect to carry
more than 700 cars during 2010, most of which will be in their Trans-Rak
equipped Autotainers.
• Following intensive work by CMA CGM's H.O. Autotainer desk, under the
responsibility of Tim Leighton, CMA CGM Hamburg and Antwerp, BMW's
technical and commercial staff chose the Autotainers for their great
flexibility in loading large and varied vehicle types, and the weekly door-to-
door services that CMA CGM provide to multiple destinations in the
Caribbean area.
• This adds to the growing list of satisfied Autotainer customers who include
Lotus, Renault, Sofasa, BYD, Renault-Samsung, Proton, Caterham, Fiat,
Peugeot, Hyundai, Glovis, K&N, Damco, PKT Logistics and FTA Logistics.
Clothes on hanging rails in a container
 Containers 53 Feet HC

• Most of us have seen the regular 20, 40, 40HC and the occasional
45HC.
• The all new 53HC is set to hit the liner business next year.
• Likely trade lanes the South China - USWC leg ( LGB / LAX ).
• This would augment some changes on Vessel Stowage and Port
Handling and Storage.

• Advantages:
• The new 53HC would accommodate: 108CBM - about 43% higher
as compared to the conventional HC container.
• Ideally suited for Garments, Textiles, Furniture, GOH etc -
economies of scale.

• Disadvantages:
• Max pay load of 22 tons as against 28 tons payloads in 40hc.
• Requires change in Vessel Stowage, Port Handling and Storage
facilities.
• DIMENSION: 53'x8'x9'.6"
Balloon Containers
Containers
Handling Out of Gauge (OOG)
Over Height(O/H)
Over Width (O/W)
Over Length (O/L)
OOG – Out of Gauge
• A shipment which exceeds the dimensions of standard containers by
being over height, over length and/or over width.
• The cargos that exceed the container payload or have dimensions
affecting the use of the lifting points are classified as un-
containerized. UC will be rested on flat racks or platforms. Lashing
and unlashing will be done onboard.
 Super Rack (Flat Rack Stretchable)
• Easy to handle OOG cargoes
• Stackable on top of each other
• Saving operational costs & vessel spaces
• Bulk cargo containerization
• Payload 40tons
• Stacking weight 192tons
• Collapsible and 4 units in one bundle
• Maximum extendable height 13’6feet
• Container stuffing revolution
by Len Jones

• Container Stuffers LLC (CSL) aims

to 'complete the revolution that
Malcom McLean started by
revolutionising the way containers
themselves are stuffed.'

At this week's annual Wood

Technology Show in Portland
(OR), US, CSL exhibited two new
machines designed to load forest
products - logs and ...
Ship Movements
Container Information
Numbering & Marking
 Container seals
• Various makes upon
the market to choose
from.
Container Checking & Tracking

• Container Number, Seal and

Visible Damages
(temperature/hazardous labels)
• RFID – Radio Frequency
Identification Tag
Introduction to Container Ships
Container Terminal Operations

•Introduction to Containers
• Advantages & Disadvantages of Containers
•Container Carrying Ships
•Container Shipping
•Introduction to Container Terminals
•Container Terminal Operations – Activities
•Container Terminal Equipments
•Container Terminal Business
 Lift on lift off – LO-LO
• LO-LO System - loading and
discharging whereby container
or cargo is lifted on and off a
ship by use of cranes.

• Cranes
– Ship Board -Ship
Cranes/Derricks/Gantries
– Shore Based – Ship to Shore Gantry
Cranes (STS) / Harbour Mobile
Cranes
– Water Based – Floating Cranes
 Geared Container Ship

• Ship which is equipped with her own cranes or derricks. Such a ship is
required for a voyage where the loading or discharging port does not have
shore cranes or, if available, where shore cranes are of insufficient lifting
capacity or inefficient.

Gearless Cellular Container Ship

 Ship which is not equipped with
her own cranes or derricks. It is
necessary to ensure that the
loading and discharging ports
have shore cranes capable of
lifting up the heaviest piece
weight of the ship’s cargo.
 CONTAINER SHIP
724 TEU Container Vessel With Gears
Geared Vessel
4250 TEU Container Vessel Without Gears
Gearless Vessel
GANTRY CRANES
18,340 TEU Container Vessel
Length: 400m
 Length - 400m
CSCL GLOBE Beam – 59m
19100 TEU Draft – 16m
MSC Oscar
19224 TEU
World’s Largest Container Ship
 Container Ship Evolution
• Length
• Beam/Width/Breath
• Draft
• Capacity

Ship to Shore Gantry Crane Evolution

 Panamax – Less than 13 across
 Post Panamax – Less than 16 across
 Super Post Panamax – Less than 18/19 across
 Mega / Ultra Large Cranes / Mega Max – More than
18/19 across
Gear Less /Hatch less / Full Cellular Container
Ship
 Container Ship Development

Super Post
Panamax

Super Post
Panamax
Converted to Cellular Panamax Post
Container ship Container ship Panamax
86
 Evolution
World Largest of Ships
Container Container Ships
 Container Ship
M.V. CSCL GLOBE – 19,200teu’s
 MSC Maya
19,224teus - LOA 395m – Width 59.0m - GT 193,000 - CICT
 World Biggest Container Ship - Ever Ace
Arrived Colombo on 6th Oct 2021
Capacity - 23,992 TEUs Launched
LOA – 400m August 2021
Beam- 61.5m (24 Across)
Draught- 16+m
 Suez Canal

Panama
Canal
 Panama Canal
• 50 miles long -80km
• Locks have to lift ships
85 feet
• Transit time 8 to 10hrs
• Maximum dimensions
allowed
– 300m length
– 32.3m breadth
– 12.0m draft
• Opened in 1914
 The Suez Canal
• No Locks
• 100 miles long
• Max. Dimensions
– 64m breadth
– 16m draft
• Ships go in convoys
• Average transit time 15hrs
• 50 – ships pass on average
• 80 maximum ship per day
 Container Ship Evolution
• Length
• Beam/Width/Breath
• Draft
• Capacity

Ship to Shore Gantry Crane Evolution

 Panamax – Less than 13 across
 Post Panamax – Less than 16 across
 Super Post Panamax – Less than 18/19 across
 Mega / Ultra Large Cranes – More than 18/19 across
Crane evolution to service increasing vessel size

Panamax

Post Panamax

Super Post Px

ULGC / Mega
 CHARACTERISTICS OF MEGA PORTS
• Important geographical location over 18 meter draft
• Fully equipped berths and latest container handling
equipment’s
• On arrival berth for main lines (window berthing) with
efficient feeder network
• Fast turnaround times for ships
• Ability to expand capacity
• The use of the most modern technology for container
handling
• State of the art information & terminal
planning/operation systems
• Competitive rate structure for container operations
• Reliability and continuous service levels
• Availability of bunker and other ship ancillary services at
competitive rates.
 Why Containers Transship?
• Shipping Lines Logistic Arrangement
• Availability of Cargo (Domestic/local/EXIM/base load +
Regional)
• Ships – Demand driven
• Location/Deviation/Proximity to main shipping route
• Port to accommodate Ships – Berth/Capacity availability
• Navigation facilities – Channel/Depth/Draft/Turning
basin/24hrs navigation
• Container Handling Terminals – State of the art terminals
• Quick Ship turnaround time – Service Level
• Attractive Port & Terminal Tariff
• Incentives/Discounts/Package
• TSA – Terminal Services Agreement
• Port Terminal Investment opportunities
• Established / Feeder network
• Ability to expand capacity
 Container Shipping

Shipping Practices & Operation

 Shipping Practices

• It is said that there is no demand for shipping but cargo.

• The norm is ship follow cargo and ports follow ships.
• That is why economists say that shipping has a derived
demand from cargo.
• The trade patterns, ship technologies, cargo handling
techniques and methods, terminal designing, maritime
commercial practices etc have direct impact of the type
of cargo that carried by sea.
• The cargo characteristics like parcel size, frequency of
demand, bulkiness and the volume, type of packing,
order quantity etc have made three types of shipping
practices basically.
– Industrial Shipping
– Tramp Shipping
– Liner Shipping
 Shipping Practices/ Modes of Operation
• Industrial Shipping
– Where the cargo is mostly raw material for heavy industries like electricity generation
heating plants, Steel mills, and oil refineries.
• Merchants or Organizations have lot of cargo to move
• Operate their own ships
• Tramp Shipping
– For any kind of cargo which follow no frequent demand and the location of consumption is
vary and the parcel size is big enough to fill a full ship always use tramp shipping which
can be hired from the spot market. The ship may go anywhere with anything.
• Chartered or hired
• Ship may go anywhere with anything
• Liner Shipping
– Like the postal service, rail or the bus service the liners service is managed according to a
fixed schedule, on fixed routes in regular basis for any body to use when they have no
matter full container load or less than a container load.
• Schedule
• Fixed Route – regular basis
• Ship size
• Rates
Example for

Liner Shipping

•Schedule
•Route
•Ship size
•Rates
 Port Arrival Port Time Depart Sea Time Speed Distance
Pusan 16:00 FRI 20 12:00 SAT 22 19.5 429

Shanghai 09:00 SUN 22 07:00 MON 6 14.0 84

Ningbo 13:00 MON 18 07:00 TUE 38 19.5 740

Shekou 21:00 WED 24 21:00 THU 82 20.3 1,665

Port Klang 06:00 MON 18 01:00 TUE 77 18.0 1,384

Colombo 04:00 FRI 22 02:00 SAT 171 19.8 3394

Suez Canal 01:00 SAT 18 19:00 SAT 10 17.0 170

Haifa 05:00 SUN 34 15:00 MON 4 18.0 68
Ashdod 19:00
MON 28 23:00 TUE 46 19.5 840

Evyap Port 21:00 THU 24 21:00 FRI 41 12.5 510

Novorossiysk 15:00 SUN 48 15:00 TUE 25 16.0 401

Constantza 15:00 WED 26 17:00 THU 26 7.5 194

Ambarili 19:00 FRI 26 21:00 SAT 47 17.6 827

Haifa 20:00 MON 43 15:00 WED 10 17.0 169

Suez Canal 01:00 THU 20 21:00 THU 165.5 17.8 2,958

Nhava Sheva 22:00 THU 12 10:00 FRI 45.5 19.5 887

Colombo 08:00 SUN 19 03:00 MON 71 19.5 1,388

Port Klang 04:00 THU 17 21:00 THU 86 19.3 1,666

Shekou 11:00 MON 19 06:00 TUE 17 16.8 286

Xiamen 23:00 TUE 15 14:00 WED 49 18.0 882

Pusan 16:00 FRI

 “General” Saying in Liner Shipping

• “ No one can get in to the Business”

• “No one can get out of the business”

Eg: “Every 6 hours, a CMA-CGM container

ship leaves one of China’s 13 main ports
to one of our 400 destinations”
World’s Top 10 Container Shipping Lines – Jan 2022

1-2 = 34%

1-5 = 65%

1-10 = 84%
2016

2017
Reasons for
Alliances/Mergers/Acquisitions
• Larger Vessels
• Reduce cost
– Local Agency
– Empty containers
• Combine assets to reduce capital expenditure
• Re-organize loss making lines
• Competitiveness
– Difficult to get out of business
– Low freight rates
• Maximize logistical and operational activities
• Provide wider world port coverage
• Offer more frequent and flexible service
• Sharing shipping space/economies of scale
• Improved bargaining position – Terminals, Container
depots
OOCL launches 'handy' cargo tracking solution
• Hong Kong-based ocean carrier, OOCL has
rolled out an innovative IT solution to
enable its customers to follow the progress
of their cargo with the launch of its Mobile
Cargo Tracking software.

The new service, available from today,

empowers shippers with mobiles, cell
phones or handys to search and track their
shipments - any time anywhere - by
booking number, B/L number or container
number.

The on-the-move facility is the latest

feature of the online interactive platform
OOCL Center. 01/02/2010
 The “No Doors”
shipping container
The biggest risk to your cargo, the biggest
drain on your cost structure, and the biggest
threat to cross-border security is your shipping
container's doors.
CakeBoxx™ containers have no doors.
cakeboxx.com/
CakeBoxx Benefits

• Dramatically heightens cross-border

security
• Thwarts cargo theft
• Streamlines customs and security
inspections
• Reduces security related dwell times
• Loads and unloads more cargo in less time
than required for traditional containers
Foldable Shipping Containers - now a reality....!
This would address many of the current industry
problems and enable unimaginable cost benefits !

• Here is good news for shipping companies, congestion-hit

container freight stations (CFSs), box terminals and the end
users.
Mr Rene Giesbers, a heating-systems engineer from the
Nsetherlands, has invented a collapsible plastic shipping
container, which he has named Cargoshell.
Made of a fibreglass composite, it weighs only three-
quarters of a standard container but, more
importantly, when it is empty, it can be folded down to
a quarter of its size.
• The composite is more resistant to corrosion than the steel it
replaces, is easier to clean and floats. It is also greener to
manufacture.
• And, importantly, manufacturing one of these containers results in
just a quarter of the carbon dioxide that would be generated by the
manufacture of its steel counterpart.
A collapsible shipping container has its uses. The pattern of movement of
cargo along trade lanes is such that ships, trains and trucks inevitably carry
some empty containers. If these were to be folded, there would be more
room for full containers and some vessels would be liberated to ply different
routes.
If collapsed containers were bundled together in groups of four, ships could
be loaded far more quickly, cutting the time spent in ports.
They would also take up less space on land, allowing depots to operate
more efficiently.
According to Mr Giesbers, Cargoshell can be collapsed or opened in 30
seconds by a single person using a forklift truck.
It is now reportedly undergoing tests to see whether it is strong
enough to meet the requirements set by the International
Organisation for Standardisation (ISO).
Mr Giesbers has the ambitious aim of having a million Cargoshells plying the
seas, rails and roads by 2020, equivalent to 4 per cent of the market.
Hint: picture was taken in 1956...
Answer below...

It's a hard disk drive back in

1956... With 5 MB of storage.

In September 1956 IBM launched the

305 RAMAC, the first 'SUPER'
computer with a hard disk drive
(HDD). The HDD weighed over a
ton and stored a 'whopping' 5 MB of
data.
•
Do you appreciate your 8 GB
memory stick a little more now?
Shipping Alliances/Mergers/Acquisitions -
2004

• Maersk – Sealand (1999)

• Grand Alliance – P&ONED,Hapag,NYK,OOCL,MISC
• United Alliance – Hanjin(1997), Senator(1997),
DSR(1997),CYL (2001)
• New World Alliance - APL-NOL(1997), Hyundai,
MOSK
• Evergreen, Lloyd Triestino(1998), Uniglory, Hatsu
marine
• ZIM, Gold Star, Laurel Navigation
• CMA-CGM, ANL
Shipping Alliances/Mergers/Acquisitions
2008

• Maersk Line (Sealand/ P&ONED)

• Grand Alliance –Hapag (CP ships),NYK,OOCL,MISC
• United Alliance – Hanjin, Senator, DSR,CYL
• New World Alliance - APL-NOL, Hyundai, MOSK
• Evergreen Line - (Evergreen Marine Corpoation,
Italia Maritima -Lloyd Triestino, (Uniglory), Hatsu
marine
• ZIM, Gold Star, Laurel Navigation
• CMA-CGM (Delmas), ANL,CNC,OT Africa Line, Mc
Andrews
• Hamburg Sud, Costa Container Lines - 2007
CARRIER CONCENTRATION CONTINUES ??????
Shipping Alliances/Mergers/Acquisitions 2014
• P-3 MAERSK(42%)/MSC (34%)/CMA CGM (24%) – wef June 2014
• G -6 Grand Alliance + New World Alliance
(Hapag(CSAV),NYK,OOCL) + (APL, Hyundai, MOL)

• Green Alliance – CKYHE (Cosco/K Line/YML/Hanjin/Evergreen)

• Evergreen Line - (Evergreen Marine Corpoation, Italia Maritima
-Lloyd Triestino, (Uniglory), Hatsu marine

• ZIM, Gold Star, Laurel Navigation

• CMA-CGM (Delmas), ANL,CNC,OT Africa Line, Mc Andrews
• Hamburg Sud, Costa Container Lines – 2007

• UASC with China Shipping

Shipping Alliances/Mergers/Acquisitions 2015

Four Alliances / 17 Shipping Lines Control 78% of

the ship teu capacity in the world
• 2M MAERSK /MSC = 28.5%

• G -6 Grand Alliance + New World Alliance = 19.2%

(Hapag(CSAV),NYK,OOCL) + (APL, Hyundai, MOL)

• CKYHE (Cosco/K Line/YML/Hanjin/Evergreen) = 16.6%

• Ocean 3 = CMA CGM / China Shipping / UASC = 13.8%

Total Container Ships = 5,976 = 18.8 million teu’s

Total Cellular Container Ships = 5,035 =
18. 1 million teu’s Alpahliner 22nd December 2014