ALIA NAZIRA (@chemistrywithlianzr)

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
TO CHEMISTRY
Development in o Cosmetics: Shampoos,
lotions, perfumes and
Chemistry Field and makeup
Its Importance in o Fertilisers and pesticides:

Daily Life Essential for agriculture to

MEANING OF CHEMISTRY increase crop production

❖ Chemistry = a field of science that THE DEVELOPMENT IN CHEMISTRY

studies the structures, properties, AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF

compositions and interactions CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

between matters ▪ Contribution of chemists

❖ The word chemistry originated = 1. Discovery of elements:

al-kimiya (Arabic word) Chemists like Dmitri

CHEMICAL IN DAILY LIFE Mendeleev created the

• All substances around us are periodic table

made up of chemicals 2. Development of medicines:

• Chemicals in daily life Chemists developed life-

o Food additives: saving drugs (aspirin,

Preservatives, flavour antibiotics, vaccines)

enhancers and food 3. Environmental protection:

colouring Development of methods to

o Household cleaning reduce pollution (such as

products: Detergents, soaps catalytic converters in

and disinfectants vehicles)

o Medicines: Painkillers, 4. Food preservation: Invention

antibiotics and vitamins of food additives and

preservatives to extend shelf
life
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ALIA NAZIRA (@chemistrywithlianzr)
5. Synthesis of materials: for quality control, forensics
Creation of synthetic and research
materials (like plastics, 3. Chemical engineer: Designs
rubber and fibres) and optimises industrial
▪ Development of chemical chemical processes
technology 4. Food chemist: Ensures food
1. Industrial revolution: safety and develops new
Growth of industries like food products
textiles, dyes and fertilisers 5. Cosmetic chemist:
through chemical processes Formulates beauty and
2. Polymer technology: personal care products
Production of plastics, resins
and synthetic fibres for Scientific
various applications
3. Petrochemical industry:
Investigation in
Refining crude oil into fuels, Chemistry
lubricants and other SCIENTIFIC METHOD
products ➢ A scientific investigation = a
4. Pharmaceutical industry: scientific method used in solving
Mass production of drugs problems in science
and vaccines ➢ Usually begins with problem
5. Agricultural chemicals: observation
Development of fertilisers, ➢ Scientific method = a systematic
pesticides and herbicides to method used by scientists or
enhance crop yields researchers to solve problems
CAREERS RELATED TO CHEMISTRY related to science
▪ Careers in the field of chemistry ➢ Steps in a scientific method:
1. Pharmaceutical chemist: A. Making observations: Using
Develops and tests new senses of sight, hearing,
medications touch, taste or smell to
2. Analytical chemist: Analyses gather information about
substances in laboratories

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ALIA NAZIRA (@chemistrywithlianzr)
an object or a phenomenon simultaneously, other
taking place variables are fixed
B. Making an inference: Using G. Planning an experiment:
data collection and past Determining the materials
experience to make and apparatus to be used,
conclusion and explanation procedure of the
about an event experiment, method of
C. Identifying the problem: collecting data and the
Asking questions based on ways to analyse and
the inference made interpret the data
D. Making a hypothesis: H. Collecting data: Making
Making a general statement observations or
about the relationship measurements and
between a manipulated recording the data
variable and a responding systematically
variable to explain an event I. Interpreting data:
or observation in which the Organising and interpreting
statement can be tested to the data collected in which
prove its validity it can be interpreted
E. Identifying the variables: through calculations, graphs
Identifying the manipulated or charts to determine the
variable, responding relationship between the
variable and fixed variables
variable(s) in an experiment J. Making a conclusion: Making
to test the hypothesis that a statement on the results
is formed of the results of the
F. Controlling the variables: In experiment on whether the
an investigation, a variable hypothesis made is accepted
is manipulated to observe or rejected
its relationship with the K. Preparing a report:
responding variable and Communicating in detail on
all aspects of the

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ALIA NAZIRA (@chemistrywithlianzr)
experiment so that the ✓ Fume chamber: a specially
outcome of the experiment designed equipment to carry out
can be shared for the experiments that release toxic
development of chemistry vapours, cause combustions or
knowledge produce pungent smells
✓ Safety shower: Used to wash and

Usage, Management clean the body when a chemical

accident occurs on parts of the
and Handling of body and used to extinguish fire
Apparatus and on clothing

Materials ✓ Eyewash: Used for washing and

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT cleaning the eye when accidents

✓ Safety goggles: Used for occur on parts of the eye

preventing dust or splashes of ✓ Hand wash: Used for removing

chemicals from getting into the chemical substances, oil, dirt and

eyes microorganisms from the hands

✓ Face mask: Used for protecting ✓ Fire extinguisher: Used for

the respiratory organs from extinguishing fire in the

chemicals in the form of powder laboratory

or fumes STORAGE OF CHEMICALS

✓ Gloves: Used for handling ❖ Reactive substances: Reactive

chemicals to protect hands from metals (eg lithium, sodium,

injuries, chemicals or infections potassium) are stored in paraffin

✓ Laboratory coat: Used as oil to prevent reaction with the

protection for the body and moisture in the air

clothing against chemical spills ❖ Hydrocarbon and organic

✓ Laboratory shoes: Used for solvents: Volatile and inflammable

protecting the feet from injuries liquid should be stored in shady

caused by chemical spills, sharp areas far from sunlight and heat

objects or toxic substances source

SAFETY EQUIPMENT IN THE ❖ Substances that decompose easily:

LABORATORY Should be stored in dark bottles

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ALIA NAZIRA (@chemistrywithlianzr)
away from the presence of light directly into sink to prevent
(eg concentrated nitric acid, water and environment pollution
hydrogen peroxide solution, silver • Substances with pH <5 and pH
nitrate solution, liquid bromine, >9: Strong acid and alkali wastes
liquid chlorine) should be kept in closed labelled
❖ Substances with pH <5 and pH containers during disposal and
>9: Corrosive chemicals are stored avoid poured directly into sink to
in locked special storage cabinets prevent damage on sink and
❖ Heavy metals and toxic prevent chemical reaction of acids
substances: Should be kept in and alkalis
special labelled containers and • Heavy metals and toxic
kept in a locked room which is substances:
heat free o Solutions containing heavy
DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS metals and toxic substances
• Hydrogen peroxide: have to be kept in plastic
o Low concentration wastes bags and left to evaporate
can be poured directly into in the fume chamber
sink o The bag of heavy metal
o High concentration must be residue is tied carefully and
diluted with water and is put into the container of
added with sodium sulphite heavy metal waste
(for the decomposition • Volatile substances: Volatile wastes
process) before poured into should be stored in closed
sink containers and kept away from
• Solid wastes: Solid wastes have to sun and heat
disposed into special containers EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
• Hydrocarbon and organic PROCEDURE IN THE LABORATORY
solvents: Hydrocarbon and ➢ Procedure of waste spills
organic solvent wastes must be 1. Inform the teacher or the
kept in special containers made of laboratory assistant about
glass or plastic and avoid poured the accident immediately

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ALIA NAZIRA (@chemistrywithlianzr)
2. Prohibit other students 2. Make the spill site as the
from entering the accident prohibited area
site 3. Sprinkle sulphur powder to
3. Stop the spill from cover up the spill
spreading to other areas by 4. Contact the Fire and Rescue
using sand to border it Department for further
4. Clean the chemical spill action
5. Dispose of the chemical spill ➢ Symptoms of mercury poisoning:
by following the correct nausea, vomiting, coughing,
procedures diarrhoea, chest pain, sore
➢ Procedure of mercury spill throat, difficulty in breathing,
1. Inform the teacher or the headache, eye irritation, vision
laboratory assistant about problem and increase in blood
the accident pressure

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