MATH 101

Lecture 23
Three Dimensional Geometry

1 The 3-Dimensional Sphere

A sphere of radius R centered at the point ≠ is the set of all points P such that

d (P, ≠) = ||P≠|| = R

If ≠ = (a, b, c) and P = (x, y, z), the above equation can be written in Cartesian coordinates as
following:
(x ° a)2 + (y ° b)2 + (z ° c)2 = R 2 (1)
which is called the equation of a sphere of radius R centered at ≠ = (a, b, c) .

:
↓ z

P = (x, y , z)
= d(P, -) = RE> d'(P -) ,
= R()(x -
a) 2 + (y - 2)+ (z c) -
= R2
- = (a , b,)
>
O Y

L
IC
We may
write equation
the as
following
n+ y+ z 2ax 2y -
-
-
2cz = R2 (aFb C4)

Notice : Equation (1) can be written also as following:

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + l x + m y + nz + p = 0. (2)
if O This is sphere of radius r
a

~ entered at (-E - , - E) 8
he)
,

If
I
th
Equation (2) can be written as : (2) +
&2 + /y + P+ E +** -
-
P
K =
0 we have a
point on

-
K
equation represents empty set
01fK0
.
the an
However, not every equation having the form (2) is the equation of a sphere. For example the equation
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 1 = 0 represents an empty set.

Example 1.23.
For which values of p does the equation x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3x +2y + z + p = 0 represent a sphere of radius
2? What happens if p = 7/2?

Solution : We can write the

equation as
following :

2
1)+ (z 2) 4 5 p
=
E -

P
2) (y 1
-
+ + +
(x + + + =

sphere of radius R= if
epresents
The a
2
eg. .

E up =
4(p =
E
-
4 =
-
2 Cylindrical Surfaces

We have already looked at two special types of surfaces: planes and spheres. In the following two
section we are going to investigate other types of surfaces called cylinders and quadric surfaces.

Let L be a line and ¶ a plane not parallel to L. A cylindrical surface is a surface traced by a line
that moves parallel to L, along a curve C that lies in ¶. The curve is called generating curve or
directrix. The parallel lines are called the rulings.

We are going to focus on cylindrical surfaces for which the curve lies in a coordinate plane and
the rulings are parallel to one of the coordinate axis. An equation for such cylindrical surface has
the form:

• f (x, y) = 0 ( the rulings are parallel to the z-axis)

• g (x, z) = 0 ( the rulings are parallel to the y-axis)

• h(y, z) = 0 ( the rulings are parallel to the x-axis)

Gambles
The 11 to they-axis.
rulling
-are e e.
·
are

the which
· C is in
xz-plane x +y = 1

the line
contains

[fCz =
0
(two egs)
[z
·
0
x+ y
=

is
an
e = 0

surface
-
XEplane
the is cylindrical
of the in a
curve

equation equo

·
f(z) 0 is
Rapned
=
an
·

which contains
1R3 (Cylindrical
z
y
=

for the surface in the line

STE a
(tros

surface) is a cylindrical
surface
.
 Example 2. 23. The figure below shows the graph traced by the lines parallel to the z -axis (rulings)
y2
moving along the ellipse x 2 + 4 = 1.(directrix) in the x y-plane .
The graph is a surface called elliptic cylinder. Here the made up of infinitely many shifted copies of
the same ellipse.
The
The
ruchings are 11 to the z-axis xy x+
⑲ 1
generated by
=

surface is a line -

·
which the
moves
along ellipse
3

+=
E
x2
o
-

1. x
(troequations -

z = 0

and
being always II to Oz ,

Example 3.23. The figure below shows the graph traced by the lines parallel to the y -axis (rulings)
moving along the parabola z = x 2 (directrix) in the xz-plane .
The graph is a surface called parabolic cylinder. Here the made up of infinitely many shifted copies of
the same parabola.

11 to the y-axis
The
rulings are
Ec
The surface is generated by E= xh

a line which moves along >

i

~
-

parabola
the
=
2
x

0
y =

11 to by
being
and always .
 Example 4.23. The figure bellow shows the graph traced by the lines parallel to the z -axis (rulings)
moving along the hyperbola °x 2 + y 2 = 1(directrix) in the x y-plane. The graph is a surface called
hyperbolic cylinder. Here the made up of infinitely many shifted copies of the same hyperbola.
my
The rulingsThe are parallel to
-
the .
z axis surface is S
~

>
moves
live that
generate d
-
by a
O
>
>

~
the hypebola
-
on
&
Eat
11 to z-axis
always being

--<

E surface city-2y
d
sketch the = 0
-

Question :
-
x + y2 -
2y
= 0

Solution
-

the
missing
: = >
since the variable z is -x + (y 12 = 1

·
-

surface is a
cylindrical surface
.

-
It is generated by
that
a
line
this
+ the aborne

The hyperbola
along
curre
moves is ?

2y whatcurre translated one

&
x + = 0
y
- -

unit up -

= O
Z
-
and 11 to the z-axis
-
=
~
3 The Basic Six Quadric Surfaces

A quadric surface is defined by a quadratic equation in three variables:

Ax 2 + B y 2 +C z 2 + D x y + E y z + F zx +G x + H y + I z + J = 0 (3)

where A, B,C · · · are constant. We are going to study only the special equations of a simpler format.

In order to sketch the graph of a surface, it is useful to determine the curves of intersection
of the surface with planes parallel to the coordinate planes.These curves are called traces (or
cross-sections) of the surface. The traces in coordinate planes are called x y-trace, the y z-trace,
and the xz-trace.

Horizontal plane Vertical planes

:
z
N

I
= K
⑨ a
Z
y =
&
z
↑

x =
P C
3

e 3

S E
L X
 1.The Ellipsoid. The equation in the standard form is:

x2 y 2 z2
+ + =1 (4)
a2 b2 c 2
y2 2
Example: Use traces to sketch the quadric surface with equation x 2 + 9
+ z4 = 1

Step
1

Inte rsection with planes

-

=> y 1 + E,
⑲x =
0
q
+
=

x+
az ② y = 0 = =
1(Ez

t2

surface
K.
En Intersection with the plane z =

-
-
L
E1 x+ +
*= x = 1 -

S
intersection point .

I
7 ④ If 1 - Co - no

i
--

= Points (0
0 2)
Y => K = 12 , ,

& if 1 4 - = 0

the traces in the

S
7

and
10 , 0 -

2) = KE (2, 2) we get
C
⑳ If
1 -

Ex 0

Ie +t
I
72
place zik
1E
Er
x =

En that
The ellipsoid is generated by the vertices
harms trace in the My
moves parallel
and
to
xoy
the
,

center on the z-axis

. If K= 0 we get the
on E1 ,
Ec
pleme x +
* = 1 E En
 other forms : # A+
act
=

-
2. The Elliptic Paraboloid. The equation in the standard form is: faxis
z x2 y 2 x-axis is ↓
z-axisaxis of >
is
= + (5)
symmy to c a2 b2 an axis ofsymmetry

Example: Use traces to sketch the quadric surface with equation z = 4x 2 + y 2

Sp
Pe
O
t plane
x =0 =
> E= y2 /Parabola)
y= => E= 4X2 (Parabila) &2
② plane

plan if
= R =

K
+ x+

no
y = K

intersection
-

intersection ! 10, 0 0)
*
< 0

point of
,

-
if K = 0 one

·
if O =
is the curre +
hrace
The
steps Vi re
ellipse of
.
Z
di, which is an semiaxes :
is
E
~
N

Pz -

...
-
...........
/ - P,

The paraboloist is surface generated by

the

when it 11 to
ellipse Ep moves
>
the
y the
vertices
y plane , having on

L
parabolas P ,
and P2 .
and the

72 center on the z-axis

 Taxis zymmely
of x-axs
2

-42
forms E =- ete
Z
other :
= =
al B2 ,

-
3. The Hyperbolic Paraboloid. The equation in the standard form is: Jaxis exis
, of symm.

axis of
symmetry
axis *
z x2 y 2
= °
c a2 b2 e - (6)

Example: Use traces to sketch the quadric surface with equation z = y 2 ° x 2

nz
O
k]

e
-

L
↓
W
I
Step 1
-
0 = z= y2 P
①x =

② y = 0 = E = -

x Bz

Sp
x 7k
=> y = K

TI
z=K

hyperbolas
4y
-

aY
KCO Y k= 0
N
K 0
KO
I -
O is -
Y >
The
hyperbolic parabolid O
x
O
x
O
PC

-
generated by
the
hyperbola T
11 to by
that moves in a
plane
the -
having the vertices
on

The traces in the XY

parabolas P and P2 , .

plane : two lines :

 t t - = 1 + -
+ = 1 -
+ + = 1
c 3
zaxis yaxis E axis
X-axis of
symmetry
4. The Hyperboloid of One Sheet. The equation in the standard form is:
z-axis
x2 y 2 z2
+ ° =1 axis of symetry (7)
a2 b2 c 2
x2 2
Example: Use traces to sketch the quadric surface with equation 4
+ y 2 ° z4 = 1

.
**10 => Y
=
= = 1 (hyperbola) Tb

(hyperbole a
y 0 =>
& E 1
=
- =

R =
4
+
4
I
= 1+
4
(ellipse

+
, 1
E
=
+
sheet
the
hyperboloin
is the
with one

the
(1 18)
4
+

surface generated by
ellipse
--
Ep that moves 11 to

xy-plane having vertices on

This Hz
-perbolas
 - -
+ = 1
X
-
+ - =
S
+ -
--
-
I
Zaxis Y- axis x-axis
E axis of symmetry
.

5. The Hyperboloid of Two Sheets. The equation in the standard form is:
z-axis axis of symmetry

-E
,
2 2 2
x y z
-E = ° ° + =1 -
- =
1 (8)
a2 b2 c 2
N

/ -
-

x2
Example: Use traces to sketch the quadric surface with equation ° 4 ° y 2 + z 2 = 1
-
yaxi's
7axis
- >
-

Traces :
x= 0 =
-

y+ ze 1(H1)
+ E= 1
y 0 >
m (H2)
-

= =

z= B = - -

y
2= 1 -
12

K 1
=
- y

.
=
+
-

The intersection is
10, 0
,
1) if R= 1

10, 0 ,
-

1) if K = -1

4
Th
ellipses + K
2
-
I
=
1((k)
if Re ( -
0
,
-

1)V(1, 8)
 Eaxis exis of symmetry
↑
;

6. The Cone. The equation in the standard form is:

X-axis
2 2 2
-
L
z x y axis of
i
42
T= + = +
c 2 a2 b2
+ (9)
L b2
symmety
/ Example: Use traces to sketch the quadric surface with equation x 2 +
y2
4
= z2

yaxis :

StP0 + z
axis
of = 0
=>
-

sty y = 27 y = 2z
-

E z)( + z)
=0
-

· e two lines in the plane x= 0

,
:

② 0 = X z2
y = =

x= z x = -
E
( - z)(x + z) = 0 = ,

. e., two lines in the plane y =

0
i

Step 2 Take the plane K.

·
z =

The
- - r

If K 0 then 0 =>
y x = =
=

O the
&

intersection is just point a

,

O (0 0
origin
= 0,
,

intersection is
KF0 the
bluelines 7
For
Y The ellipse
E
EK
KLO

lines
,
+ =
1
&
green
 Some practice examples
good :

⑭ The line
y = 7x is rotated about the
y-axis.
Find an
equation of the surface of revolution
That is .
obtained

Take a point P= (P, 4, z) on the surface

that is obtained and take plane
ay = 7X
a

↑
through P
perpendicular on the axis
---
40s (x1 , Y, 0) at 10 7 , 0)

·
M
.
,

P (x
y z
=
,,
y The trace obtained in this plane
O
· > is a circle rachies
of

↓ ICr IC

ec+ z
1PF #13/
z
Hence = /x F
, = 42 .

Therefore SFE +y is =
49
an
eg. .

for the obtained quachic

which is a cone
having the axis the axis
oy -
 ⑭ The
ellipse 2 the
+ = 1 in
plane yoe
rotated about the z-axis and then about the .
yaxis
Find an
equation for the surface obtained in each .
care

Q(0 , Y 1, z) Jake aprint P = (1) 7 2)

, ,
on the

------- m
obtained surface
.
(0, 0 7) ⑰

---
,
f

P (x, y, z)
=

>
Take a
plane through P
, perpendicular
3/ the z-axis
. at
10, 0 z)
y
,
.

The trace obtained in this mane is a circle of

L radius 14, 1 =
T ,
Hence

x
Hence x+ Y = /Y,= -
1 -2 -

#
-

Therefore an
equation for the
requested surface is :

x + Y += 1 which is an .
ellipsoid
Notice
:

If the
ellipse is rotated about the
,
yaxis we

obtain that an
equation for the surface is :

x + z2 = 4 -

442 + y 2+ = 1 -
Classify R(x + 1)
the
(R+ 1)y
quadries
2 2= K 2
:

REIR
+ + z + ,
.

Solution :

If K= -2 then one obtains :

EK)2
2
2(+ P y+z 0E)
42
-
-
=
+

This is a come centered at C-1 ,

0
1)
,

If K= 0 =
Y
=
E = 2 that is a circular cylinder

If K = -1 = -(ifzE 1 that is a
hyperbolic cylinder

If KF - 2
, K70 , kf1 the equation can be written as
follows :
12

e -
+
1+ 1
=
1 .

R -
2 -
I O

K+ Z
the t - -

+
We make
following table : T

I + -
t +

K+2 --
t t +

One obtains :

hyperboloid with (+ 3
18 sheet + -

is
quadic
KE ( one
-

012) - the a

f KE ( 2,
hyperboloid with two sheets ---) >
1 1) the quadric is
.

- -

a
sheet
If KE (1 , 0) -

thequadic is a hyperboloid with one

( -
+ +
ellipsoid (+
If K = (0 , 8) -
the quadric is an
+ + )