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History

The document outlines key historical events and transformations in world history, particularly focusing on the Industrial Revolution and its impact from the late 18th to mid-19th century. It discusses the technological advancements, economic changes, and social consequences of industrialization in Britain, including the shift from hand tools to machine production and the rise of factory systems. Additionally, it highlights the role of coal and iron industries, the cotton industry, and the broader implications of these changes on society and global trade.

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Subhajit Sikdar
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
9 views

History

The document outlines key historical events and transformations in world history, particularly focusing on the Industrial Revolution and its impact from the late 18th to mid-19th century. It discusses the technological advancements, economic changes, and social consequences of industrialization in Britain, including the shift from hand tools to machine production and the rise of factory systems. Additionally, it highlights the role of coal and iron industries, the cotton industry, and the broader implications of these changes on society and global trade.

Uploaded by

Subhajit Sikdar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PART -& WORLD HISTORY COPART -B POSTINDEPENDENCE HISTORY 1 | WORLD HISTORY & POST INDEPENDENCE HISTORY. BY. JU'S | | AS Industrial Revolution 4-16 American Revolution 17-23 French Revolution r 24-36 Capitalism 37-45 Socialism Rp 46-52 Communism 8 \f 53-59 Redrawal of National B: Colonization & De-Colo: Sot World War-I 2 92-115 Russian Revolution of 191 116-131 Fascism in Italy) 132-139 Nazism if'Germany. 140-150 Pe World War 2” 151-181 pe The ColdWar 182-188 3 | WORLD HISTORY & POST INDEPENDENCE HISTORY BYJU'S||AS si is rics Te ne Spread ‘of Revolution t0 Other Countries é Sed von Fi 7, Conclusion 3. Why Inde ‘Revolution First ‘Started 2 mary, ‘A brief description ‘of the above has ‘pen laid down below. ~ fie i ein 4, INTRODUCTION = WHAT: fine term Indust Revlon Ce ery Europeanschol < es it nance ad pelsin Germans Snag ett sed forthe first tie athe changes that British. 85, todesribe aa sruatatdevelopment betwee? Te and 1800, These Feromarkable eonomic grovlh from the 17803( to), 1620." ron industries,_in hscottan ar inthe building ‘oal_mining i Gestant anal din foreign Fade. eee “The First Industrial Revolution ny in Britainbetween the 1780s and the 1850s is called impacton je sxtand econo hese canis aISo Gir The rest of theworld. ae _-handloom industries. ‘Steam, a new source of se Jn industries. Its use led nurce of power, began to be used Siem anew source of powet, be ised on a wide scale inBritish indus faster forms sportationby ships and railways. Many of the invent ince . (ors andbusinessmen who BYJU'S|[AS 4] wor | WORLD HISTORY & POST INDEPENDENCE HISTORY brought about these changes were oftenneither personally wealthy nor educated in basic scienceslke physics or chemistry. Industralisation led to greater prosperity for some, but inthe initial stages it was linked with poor living and workingconditions of millions of people, including women andchildren. This sparked off Protests, which forced thegovernment to enact laws for regulating conditions of work. ‘The most important of the changes that brought about the Industrial Revolution were centred on the following thre aspects: Jf, The Invention Of Machines To Do The Work Of Hand Tools; ‘The Use Of Steam, And Later Of Other Kinds Of Power, In Place Of The Muscles Of Human OL, Being And OF Animal nd The Adoption of the Factory System. 2 1t is almost impossible to imagine what the world would be lke ifthe eff€8s of the Industral Revolution were swept away. t Aci igs would go out Atomaies and silanes woul yah Rone, Pai, and television would disappear. Most of the abundant stocks onthe shélvesof department sores would bbe gone. The children of the poor would have little or no schooling and wouldhwork from dawn to dark on the farm or in the home, Before machines were invénted, work by children as well as by adults was needed in order to provide enough food, clothing and shelter fr all. The Industrial Revolution came gradually. It happened in a shoft, span of time, however, when ‘measured agninst the centres people had worked ely by hand. © Janies Hargreaves the spinning jenny 31 years Until John Kay invented the flyin later, the making of yarn and the iuGh the same for thousands of years. By -1800.a host of new and faster processes wére in use in both manufacture and transportation. “This solely sen cange nie wip people live deserves tobe called a revolution. It differs from 4 politcal revolution in its greater effects On the lives @f people and in not coming to an end, 2, for example, did the French Revolution. — “Tnstead; the Tndustrial Revélution, gf@i¢ mot@\powerful each year as new inventions and ‘manufacturing processes atlded to the elficienty of machines and increased productivity. Indeed, since World War I the méchauization of indasiry has increased so enormously that another revolution in prodi Ais D Britain waf the first country to experience modem industrialisation. ‘Thad been politically stable since the seventeenth century. with England, Wales and Scotland unified under a monarchy. This,meant that the kingdom had common iaws, a single currency and a market _ setae by local authoities levying taxes on goods that passed through their area, By the end of the seventeenth century, money was widely used as the medium of exchange. By then a large section of the people received their income in the form of wages and salaries rather than in ‘goods. This gave people a wider choice for ways to spend their earnings and expanded the market for the sale of goods. In the sehen century England hhad been through a major ecanomic change, later described as the . This was the process by which bigger landlords had bought up small farms ‘ear their own properties and enclosed the village common lands, thus creating very large estates and increasing food production. 3 ‘This forced landless farmers, and those who had lived by grazing animals on the common lands, to search for jobs elsewhere. Most of them went to nearby towns. 5 | WORLD HISTORY & POST INDEPENDENCE HISTORY sy U's| | AS \Afowns, Trade and Finance 3 corer tie eighteenth century, many tons in Europe were Brown Te and in population. Out of the_19 Etropear cities whose population ‘doubled between 1750 and 1800, were i eit Te largest of ‘which served as the hub of the countiy’s markets, with the next Targest ‘BeBe ie close to it London had also acquired a global significance, 1 global tradehad shifted fom the Mediterranean POTS of Italy By the eighteenth century the cent of Lost rater, Landon replaced Amsisdarna The ‘and France to the Atlantic ports of He al later, London rej laced Amst rca source of loans for international trade, London also becom The centre ofa triangular trade network that drew th England afticn and the West Indies "The companies trading in America and reo a arin London. In England the movement of goods between Mankels W25 fined nya good network of ver, and an indented coastline with sheltered bays, Until the spread of railways, transport by waterways was cheaper ‘and faster than by land. As early as 1724, English rivers provided some 1, 160 miles of navigable water, ‘and except for mountainous ‘areas, most places in the country were within 15 miles of a river. Since ‘all the navigable sections of English rivers flow into the sea, cargo on river vessels was easily ‘transferted to coastal, ships called coaster. (he industrialisation that occurred in Britain from the 1780s to the 1850s is eXplained patty-by the Tee nia above - many poor people from the vilages avalableto, work insfowns; banks sare cou loan money to set up large industsies; and a good transpatt net WOH “Two new factors have also been described: a range of technological changes that ineleased production rea acre ad's naw tanaport network created by the constdetion of ralvaye st se tah dates a ead careful, one wil notice athe a gap of «few deca between the development and its widespread application. beticen th Pata new innovation etaogy 180 iC beng used in the inGUY immediately oe f] ous xh a om ey | ee y | press ® cou c = cou $e a A i lige of A igh z0B ced? Ff the numerous inventions recorded in the eighteenth century, more than half were listed forthe period 1782-1800. These led to many changes. The four major ones can be described as: transformation of the iron industry, the spinning and weaving of cotton, the development of ssi. ‘power" and the coming of the railways. IAS ah oe 6 | WORLD HISTORY & POST INDEPENDENCE HISTORY 8 BYJU' A brief description of the above has been laid down below: 1, Aoal and Iron England was fortunate in that coal and iron ofe, the staplé materials for mechanisation, were plentifully available, as were other minerals — lead, copper and tin = that were used in industry. However, until the eighteenth century, there was a scarcity of usableiron, Iron is drawn out rom fre as pure liquid metal by a process called smelting. or centres, caren (om burt te was ed or the melting pass. This ad seven problems: charcoal was too Fragile to transport across long distances; ts impurities produced -Ee-ualiy ron wa inshort upply beste fore ha bnen ‘destroyed for timber; and it could not ganeraTs high temperatures. The solution to this problem had been sought for years before it was solved by a family of iron: __muasters, the Darbys of Shropshire. In the course of half a century, three generations of this family ~ grandlather, her and son all called Abraham Darby ~ brought abouta revolution in the ‘metallurgical industry. It began with an"Tnvention Th T709 by the first;Abraham Darby (1677- “HFIP, This was a blat furmece tat woulT toe Coke, which could generate Tigh Temperate; Gok was drive fom coal by removing the sulgharand impuritie) Invention meant that fornacs ne longer had to depend on charcoal The melted iron that emerged from these furnaces permite finer and larger castings than before The roe as fre ened by tore ver, The ese ATES dev — wwroughtizon (which was less bit) frompig-iron THenzy Cart (7401823) designed the uddling fumacé Gauvhich molten iron could be rid of aah te ling mill, which {sed stam power troll purified iron into bars. Ie now Becameposible to produce a broader Tange of iron product. The durablityofron made it a beter material than wood foreveryday items and for machinery. Unlikewood, which could’burn ot splinter, thephysical and chemical properties of ron could controled. (in the 1770s, John Wilkinson (1728-1808) made the first\iron chairs, vatsfor breweries and distilleries, and jron pipesof all size 172 ti Davin TSOSTY wl te istnon ge “in the world. inCoalbrookdale, Spanning the fiver Sever. Wilkinson used cast iron for the first time tomake water pipes (0 mies o forthe watetsupply OFPars)——~ “Phe iron industry then-came To beconcentrated in spoctfc Tegions as integrateduits of coal Shining and iron smelting Britain wa lucky in possessing excellentcoking coal and high-grade {Fon ore in thesame basins or eveh the same seams. Thesebasins were also close to ports; there Tee cat code which could eter teiprodcts almost staght nt ships. Since thecoalfelds were near the coast, shipbuildingincreased, as did the shipping trade. British iron industry q¥adrupled its output between 1800 andI830)and its product was the reapest in Europe. In 1820, ton bfpig, iron needed 8 tons of coal to make it, but by 1850 it could RET tang ony 2 fino" By 18D, Britain was smelting morro than the est of the worldiput together. | Cotton Spinning and Weaving ‘The British had always woven cloth out of wool and flax (to makelinen). From the seventeenth century, the country had been imporingbaes of cotton cloth from Inia at great cost. ‘Bs the East IndiaCompany’s political control of parts of India was established, it beganto impor. {ong with cloth, aw cotton, which coud be stn andwoven into cloth in England, Till the early Sighteenth century, spinning had been so slow andlaborious that 10 spinners (mostly women, france the word ‘spinster were required to supply sufficient yar to keep a single weaver busy. ‘Therefore, while spinners were occupied all day, weavers waited ily toreeive yarn. Buta series of technological inventions successfully closedthe gap between the speed in spinning raw cotton into yarn or thread, and of weaving the yarn into fabric. To make it even more ‘cient, production gradually shifted from the homes of spinners and weaverso factories rom the 1780s, the cotion industry symbolised British indusralisaionin many ways. This industry had two features which were also seen inather industries. Raw cotton had to be entirely imported and a large part of thefinished cloth was exported. This sustained the process of colonisation, so that Britain could retain conrolover the sources of aw cotton as wells the ‘markets. The industry was heavilydependent on the work of women and children in factories. 7 | WORLD HISTORY & FOSTINDEFENDENCE HISTORY ~~ FBYBYJU'S||AS

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