Dr.

Supriyo Mandal,
Ph.D. (IIT Patna)
Postdoc (ZBW, University of Kiel, Germany)
A scalar variable is a single variable whose stored value is an atomic data
type.
An array is a collection of individual data elements that is ordered, fixed in
size, and homogeneous.
An array is considered to be a derived data type.
Array enables the storing and manipulation of potentially huge quantities of
data.
Variables can be assigned values during declaration like the following example.
int x = 7;
Array initialization statements as shown.
(a) int A[10] = {9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0};
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ¨ values stored in array elements
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ¨index values of array elements
(b) double a[5] = {3.67, 1.21, 5.87, 7.45, 9.12}
Automatic sizing While initializing, the size of a one dimensional array can be
omitted as shown.
int arr[] = {3,1,5,7,9};
Here, the C compiler will reduce the size of the array from the initialization
statement.
 Integer array example:
int age [5];
int age[5]={0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
age[0]; /*0 is accessed*/
age[1]; /*1 is accessed*/
Array declaration syntax: age[2]; /*2 is accessed*/
data_type arr_name [arr_size];
Array initialization syntax: Character array example:
data_type arr_name [arr_size]=(value1, char str[10];
value2, value3,….); char str[10]={‘H’,‘a’,‘i’};
Array accessing syntax: (or)
arr_name[index]; char str[0] = ‘H’;
char str[1] = ‘a’;
char str[2] = ‘i;
str[0]; /*H is accessed*/
str[1]; /*a is accessed*/
str[2]; /*i is accessed*/
#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int i;
value of arr[0] is 10
int arr[5] = {10,20,30,40,50};
value of arr[1] is 20
for (i=0;i<5;i++)
value of arr[2] is 30
{ value of arr[3] is 40
// Accessing each variable value of arr[4] is 50
printf("value of arr[%d] is %d \n", i, arr[i]);
}

}
§ x and y are similar arrays (i.e., of the same data type, dimensionality, and size), then
assignment operations, comparison operations, etc., involving these two arrays must
be carried out on an element-by-element basis.

Determine total of all elements in a number array

§ Examples using the elements of an array named ‘numbers’ are shown here:
numbers [0] = 98;
numbers [1] = numbers [0] – 11
numbers [2] = 2 * (numbers [0] – 6);
numbers [3] = 79;
numbers [4] = (numbers [2] + numbers [3] – 3)/2;
total = numbers[0] + numbers[1] + numbers[2] + numbers[3] + numbers[4];
These operations include the following, for an array named ‘ar’.

• (a) To increment the ith element, the given statements can

be used.
ar[i]++;
ar[i] += 1;
ar[i] = ar[i] + 1;

• (b) To add n to the ith element, the following statements

may be used,
ar[i] += n;
ar[i] = ar[i] + n;

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.

These operations include the following, for an array named ‘ar’.
• (e) To exchange the values in ar[i] and ar[k], a
‘temporary’ variable must be declared to hold one value,
and it should be the same data type as the array
elements being swapped.
int temp;
temp = ar[i];
/* save a copy of value in ar[i] */
ar[i] = ar[j];
/* copy value from ar[j] to ar[i] */
ar[j] = temp;
/* copy saved value of ar[i] to ar[j] */

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.

Write a program to find largest element stored in an array.
§ Single operations, which involve entire arrays, are not permitted in C.
§ Neither can all elements of an array be set at once nor can one array be
assigned to another.
§ For an array of length L and data type X, the compiler allocates L* sizeof
(X) bytes of contiguous space in memory.
§ char = 1 byte; int = 2 bytes ; float = 4 bytes;
§ Note the arrays
char array_nr1[40]; 40*sizeof(char) = 40 bytes
int array_nr1[10]; 10*sizeof(int) = 20 bytes
int array_nr2[10]; 10*sizeof(int) = 20 bytes
 char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

The C compiler automatically places the '\0' at the end of the string
when it initializes the array.
char test[100] = "Null terminator will follow me";
sprintf(test,"Null terminator will follow me");
§ Strings can be declared like one-dimensional arrays.
§ For example,
char str[30];
char text[80];

§ An array formed by characters is a string in C.

§ The end of the string is marked with a the null character.
§ When the character array size is explicitly specified and the number of
initializers completely fills the array size, the null character is not
automatically appended to the array.

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.

Initiation of a string
char s[]=“Hello, World”;
§ stdin, stdout, and stderr: Each C program has three I/O streams.
• The input stream is called standard-input (stdin); the output stream is
called standard-output (stdout); and the side stream of output
characters for errors is called standard error (stderr).
• Now one might think that calls to fprinf() and fscanf() differ
significantly from calls to printf() and scanf().
• fprintf() sends formatted output to a stream and fscanf() scans and
formats input from a stream.

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.

• Since C never lets entire arrays to be assigned, the strcpy() function can be
used to copy one string to another.
• strcpy() copies the string pointed to by the second parameter into the
space pointed to by the first parameter.
• The entire string, including the terminating NUL, is copied and there is
no check that the space indicated by the first parameter is big enough.
• The given code shows the use of the strcpy(str1, str2) function.
#include <string.h>
char s1[] =“Hello, world!”;
char s2[20];
strcpy(s2, s1);
puts (s2);
Print a string using puts
#include <stdio.h>
int main () Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements
{
/* an array with 5 rows and 2 columns*/
int a[5][2] = { {0,0}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {3,6},{4,8}};
int i, j;
/* output each array element's value */
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) // for rows
{
for ( j = 0; j < 2; j++ ) //for columns
{
printf("a[%d][%d] = %d\n", i,j, a[i][j] );
} a[0][0]: 0
} a[0][1]: 0
return 0; 0 0 a[1][0]: 1
a[1][1]: 2
} 1 2 a[2][0]: 2
} a[2][1]: 4
2 4
a[3][0]: 3
3 6 a[3][1]: 6
4 8 a[4][0]: 4
a[4][1]: 8
Take input from user and print the matrix
Addition of two matrices