A.

Polio Eradication: New Challenges and Strategies

I. Introduction
A. Historical overview of polio eradication efforts
1. Early vaccination campaigns and successes
2. Persisting challenges in achieving global eradication
B. Current status of polio worldwide
1. Geographical distribution of polio cases
2. Trends in polio incidence and prevalence
C. Importance of addressing new challenges
1. Need for updated strategies in the face of evolving obstacles
2. Global commitment to achieving the eradication goal

II. Changing Epidemiology of Polio

A. Shift from wild poliovirus to vaccine-derived poliovirus
1. Emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus strains
2. Implications for vaccination and containment strategies
B. Impact of conflict and insecurity on vaccination efforts
1. Challenges in conflict-affected and hard-to-reach areas
2. Innovative approaches to reaching vulnerable populations
C. Addressing vaccine hesitancy and misinformation
1. Understanding the root causes of vaccine hesitancy
2. Communication strategies to counter misinformation and build trust

III. Innovations in Vaccination Strategies

A. Introduction of novel vaccination approaches
1. Development of new polio vaccines and delivery methods
2. Integration of polio vaccination with other immunization programs
B. Integrated approaches with other immunization programs
1. Synergies between polio eradication and broader immunization efforts
2. Leveraging existing health infrastructure for comprehensive vaccination
C. Leveraging technology for improved coverage and surveillance
1. Use of mobile technology for tracking vaccination coverage
2. Innovative surveillance methods for early detection of poliovirus circulation
IV. Engaging Communities and Stakeholders
A. Importance of community engagement in vaccination campaigns
1. Building trust and participation at the community level
2. Involving local leaders and influencers in advocacy efforts
B. Role of religious and community leaders in promoting vaccination
1. Harnessing the influence of religious and community leaders
2. Community-led initiatives to promote vaccination acceptance
 C. Collaboration with government and non-governmental organizations
1. Multi-sectoral partnerships for effective vaccination delivery
2. Support from NGOs and civil society in reaching underserved populations

V. Addressing Health Inequities

A. Reaching marginalized and underserved populations
1. Tailored strategies for reaching vulnerable and marginalized groups
2. Overcoming barriers to access in remote and resource-limited settings
B. Overcoming logistical challenges in hard-to-reach areas
1. Innovative approaches to vaccine delivery in challenging environments
2. Strengthening cold chain and supply chain systems in remote areas
C. Ensuring access to vaccines in low-resource settings
1. Sustainable financing mechanisms for vaccine procurement
2. Support for strengthening health systems in resource-constrained settings

VI. Surveillance and Response Mechanisms

A. Enhancing disease surveillance and response capacity
1. Strengthening laboratory and surveillance infrastructure
2. Rapid detection and containment of polio outbreaks
B. Early detection and rapid response to polio outbreaks
1. Developing rapid response protocols for suspected polio cases
2. Targeted vaccination campaigns in response to outbreaks
C. Maintaining high population immunity to prevent resurgence
1. Strategies for sustaining high immunization coverage levels
2. Identifying and addressing immunity gaps in at-risk populations

VII. Global Coordination and Funding

A. Role of international organizations in supporting eradication efforts
1. Coordination of global efforts through WHO and other agencies
2. Technical and financial support for country-led eradication programs
B. Importance of sustained funding for global polio eradication
1. Mobilizing resources for continued vaccination and surveillance activities
2. Long-term funding commitments for post-eradication activities
C. Mobilizing political will and commitment for eradication goals
1. Advocacy for political support at national and international levels
2. Engaging policymakers and influencers to prioritize eradication efforts

VIII. Conclusion
A. Recap of key challenges and strategies for polio eradication
1. Summary of the evolving landscape of polio eradication efforts
 2. Highlighting the multifaceted approach needed to overcome new challenges
B. Call to action for collective efforts towards a polio-free world
1. Emphasizing the shared responsibility of global polio eradication
2. Encouraging continued commitment and innovation in eradication strategies
C. Hope for a future without the burden of polio-related disease and disability
1. Envisioning the positive impact of successful eradication efforts
2. Affirming the possibility of a world free from the threat of poliovirus
transmission

B. Private Public Partnership in Disease Control: Integration of Non-

Communicable Disease Prevention and Control within the Context of
Primary and Secondary Health Care
1. Introduction
 Private Public Partnership (PPP): Collaboration between government and
private sector to improve healthcare delivery.
 Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Chronic diseases such as
cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases.
2. Importance of PPP in NCD Control
 Resource Mobilization: Leveraging private sector resources for public
health initiatives.
 Innovation and Efficiency: Private sector can introduce innovative
solutions and improve efficiency in healthcare delivery.
 Access to Care: Expanding reach and accessibility of healthcare services
through private sector involvement1.
3. Integration in Primary and Secondary Health Care
 Primary Health Care: Focus on prevention, early detection, and
management of NCDs through community health programs, health
education, and screening services.
 Secondary Health Care: Specialized care for managing NCDs, including
treatment and rehabilitation services in hospitals and clinics 2.
4. Strategies for Effective Integration
 Policy Framework: Developing policies that encourage PPPs and ensure
regulatory oversight.
 Capacity Building: Training healthcare workers and strengthening health
systems.
 Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular assessment of PPP initiatives to
ensure effectiveness and sustainability3.
a. Role of NGOs in Disease Control
1. Introduction
  Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Independent organizations
that operate without government control, often focusing on humanitarian and
development work.
2. Contributions to Disease Control
 Advocacy and Awareness: Raising awareness about diseases and
promoting health education.
 Service Delivery: Providing healthcare services, especially in underserved
areas.
 Research and Innovation: Conducting research to develop new treatments
and interventions4.
3. Examples of NGO Involvement
 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: Provides funding
and support for disease control programs.
 Doctors Without Borders (MSF): Delivers medical care in crisis situations.
 PATH: Innovates solutions for global health challenges
C. Disease Early Warning System
1. Introduction
 Disease Early Warning System (DEWS): A system designed to detect and
respond to disease outbreaks quickly.
2. Components of DEWS
 Surveillance: Continuous monitoring of disease incidence and prevalence.
 Alert Mechanism: Identifying and reporting unusual disease patterns.
 Response: Rapid mobilization of resources to contain and manage
outbreaks6.
3. Implementation
 Technology: Use of mobile phones, GIS, and other technologies for data
collection and analysis.
 Training: Educating healthcare workers on surveillance and response
protocols.
 Community Involvement: Engaging communities in reporting and
responding to disease outbreaks7.
D. Epidemiology of Genetics and Its Role in Communicable and Non-
Communicable Diseases
1. Introduction
 Genetic Epidemiology: Study of the role of genetic factors in health and
disease.
2. Role in Communicable Diseases
 Pathogen Genetics: Understanding genetic variations in pathogens to
develop vaccines and treatments.
  Host Genetics: Studying genetic susceptibility to infections and disease
outcomes8.
3. Role in Non-Communicable Diseases
 Genetic Risk Factors: Identifying genetic predispositions to diseases like
cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.
 Gene-Environment Interaction: Exploring how genetic and environmental
factors interact to influence disease risk9.
F. Epidemiology of NCDs in Nigeria
1. Overview
 Burden of NCDs: NCDs account for a significant proportion of morbidity
and mortality in Nigeria.
2. Major NCDs
 Cardiovascular Diseases: Leading cause of death, driven by hypertension
and lifestyle factors.
 Diabetes: Increasing prevalence due to dietary changes and urbanization.
10
 Cancer: High incidence of breast, cervical, and prostate cancers .
3. Risk Factors
 Lifestyle: Poor diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and alcohol
consumption.
 Socioeconomic Factors: Poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and
education11.
G. The National Action Plan for NCD Prevention, Control, and Health
Promotion: Concepts, Theory, and Practice
1. Introduction
 National Action Plan: A strategic framework to address the burden of
NCDs through prevention, control, and health promotion.
2. Key Concepts
 Prevention: Primary prevention through lifestyle modifications and health
education.
 Control: Secondary prevention through early detection and management of
NCDs.
12
 Health Promotion: Creating environments that support healthy behaviors .
3. Theoretical Framework
 Health Belief Model: Understanding individual perceptions of health risks
and benefits of preventive actions.
 Social Determinants of Health: Addressing the broader social, economic,
and environmental factors influencing health.
4. Practical Implementation
 Policy Development: Formulating policies that support NCD prevention
and control.
  Community Engagement: Involving communities in health promotion
activities.
 Monitoring and Evaluation: Tracking progress and outcomes to inform
future strategies
H. Biological Principles to Development of Disease Prevention and Control or
Management Programmes, Including Immunology and Microbiology
1. Introduction
 Disease Prevention and Control: Strategies aimed at reducing the
incidence and prevalence of diseases.
 Immunology: Study of the immune system and its role in defending against
pathogens.
 Microbiology: Study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi,
and protozoa.
2. Immunological Principles
 Innate Immunity: First line of defense, including physical barriers (skin,
mucous membranes) and immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils).
 Adaptive Immunity: Specific response involving T cells and B cells,
memory formation for long-term immunity.
 Vaccination: Introduction of antigens to stimulate an immune response
without causing disease, crucial for preventing infectious diseases.
3. Microbiological Principles
 Pathogen Identification: Techniques such as culture, staining, and
molecular methods (PCR, sequencing) to identify pathogens.
 Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms by which bacteria become resistant to
antibiotics, importance of antibiotic stewardship.
 Microbial Ecology: Understanding the interactions between
microorganisms and their environments, including human hosts.
4. Development of Disease Prevention and Control Programs
 Epidemiological Surveillance: Monitoring disease incidence and
prevalence to inform public health interventions.
 Risk Assessment: Identifying and evaluating risk factors for disease to
target prevention efforts.
 Intervention Strategies: Vaccination programs, sanitation improvements,
health education, and antimicrobial stewardship.
I. Burden of Diseases
1. Definition and Measurement
 Burden of Disease: Impact of health problems measured by financial cost,
mortality, morbidity, and other indicators.
 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs): Metric combining years of life
lost due to premature mortality and years lived with disability1.
2. Global Burden of Disease
 Communicable Diseases: Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS,
tuberculosis, and malaria.
 Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Chronic diseases such as
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and respiratory diseases.
 Injuries: Physical harm from accidents, violence, and self-harm.
3. Trends and Patterns
 Epidemiological Transition: Shift from communicable to non-
communicable diseases as primary health burden in many countries.
 Regional Variations: Differences in disease burden across regions due to
socioeconomic, environmental, and healthcare factors2.
J. Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Trends and Policies in
Nigeria and Selected Countries
1. Communicable Diseases in Nigeria
 HIV/AIDS: High prevalence, ongoing efforts for prevention and treatment.
 Malaria: Endemic, significant public health challenge, vector control and
treatment strategies.
 Tuberculosis: Co-infection with HIV, DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment,
Short-course) strategy for control.
2. Non-Communicable Diseases in Nigeria
 Hypertension, Diabetes, and Dyslipidemia: Increasing prevalence due to
lifestyle changes, urbanization3.
 Policy Responses: National strategies for NCD prevention and control,
integration with primary healthcare services4.
3. Global Trends and Policies
 High-Income Countries: Focus on NCDs, advanced healthcare systems,
and preventive measures.
 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Dual burden of communicable and
non-communicable diseases, need for integrated health policies 5.
K. Injury and Injury Prevention
1. Types of Injuries
 Unintentional Injuries: Road traffic accidents, falls, drowning.
 Intentional Injuries: Violence, self-harm, and suicide.
2. Risk Factors
 Behavioral: Alcohol and drug use, risky behaviors.
 Environmental: Unsafe infrastructure, lack of safety regulations.
 Socioeconomic: Poverty, lack of access to healthcare and education.
3. Prevention Strategies
 Primary Prevention: Education, legislation, and environmental
modifications to prevent injuries before they occur.
  Secondary Prevention: Early detection and prompt treatment to minimize
severity.
 Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation and support to reduce long-term
impact6.
4. Global and National Initiatives
 WHO Initiatives: Global strategies for injury prevention, including road
safety and violence prevention.
 National Programs: Country-specific policies and programs to address
local injury patterns and risk factors7.