MODULE 1 LESSON 1 Rosales, an archbishop Cortes ended with a fistfight in Congress.

TRIVIA • Its is rarely known that:

RA 1425 Rizal Law Other oppositors were from the Lower House • Bacolod City Bishop Manuel Yap threatened • Rizal was involved in a love triangle with
Republic Act 1425 popularly known as the • Congressman Ramon Durano • Marciano Lim to campaign against pro-Rizal bill legislators Antonio Luna as also part of the romantic
Rizal Law was passed in 1956 leaving an • Jose Nuguid • Manuel Soza • Godofredo and to punish them in future elections equation
imaginative tale of debate and contestation. Ramos • Miguel Cuenco • Lucas Paredes • • Catholic school representatives threatened • Rizal was a model in some of Juan Luna’s
• Rizal Law Aims to Congressmen Carmen Consing and • Tecia San to close down their schools if the Rizal bill was paintings
• To redirect the lives of youth to the ideals of Andres Ziga passed • Rizal’s common-law wife Josephine Bracken
freedom and nationalism for which our heroes • Oppositions argued that the bill: was “remarried” to a man from Cebu and had
lived and died; • Would go against freedom of conscience and Approved amendments tutored former President Sergio Osmena
• To pay tribute to our national hero for religion • Senator Laurel – created an amendment to • Leonor Rivera (Maria Clara) was Rizal’s true
devoting his life and works in shaping the • Among the 333 pages of Noli Me Tangere, the original bill which other that Noli Me love, had a son who married the sister of the
Filipino character and only 25 passages are nationalistic while 120 Tangere and El Filibusterismo, works written former President of the United Nations
• To gain an inspiring source of patriotism passages are anti-catholic, while in El by Rizal and works written by others about General Assembly Carlos P. Romulo
through Filibusterismo 50 passages were anti-catholic Rizal would be included and reading of the • The Filipina beauty queen Gemma Cruz
• The Catholic Bishops Conference of the unexpurgated revision of the two novels Araneta is a descendant of Rizal’s sister, Maria
History of the Rizal Law Philippines (CBCP) submitted a pastoral letter would no longer be compulsory to elementary • The sportscaster Chino Trinidad is a
• Senate bill 438 known as Rizal • To which according CBCP Rizal violated and secondary levels but would be strictly descendant of Rizal’s first love (Segunda
• First authored by Senator Claro M. Recto Canon Law 1399 which forbids or bans books observed to college level. Katigbak) and
• Requiring the inclusion in the curricula of all that attack or ridicule the catholic doctrine and • Senator Lim – suggested the exemption to • The original manuscript of Rizal’s novel (Noli
private and public schools, colleges, and practices • Oppositors pointed out that Rizal those students who feel that reading Rizal's Me and Fili) were once stolen from ransom,
universities the life, works and writing of Jose admitted that he did not only attack the friars novels would negatively affect his faith. but Alejandro Roces had retrieved them
Rizal particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere who acted deceptively on the Filipinos but also • Senator Primicias – created an additional without paying even a single centavo.
and El Filibusterismo • This was considered as the catholic faith itself. amendment that promulgates the rules and
one of the most controversial bills in the regulations in getting an exemption only from MODULE 2 LESSON 2
Philippines. • Oppositors suggested a reading material for reading the two novels through written 19th Century Philippine as Rizal’s Context
• Normally, before the bill was approved and students as to what they called RIZALIAN statements or affidavit and not from taking the
implemented in all schools and was signed into ANTHOLOGY Rizal Course. 19th Century • Is commonly depicted as the
law known as Republic Act 1425 • A collection of Rizal’s literary works that birth of modern life, as well as the birth of
• It had been brought to the Upper and Lower contain the patriotic philosophy excluding the • After the revised amendments the bill was many nation-states around the globe.
Congress for deliberations. two novels. finally passed on May 17, 1956 and was signed • The century was also a period of massive
• Recto and Laurel defended the bill and into law as Republic Act 1425 by President changes in Europe, Spain and consequently in
What made Bill 438 controversial • The bill argued Ramon Magsaysay On June 12, 1956. the Philippines.
was not just fiercely opposed by people from • That the only objective of the bill is: • It was during this era that the power and
Legislative Arm but also by the Catholic Church • to keep the memory of the national hero THE RIZAL LAW glory of Spain, the Philippines’ colonizer, had
alive in every Filipino’s mind • Republic Act 1425 waned both in its colonies and in the world.
• Due to the inclusion of compulsory reading • To emanate Rizal as he peacefully fought for • An act to include In the curricula of all public
of Rizal’s novels freedom and private schools, colleges and universities Discovery of the Philippines
• In which according to them, catholic dogmas • Not to go against religion courses on the life, works and writings of Jose March 16, 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan sighted
are humiliated. Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere the island of Samar
• Senator Claro M. Recto brought the bill to • Senator Lorenso Tanada, Quintin Parades and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing • March 17, 1521 – Magellan named the island
the Senate and Senator Jose B. Laurel Sr. who and Domocao Alonto of Mindanao and distribution thereof, and for other “Archipelago of St. Lazarus”
was then the Chairman of the Committee on • Congressman Jacobo Gonzales, Emilio purposes. • March 29, 1521 – The first blood compact
Education sponsored the bill that Cortez, Mario Bengson, Joaquin Roxas, Lancap between Magellan and Rajah Kulambo of
consequently led to exchange of arguments Lagumbay and Pedro Lopez. Republic Act No. 229 • Is an act prohibiting Limasawa was held
from the Congress. • Other supporters of the bill: cockfighting, horse racing and jai-alai on the • March 31, 1521 – The first Christian mass
• The bill was headedly opposed by three • Mayor Arsenio Lacson – call anti rizal bill thirtieth day of December of each year and • was celebrated in Limasawa, Southern Leyte
senators “bigote and intolerant” to create a committee to take charge of the by Fr. Pedro de Valderama
• Senator Francisco Rodrigo – former Catholic proper celebration of Rizal day in every
Action President Scene that arises in settling the Rizal Bill municipality and chartered city and for any End of the Galleon Trade
• Senator Mariano Cuenco and • Debate of Cebu Representative Ramon other purpose • Galleon trade was a ship trade going back
• Senator Decoroso Rosales – brother of Julio Durano and Pampanga Representative Emilio and forth between Manila and Acapulco,
Mexico. • Products such as sugar, Manila hemp, and • A century of hardship and social injustice became leaders in education and finance.
• It started when Andres de Urdaneta coffee were produced for foreign markets caused by the tobacco monopoly prompted The Rise of the Inquilinos
discovered a return route from Cebu to • Imported goods of the European factory Filipinos in general, to seek freedom from • Inquilino - “tenant”
Mexico in 1565 industry found their way into many parts of colonial bondage. • The 19th Century Inquilino system in the
• The trade served as the central income- the Philippines. Education in the 19th Century Philippines is better understood as a qualified
generating business for Spanish colonists in • The various economic activities in the new • Aim: • To convert the natives to the Catholic system of tenancy, or the right to use land in
the Philippines export-crop economy in the country provided faith and make them obedient • Colonial exchange for rent.
End of the Galleon Trade many opportunities for the expanding Chinese government and Catholic Church made • Due to the opening of the Suez canal and
• This 250-year trade were the intercultural population. religion a compulsory subject at all levels. elimination of the Galleon trade, there was an
exchanges between Asia, Spanish America and • The development of export crop industry in • King Philip II’s Laws of the Indies mandated increase in the demand of cultivating
onward to Europe and Africa the Philippines was motivated by the Spanish authorities in the Philippines to production of crops.
• Manila became a trading hub where China, commercial undertakings of Northern Europe educate the locals to teach them how to read • Resulted to, many estate turned
India, Japan and Southeast Asian countries and North American merchants, who provided and write and to learn Spanish. progressively to the inquillino system of land
sent their goods to be consolidated for capital, organization and access to foreign • Spanish missionaries did not seriously teach tenure
shipping. markets and sources of imports. them the Spanish language – • Estate management was granted to an
• Galleon Trade allowed modern, liberal ideas • In the fear that the Indios would become so administrator who was typically a lay Spanish
to enter the Philippines Monopolies knowledgeable and turn out to be their co- mestizo or Filipino lay brother. (p16)
• On September 14, 1815, the Galleon Trade • Another source of wealth during the post- equal • Inquilinos paid a fixed rent, and the amount
ended with Mexico’s war of independence galleon era was monopoly contracting. • The first formal schools in the land were the was determined by the size and quality of the
Opening of the Suez Canal • During the 1840s, the Spanish government parochial schools opened in their parishes by land being worked on.
• The Suez Canal is an artificial seal-level had legalized the use of opium (provided that the missionaries • With the expansion of land owned by
waterway in Egypt that connects the it was limited to Chinese) and a government • Aside from religion the native children were missionary congregations (friars' estate) the
Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the monopoly of opium importation and sales was taught reading, writing, and arithmetic and proportion of farmlands leased to inquilinos
Isthmus of Suez. created some vocational and practical art subjects. also increased allowing many of them to sub-
• Constructed by the Suez Canal Company • There were also monopolies of special crops • Aside from Christian Doctrines, Latin was lease parcels of their land to sharecroppers or
between 1859 and 1869 under the leadership and items such as spirituous liquors, betel also taught to the students instead of Spanish. kasama.
of French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps. nuts, tobacco and explossives • Corporal punishment was used as one way • This system eventually became very
• Suez Canal was officially opened on • Among these monopoly systems, the most to strictly discipline the locals to learn fast. profitable that some inquilinos acquired lands
November 17, 1869. controversial and oppressive to locals was the • College were established and followed by of their own and entered in other gainful
tobacco monopoly University education that was opened in the commercial ventures.
Advantages :Opening of Suez Canal • March 1, 1782 – Gov Gen. Jose Basco placed country during the early part of the 17th
• Commercial enterprises especially Europe the Philippine tobacco industry under century. Colleges and universities were open Conflicts • Dispute over communal areas
and East Asia government control. only to the Spaniards and those with Spanish • Frequently fighting over boarder lands
• The voyage was lessened to only 32 to 40 • It aimed to increase government revenues blood (mestizos). • Collection of excessive taxes and land rent
days. • An order was issued for the widespread • Its was only in the 19th century that these • Decline of sharing agreement
• It served as a significant factor that enabled cultivation of tobacco in the provinces of universities started accepting native Filipinos. • Extreme demand for labor services
the growth of nationalistic desires of Jose Rizal Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, • Still giving emphasis on religion. Did not • Capricious fixing of crop prices.
and other Filipino illustrados. Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija and Marinduque. earnestly teach science and math
• Expedited the importation not only of • The colonial government exported the • In 1863, a royal decree called for the
commercial products but also of books, tobacco to other countries and to the cigarette establishment of public school system in the The Political Landscape
magazines and newspaper with liberal ideas factories in Manila. Philippines • The so-called political influences affecting
from America and Europe • Tobacco Monopoly positively raised the 19th century Philippines largely impacted
• it has encouraged the ilustrados to pursue revenues for the government and made The Rise of Chinese Mestizos the locals, particularly Jose Rizal.
education abroad and learn scientific and Philippines tobacco prominent all over Asia • The development of commercial agriculture • Under these political influences, worthy of
liberal in European and some parts of Europe. in the archipelago resulted in the presence of mention are
• Negatively, the monopoly brought about a new class. • Liberalism
Rise of the Export of Crop Economy food shortages since the planting of basic • The rise of a new breed of rich and • The impact of the Bourbon reforms and
• The Philippines was well on its way of crops was somewhat neglected and influential Filipino middle class. • The Cadiz constitution
developing an export crop economy between abandoned. • Class is composed of Spanish and Chinese
1820 and 1870 some years after the end of the • The tobacco monopoly was finally abolished mestizos ascended to a position of power in Liberalism
Galleon Trade. in 1882 after 100 years of establishment. the Philippine society and in due course • When the Philippines was opened to the
world trade in the 19th century, liberal ideas • The Cadiz constitution which was formally
from America carried by ships and people from implemented in Manila, established the
foreign ports started to penetrate the country principles of universal male suffrage, national
and way the ilustrados. sovereignty, constitutional monarchy and
• These political thoughts included the freedom of the press and advocated land
ideologies of the American and French reform and free enterprises
Revolutions • And on May of 1814, the constitution that
• The actual experience of liberalism came was attempted to be put in place did not come
from the role modelling of the “first liberal to fruition, King Fernando VII declared it
gov. gen in the Philippines” - Governor General invalid and restored absolutism
Carlos Maria dela Torre
• The liberal Gov Gen Maria dela Torre was Seeing Rizal’s Life in His Society
appointed by the provisional government as • Sociological imagination – people can view
Gov gen of the Philippines. their inner life and career in terms of larger
• He held the position from 1869-1871 historical forces.
• Is widely considered to be the most beloved • Those who possess this quality of mind can
of the Spanish Gov Gen ever assigned in the understand theory own experiences by
country locating themselves in history
• Gov Gen dela Torre rule was essential in the • They can recognize the responses available
dawn of national consciousness of the locals in to them by becoming aware of all the
the 19th century. individuals who share the same situation as
• His liberal and democratic governance had themselves.
provided Jose Rizal and the others a preview
of democratic rule and way.

The Impact of the Bourbon Reforms

• Bourbon reforms endeavoured to curtail
contraband commerce, reclaim control over
transatlantic trade, restrict the church’s
power, reform state finances to fill dwindling
rotal coffers and found tighter administrative
and political control within the empire.
• Bourbon reforms policies lack some
ideological coherence, with diverse and
frequently contradictory aims of Madrid policy
makers.
• There were very different impacts of reforms
in the diverse Spanish empire having deep
consequences of colonial policy innovation

The Cadiz Constitution

• A liberal constitution was promulgated in
Cadiz in March 1812.
• Drafted by elected representatives
• The Cadiz constitution was put in practice in
almost all the areas of the Hispanic Monarchy
still under control of the Spanish Crown
• The first constitution in Europe to deal with
national sovereignty, recognizing sovereignty
as coming from the people and not from the
king.