Exercise 13.1.

1. Using L Hospital's rule, evaluate the following:

lim x3 - 8
a)
x0 x2 - 4
lim x3 - 8 form 0
Soln:
x  2 x2 - 4  0
lim 3x2 lim 3x 2 3×2
= = = =3.
x  2 2x x  2 2x 2
lim x4 - 3x3 + 2
b)
x 1 2x3 - 5x2 + 3x
lim x4 - 3x3 + 2  0
Soln: form 
x  1 2x3 - 5x2 + 3x  0
lim 4x3 - 9x2 4-9 -5
= = = = 5.
x  1 6x2 - 10x + 3 6 - 10 +3 -1
lim ex - x - 1
c)
x0 x2
lim ex - x - 1  0 lim ex - 1  0
Soln: form  = form 
x0 x2  0 x  0 2x  0

lim e x 1
= =
x0 2 2
lim ex + e-x - 2cosx
d)
x0 sin2x
lim ex + e-x - 2cosx form 0
Soln:
x0 sin2x  0
lim ex + e-x (-1) + 2sinx  0
=
x0 2sinx cosx form 0
lim ex - e-x (-1) + 2cosx
=
x  0 2{sin(-sinx) + cosx. cosx}
lim ex + e-x + 2cosx
=
x  0 2(cos2x - sin2x)
e0 + e0 + 2cos0 1 +1 + 2
= = = 2.
2(cos20 - sin20) 2(1 - 0)

Application of Derivatives
*232*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

lim 1 - 2x + x2
e)
x 1 1 + logx - x
lim 1-2x + x2 form 0
Soln:
x  1 1 + logx - x  0
lim -2 + 2x form 0
=
x1 1  0
-1
x
lim 2
= = -2.
x  1 -1
2
x
lim tan ax
f)
x0 tan bx
lim tan ax form 0
Soln:
x  0 tan bx  0
lim a sec2 ax a
= = .
x  0 b sec2 bx b
lim x2 - sin2x
g)
x0 x sin x
lim x2 - sin2x form 0
Soln:
x  0 x sinx  0
lim 2x - 2sinx cosx form 0
=
x  0 xcosx + sinx  0
lim 2 - 2{sinx (-sinx) + cosx cosx}
=
x0 x (-sinx) + cosx + sinx
lim 2 -2 (cos2x - sin2x)
=
x  0 -x sinx + cosx + sinx
2 -2 (1 - 0) 0
= = = 0.
0+1+0 1
lim tanx - x
h)
x0 x - sinx
lim tan x - x form 0
Soln:
x  0 x - sinx  0
lim sec2 x - 1  0
= form 
x  0 1 - cosx  0
lim 2secx . secx tanx
=
x0 -(-sinx)
lim 2sec2x . tanx
=
x0 sinx
sinx
2sec2x
lim cosx
=
x0 sinx
lim
= 2sec3x = 2.
x0

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*233*

lim x - sin x cos x

i)
x0 x3
lim x - sinx cosx form 0
Soln:
x0 x3  0
lim 1 - sinx (-sinx) + cosx cosx
=
x0 3x2
lim 1 - (cos2x - sin2x) form 0
=
x0 3x2  0
lim 1 + sin2x - cos2x form 0
=
x0 3x2  0
lim 2sinx cosx - 2cosx(-sinx) lim 2sinx cosx + 2sinx cosx
= =
x0 6x x0 6x
lim 2sin2x lim sin2x  0
= = form 
x  0 6x x  0 3x  0
lim 2cos2x 2
= = .
x0 3 3
lim (ex - 1) tanx
j)
x0 x2
lim (ex - 1) tanx form 0
Soln:
x0 x2  0
lim ex sec2x + tanx ex - sec2x form 0
=
x0 2x  0
lim ex 2secxsecxtanx + sec2xex + exsec2x + extanx - 2secxsecxtanx 0 + 1 +1 + 0 - 0
= = = 1.
x0 2x 2
2. Find the limiting values of the following (Use L’ Hospital's rule)
lim 2x2 + 3x
a)
x 1 + 5x2
lim 2x2 + 3x form 
Soln:
x  1 + 5x2  
lim 4x + 3 form 
=
x  10x  
lim 4 2
= = .
x  10 5
lim 3x2 - 5
b) 3
x 2x + 4x + 3
lim 3x2 - 5 form 
Soln: 3
x  2x + 4x + 3  
lim 6x form 
=
x  6x2 + 4  
lim 6 lim 1 6
= = = 0.
x  12x x  x 12

Application of Derivatives
*234*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

lim
sec7x
c) 
x sec 5x
2
lim
n sec7x form 
Sol : 
x sec 5x
2  

lim
cos 5x form 0
= 
x cos 7x
2
 0

lim
-sin 5x . 5
= 
x - sin 7x. 7
2

sin5
 2 . 5 5 -5
= = = .
 -7 7
sin7  .7
 2

lim log sinx

d)
x0 cotx
lim log sinx form 
Soln:
x  0 cot x  
cosx
lim sinx lim -cosx
= =
x  0 - cosec2x x  0 cosecx
lim
= (sinx cosx)= sin0 × cos0 = 0.
x0

lim logx
e)
x0 log cot x
lim log x form 
Soln:
x  0 log costx  
1
lim x
=
x0 1
(-cosec2x)
cotx
lim 1  -cotx 
=
x  0 x  cosec2x
lim cosx sin2x
= -
x  0 sinx x
lim sin2x  0
= - form 
x  0 2x  0
lim 2cos2x
= -
x0 2
= cos 2.0 = 1

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*235*

lim x4
f)
x ex
lim x4 form 
Soln:
x ex  

Applying L - Hospital rule until is vanished

lim 4x3  
= form 
x ex  
2
lim 12x form 
=
x ex  
lim 24x  
= form 
x ex  
lim 24 1
= = 24 ×  = 24 × 0 = 0.
x ex e
lim
tan5x
g) 
x tanx
2
lim
tan5x form 
Soln: 
x  tanx
2  
lim
5sec25x form 
= 
x sec2x  
2
lim
2cos2x form 0
= 
x  cos 5x
2
2
 0
lim
-10 cosx sinx form 0
= 
x  -2cos5x sin5x. 5  0
2
lim
sin2x form 0
= 
x
2
sin10x  0
lim
2cos2x
= 
x  10 cos10x
2
2(-1) 1
= = .
10(-1) 5

Hint and solution of MCQ's

1. Since  +  = , is not the indeterminate form.
2. From L Hospital's rule
lim
f '(x)
lim f (x) x a f '(a)
= =
x a g(x) lim g'(a)
g' (x)
xa
3. From L Hospital's rule
lim f '
exists if both (a) and (b) satisfies
x  c g'

Application of Derivatives
*236*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

4. Using L Hospital's rule

lim x2  0 lim 2x 2.0
from  = = =0
x  0 4sinx  0 x  0 4cosx 4cos0
lim tanx  0 lim
5. from  = sec2x = sec20 = 1
x0 x  0 x0
lim e3x – 1  0 lim 3. e3x 3. e0 3
6. from  = = =
x  0 2x  0 x0 2 2 2
lim x – sinx  0 lim 1 – cosx  0
7. from  = from 
x  0 sin–2x  0 x  0 2sinx cosx  0
lim sinx sin0
= = =0
x  0 2cos2x 2.cos0
lim
8. x2 e–x (form 0 × 1) = 0 × eo = 0
x 0
x x 1
lim xe x  log(1  x )  0 lim xe  e  1  x
9.
x0 sin 2 x from 0 = x  0 2 sin x cos x
x 1
lim e ( x  1)  1  x  0
=
x0 sin 2 x from 0
1
e x .1  ( x  1)e x 
=
lim 1  x 2 from 0 
x0 2 cos 2x  0
1
e 0  (0  1)e 0 
=
1  02 =
111 3

2 cos 0 2 2
lim lim 2
tan x   cos x  0
10. 1 form  = 1 from 
x sec2
x   x  cot x  0
2 2
lim
= 1 cos x. sinx
x
2
1 1
= cos. × sin.
2 2
=0×1=0
lim a sinx –  tanx  0
11.
x0 x2 from 0
lim a cos x   sec 2 x 0
= will take the from  , and hence limit is finite only if a = π
x0 2x  0
lim x sin –  sinx  0
12.
x  –x from 0
Using L' Hospital rule
lim sin  –  cosx
= [ is constant]
x  –1
sin  –  cos
= =  cos – sin
–1

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*237*

lim x2  
13. form 
x  ex/2  
lim 2x
=
x  1 x/2
.e
2
lim 4x  
= form 
x  ex/2  
lim 4 4 4
= = = =0
x  1 x/2 1  
e .e
2 2
lim 1 – coskx lim k2 coskx
14. =8  =8
x0 x2 x0 2
lim k sinkx k2. cos0
 =8  =8
x  0 2x 2
 k2 = 16
 k=4

Exercise 13.2.
x2
1. Compute y, dy and y - dy when y = + 3x, x = 2 and dx = 0.5
2
x2
Soln: We have, y = + 3x, x = 2 and dx = 0.5
2
2x
dy = f’(x)dx = 

 2 + 3 dx = (x + 3)dx = (2 + 3) × 0.5 = 2.5.
 y = f(x + x) – f(x)
2 2
= (x + x) + 3(x + x) - x + 3x
 2  2 
1
= [(x + x)2 - x2) + 3x
2
1
= [(2 + 0.5)2 - 22] + 3 × 0.5
2
1 2.25
= [6.25 - 4] + 1.5 = + 1.5 = 2.625.
2 2
 y - dy = 2.625 - 2.5 = 0.125.
2. Find an approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x m, caused by increasing the
sides by 1%. What is the percentage increment in the volume ?
Soln: Suppose that v be the volume of the cube  v = x3.......(i)
1 x
dx = 1% of x = x × = = 0.01x = x
100 100
 Increment in volume = (x + 0.01x)3 - x3 = (1.01x)3 - x3= 1.030301x3
0.03x3
 Percentage increment in volume = × 100 = 3%.
x3

Application of Derivatives
*238*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

3. Use differentials to approximate the change in x3 as x changes from5 to 5.01.

Soln: Let y = x3, x = 5, dx = 5.01 - 5 = 0.01
Now, dy = 3x2dx
 dy = 3× 52 × 0.01 = 75 × 0.01 = 0.75.
1
4. Find an approximate change in as x changes from 1 to 0.98.
x
1 1
Soln: Let y =  dy = - 2 dx
x x
Here, x = 1, dx = 0.98 - 1 = -0.02
-1
 dy = 2 × (-0.02) = -1 × (-0.02) = 0.02.
(1)
5. A circular copper plate is heated so that its radius increases from 5 cm to 5.06 cm. Find the
approximate increase in area and also the actual increase in area.
n
Sol : Let, area (A) = x2 such that radius = x = 5 and increment dx = 0.06
 Approximate increase in area = dA =2xdx = 2 × 5 ×0.06 = 0.06cm2.
A = x2
A + A = (x + x)2
 Actual increase in area = A = (x + x)2 - x2
= {(x + x + x) (x + x - x)}
= {(2x + x) x} = {(2.5 + 0.06) × 0.06}= 0.6036 cm2
6. Find the approximate increased in the surface area of a cube if the edge increases from 10 to
10.01 cm. Also calculate the percentage error in the use of differential approximation.
Soln: Let, S = 6x2, x = dx = 0.01, x = edge of the cube = 10
 ds = 6 × 2xdx = 12xds = 12 × 10 × 0.01 = 1.2cm2.
and S = 6(x + x)2 - 6x2 = 6[9x + x)2 - x2] = 6[(10.01)2 - (10)2] = 6 × 0.2001 = 1.2006 cm2
 Error = S– ds= 1.2006 - 1.2 = 0.0006cm2
Error 0.0006 0.06
 Error percentage= ×100 = × 100 = = 0.0001%.
S 6x2 6×(10)2
7. Find the approximate increase in the volume of a sphere when its radius increases from 2 to
2.1. Find also the actual increase and compare the two values.
4
Soln: Here, V = x3, x = 2, x = dx = 0.1(v= volume, x = radius)
3
4
 dV = 3x2dx = 4 × (2)2 × (0.1)= 16 ×(0.1) = 1.6.
3
4 4 4 4 5.044
 V= (x + x)3 - x3= x[x + x)3 - x3] = [(2.1)3 - 23] = .
3 3 3 3 3
Approximate increase in volume dV 1.6 1.6 × 3
 Comparison = = = = = 0.9516.
Actual increase in volume v 5.044 5.044
3
Hint and Solution of MCQ’s
1. If y = f(x), then approximate change in y is given by dy = f '(x) . x
2. If y = f(x), then y + y = f(x + x)
 y = f(x + x) – y = f(x + x) – f(x), is actual change in y

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*239*

error in Approximation y – dy
3. % error = × 100 = × 100
actual value y
4. f (x) = x2 – 1 ….. (i)
f '(x) = 2x
x = 2 and x = (2.01 – 2) = 0.01
 dy = f ' (x) dx = f ' (x). x = 2x. x = 2 × 2 × 0.01 = 0.04
5. f (x) = 2x
f '(x) = 2
x = 2 and x = (1.99 – 2) = – 0.01
 y = f(x + x) – f(x) = 2(x + x) – 2x = 2x = 2 × –0.01 = –0.02
6. A = r2
A' = 2r
r = 3 and r = 3.01 – 3 = 0.01
dA
= 2r
dr
 dA = 2r. dr = 2r. r = 2 × 3 × 0.01 = 0.06
1
7. y = x3
1
i.e. f(x) = x3
1
f '(x) =
3x2/3
x = 64 and x = 65 – 64 = 1 = dx
1 1 1
 dy = f ' (x). dx = . x = .1 = = 0.02
3. x2/3 3(64)2/3 48
8. r = 10cm, r = 0.2
A = r2
dA
 = 2r
dr
 dA = 2r.dr = 2r .r = 2 10  0.2 = 4(Approximate change in area)
 Approximate area = 100 + 4  = 104.
9. r = 12 cm
4
v = r3
3
dv 4
= . 3r2
dr 3
 dv = 4r2.dr
dv 6
 dr = = = 0.01
4r2 4 × 12 × 12
10 l = 5 cm, l = 0.02 cm
A = 6l2  A = 6  25 = 150 cm2
dA
 12 l dA = 12l.dl = 12l.l = 1250.02 = 1.2
dl
dA 1 .2
 Percentage error in computed area =  100%   100%  0.8%
A 150

Application of Derivatives
*240*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

Exercise 13.3 .

1. Find the slope and the inclination with the x-axis of the tangent of;
a) 2y = 2 - x2 at x = 1
x2
Soln: Here, y = 1 -
2
dy
 =0-x=-x
dx
dy 3
at x = 1, tan = = -1  = ( slope = tan)
dx 4
b) y = -3x - x4 at x = -1
Soln: Here, y = -3x - x4
dy
 = - 3 - 4x3
dx
dy 
at x = -1, tan = = - 3 -4(-1) = 1  = .
dx 4
c) x2 + y2 = 25 at (-3, 4)
Soln: Here, x2 + y2 = 25 .......(i)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy
2x + 2y =0
dx
dy -x
 =
dx y
dy -(-3) 3 3
at (-3, 4) ; tan = = =  = tan-1 
dx 4 4 4
d) 2x2 + 3y2 + 8x + 3 = 0 at (–1, 1)
Soln: Here,2x2 + 3y2 + 8x + 3 = 0.......(i)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy dy 4x + 8
4x + 6y + 8 = 0  =–
dx dx 6y
dy 4  (– 1) + 8 2 2
 at (– 1, 1);tan = =– =–  = tan-1–
dx 6 1 3  3
2. At what angle does the curve y(1 + x) = x cut the x - axis ?
Soln: Here, (1 + x) = x ......(i)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x,
dy
(1+x) +y.1=1
dx
dy 1-y
 =
dx 1+x
dy 1 - 0
at (0, 0);tan = = =1
dx 1-0

 =
4

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*241*

3. Find the equations of the tangents and normal to the curve

a) y = 2x3 - 5x2 + 8 at (2, 4)
Soln: Here, y = 2x3 - 5x2 + 3 ......(i)
Differentiating both sides w.r to x, we get
dy
= 6x2 - 10x
dx
dy
at (2, 4), = 6(2)2 - 10(2) = 24 - 20 = 4 = slope of tangent
dx
-1
 Slope of normal =
4
 Equation of tangent at (2, 4) is
y - 4 = 4 (x - 2)
 4x - y + 4 = 0
 Equation of normal at (2, 4) is
1
y - 4 = - (x - 2)
4
 x + 4y = 18
b) x2 - y2 = 7 at (4, -3)
Soln: Here, x2 - y2 = 7 .....(i)
Differentiate both sides with respect to x, we get
dy
2x - 2y =0
dx
dy x
 =
dx y
dy 4 4
at (4, -3), = = - = slope of tangent
dx -3 3
3
 Slope of normal =
4
 Equation of tangent at (4, -3) is Equation of normal at (4, -3) is
-4 3
y+3= (x - 4) y + 3 = (x - 4)
3 4
 3y + 9 = -4x + 16  4y + 12 - 3x + 12 = 0
 4x + 3y = 7 .  3x - 4y - 24 = 0 .
c) y2 = 2x at (8, 4)
Soln: Here, y2 = 2x ……. (i)
Differentiate (i) w.r.t. x we get
dy
2y =2
dx
dy 1
 =
dx y
dy 1
at (8, 4), = = slope of tangent
dx 4
 Slope of normal is – 4.

Application of Derivatives
*242*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

 Equation of tangent at (8, 4) is, Equation of normal at (8, 4) is,

1 y -4 = – 4(x - 8)
y –4 = (x – 8)
4  y -4 = – 4x + 32
 4y – 16 = x – 8  4x + y - 36 = 0.
 x –4y +8 = 0.
d) x2 + y2 = 20 at (4, –2)
Soln: Here, x2 + y2 = 20 ……. (i)
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy
2x + 2y =0
dx
dy x
 =–
dx y
dy 4
at (4, -2), =– = 2 = slope of tangent
dx –2
1
 Slope normal = – .
2
 Equation of tangent at (4, -2) is, Equation of normal at (4, -2)is,
y + 2 = 2(x – 4) 1
y + 2 = – (x - 4)
 y + 2 = 2x – 8 2

 2x – y=10.  2y +4 = –x + 4
 x +2y = 0.

4. Find the points on the curve where the tangents are parallel to the x-axis
a) y = 2x - x2
dy
Soln: Here, y = 2x - x2........(i)  = 2 - 2x
dx
dy
Since tangent is parallel to x-axis, =0  2 -2x = 0 x=1
dx
When x = 1, y = 2.1 - (1)2 = 1 Required point is (1, 1) .

b) y = x3 - 3x2 + 1
dy
Soln: Here,y = x3 - 3x2 + 1  = 3x2 - 6x
dx
Since the tangents are parallel to x-axis,
dy
=0
dx
 3x2 - 6x = 0 3x(x -2) = 0
 x = 0, 2
 From (i), if x = 0, y = 1 and if x = 2, y = -3
 Required points are (0, 1), (2, -3) .

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*243*

c) 4y = x4 - 8x2
x4
Soln: Here, y = - 2x2........(i)
4
dy
Differentiating both sides w.r.to x. we get = x3 - 4x
dx
Since the tangents are parallel to x-axis,
dy
=0 x2 - 4x = 0
dx
 x(x2 - 4) = 0
 x = 0, x = ± 2
Using (i), when x = 0, y = 0 and when x =± 2, y = -4
 Required points on the curve are (0, 0) (± 2, -4) .
d) x + y2 – 2x – 8 = 0
2

Soln: Here, x2 + y2 – 2x – 8 = 0........(i)

dy 1 – x
Differentiating both sides w.r.to x. we get =
dx y
Since the tangents are parallel to x-axis,
dy 1–x
=0  =0 x = 1
dx y
Using (i), when x = 1, y = ± 3.
 Required points on the curve are (1, 3) and (1, – 3).
5. Find the points on the circle x2 + y2 = 16 at which the tangents are parallel to the;
a) x-axis b) y-axis.
Soln: Here, x2 + y2 = 16 .......(i)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get,
dy dy -x
2x + 2y =0  =
dx dx y
dy -x
a) If tangent are parallel to x-axis then =0  =0 x=0
dx y
Using (i), when x = 0, y = ± 4.
 Required points are (0, ± 4)
dx -y
b) If tangent are parallel to y-axis then =0  y=0
dy x
Using (i), when y = 0, x = ± 4
 Required points are (± 4, 0) .
6. a) Find the point on the curve 4y = x2 where the tangent drawn makes angle 45° with the x-
axis.
Soln: Here, 4y = x2.......(i)
Differentiating both sides w. r. to x, we get
dy dy x
4  = 2x  =
dx dx 2

Application of Derivatives
*244*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

Since the tangent drawn makes 45° with x-axis

dy x
 = tan 45o  =1 x=2
dx 2
Using (i), when x = 2, y = 2
 Required point is (2, 1)
b) Find the point on the curve x2 = 3y + 1 at which the tangent is parallel to the line
4x + 3y + 5 = 0.
n
Sol : Here, x2 = 3y + 1 ........(i)
Differentiating both w.r. to x, we get
3dy dy 2x
2x =  =
dx dx 3
Since the tangent is parallel to the line 4x + 3y + 5 = 0, then
4 2x -4
Slope of line = - = slope of tangent  =  x = -2
3 3 3
Using (i), when x = -2, y = 2
 Required point is (-2, 1)
c) Find the point on the curve y2 = 4x + 1 at which the tangent is perpendicular to the line
7x + 2y = 10.
Soln: Here, y2 = 4x + 1 ..........(i)
Differentiating both sides w.r. to x, we get
dy dy 2
2y =4  = .........(ii)
dx dx y
Since the tangent is parallel to the line 7x + 2y - 10 = 0
4 2 2
Slope of line = - = slope of tangent  = y = 7
3 y 7
Using (i), when y = 7, x = 12
 Required point is (12, 7)
x2 y2 x y
7. Show that the equation of the tangent to the curve 2 + 2 = 2 at the point (a, b) is + = 2
a b a b
2 2
x y
Soln: Here, 2 + 2 = 1 ........(i)
a b
Differentiating both sides w.r. to x, we get
1 1 dy
2x + 2 2y =0
a2 b dx
2y dy 2x
 =- 2
b2 dx a
dy b2 x
 = - 2 ........(ii)
dx a y
dy b2 a -b
at point (a, b),   =- 2 =
 dx(a, b) a b a
 Equation of tangent at (a, b) is
-b
y-b= (x - a)
a
x y
 ay - ab = - xb + ab xb + ay = 2ab  + =2
a b

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*245*

8. Find the angle of intersection of the curves;

a) y = 6 - x2 and x2 = 2y
dy
Soln: Here, y = 6 - x2......... (i)  = - 2x = m1
dx
dy
x2 = 2y ..........(ii)  = x = m2
dx
Solving (i) and (ii)
x2
= 6 - x2
2
 x2 = 12 - 2x2  3x2 = 12 x = ± 2
Using (i), when x = ± 2, y = 6 - (±2)2 = 6 - 4 = 2
 Point of intersection of the curves is (±2, 2)
dy
at (2, 2) = - 2 × 2 = -4 = m1
dx
dy
at (2, 2) = 2 = m2
dx
If  be the angle between (i) and (ii)
m1 - m2 -4 - 2 -6 6
tan = = =  = tan-1  at (2, 2)
1 + m1. m2 1 + (-4) (2) -7 7
dy
Again, at (-2, 2) = -2 × -2 = 4 = m1
dx
dy
at (-2, 2) = -2 = m2
dx
m1 - m2 4 - (-2) 4 + 2 6 6
Now, tan = = = =-  = tan-1-
1 + m1m2 1 + 4(-2) 1 - 8 7  7 at (- 2, 2)
b) 4y = x2 + 12 and y2 = 8x at (2, 4)
x2
Soln: Here, y = + 3 .......(i)
4
dy 2x
 = = m1
dx 4
and y2 = 8x ..........(ii)
dy 8
 = = m2
dx 2y
dy 2.2
at (2, 4) = = 1 = m1 and
dx 4
dy 8
at (2, 4) = = 1 = m2
dx 2.4
m1 - m2 1-1
Now, tan = = =0  = 0 .
1 + m1m2 1 + 1.1
So, these curves has the common tangent
c) 2y = x2 and 2x2y = 1
2
x
Soln: Here, y = ........(i)
2
dy
 = x = m1
dx
1
y= ..........(ii)
2x2

Application of Derivatives
*246*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

dy 2y
 =- = m2
dx x
Solving (i) and (ii) we get,
1 x2
2 = x4= 1 x = ± 1
2x 2
1
Putting x = 1 in (i) we get, y =
2
1  1
Point of intersection of the curves is1

 2 &-1‚ 2
1 dy
at 1
 2 , dx = 1= m1
1 dy
at 1  ;
 2 dx = -1 = m2
Here, m1 × m2 = 1 × - 1 = -1
1
So tangents at 1  are perpendicular to each other. i.e  = 90°
 2
1 dy
Again, at -1‚  ,
 2 dx = -1 = m1
1
2.
1 dy 2
at -1‚  , =- = 1 = m2
 2 dx -1
Here, m1 × m2 = - 1 × 1 = -1
1
So, tangents at -1‚  are perpendicular to each other. i.e.  = 90° .
 2
9. a) Prove that the tangents to the curve y = x2 – 3x + 4 at (1, 2) and (2, 1) are perpendicular to
each other.
Soln: Here, y = x2 – 3x + 4.......(i)
Differentiating both sides w.r. to x we get,
dy
= 2x – 3.
dx
dy
at (1, 2), = 2  1 – 3 = - 1 = m1
dx
dy
at (2, 1), = 2  2 – 3 = 1 = m2
dx
Now, m1 m2 = -1  1 = -1.
Hence, the tangents are perpendicular to each other.
b) Prove the tangents to the curve y = x3 – 5 at (1, 5) and (–1, 5) are parallel.
Soln: Here, y = x3 – 5.......(i)
Differentiating both sides w.r. to x we get,
dy
= 3x2.
dx
dy
at (1, 5), = 312 = 3 = m1
dx
dy
at (–1, 5), = 2 (-1)2 = 3 = m2
dx
Here, m1= m2 implies the tangents are perpendicular.

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*247*

Hint and Solution of MCQ's

1. The tangent is parallel to x-axis if m = tan 0o = 0.
2. The tangent is parallel to y-axis if m= tan 90o = 
dy
3. = 4x
dx
dy
m =
dx at x = 1
= 4 × 1 = 4.
dy
4. = x2 – 2
dx
dy
 m= at x = – 1
dx
 tan = (–1)2 – 2 = – 1
3
 =
4
5. Given curve, y (x – 2) – x + 3 = 0 ……. (i)
at x – axis y = 0,
 0 (x – 2) – x + 3 = 0
 x = 3, so curve crosses x - axis from (3, 0)
Now, differentiating (i) with respect to 'x'
d dy dx dz
y. (x – 2) + (x – 2). – + =0
dx dx dx dx
dy
 y + (x – 2) –1=0
dx
dy 1–y
 =
dx x–2
dy 1–0 
 = =1  tan = 1  =
dx at (3, 0) 3 – 2 4
2
6. y = 4x ……… (i)
differentiating,
dy
2y. =4
dx
dy 2
 =
dx y
dy 2
at (1, 2); = =1=m
dx 2
so, equation of tangent at (1, 2) is
y – 2 = m (x – 1)
 y – 2 = 1 (x – 1)
 x–y+1=0
7. x2 = 2y …………. (i)
Differentiating,
dy
2x = 2.
dx
dy dy
 = x at (–2, 2); =–2=m
dx dx

Application of Derivatives
*248*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

so, equation of tangent at (–2, 2) is

y – 2 = m (x + 2)
 y – 2 = – 2 (x + 2)
 2x + y + 2 = 0
dy
8. Here, =1
dx
x2 = 4y + 3 ……….. (i)
Differentiating
dy x
2x = 4. 1=
dx 2
dy x x=2
 =
dx 2 when x = 2, form (i)
1
4 = 4y + 3  y =
4
1
 The point is 2 
 4
9. y = 4x – x2 ……. (i)
dy
 = 4 – 2x
dx
dy
If tangent is | | to x -axis then =0
dx
 4 – 2x = 0 x=2
then from (i) y = 4.2 – 22 = 4
 the point is (2, 4)
10. x2 + y2 = a2 ….. (i)
differentiating,
dy
2x + 2y. =0
dx
dy
If tangent is || to x-axis then =0
dx
x
 – =0 x=0
y
when x = 0, y2 = a2 y=a
 The point is (0,  a)
11. y = 2x2 – 4x – 3 ……… (i)
dy
 = 4x – 4 , is slope of tangent
dx
Here, tangent is || to 4x – y + 2 = 0
 slope of tangent = slope of 4x – y + 2
–4
 4x – 4 =  4x = 8 x=2
–1
 y = 2.22 – 2.2 – 3 = –3
 The point is (2, –3).

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*249*

12. Tangent at (–4, 2) is

y – 2 = m (x + 4) ……. (i)
m = tan = tan45o = 1
 y – 2 = 1(x + 4) x–y+6=0
13. 4y = x2 …….. (i)

dy
 4 = 2x
dx
dy x x
 =  tan45o =
dx 2 2
x  x=2
 1=
2
When x = 2, 4y = x2
y=1
 The point is (2, 1)

Exercise 13.4 .
1 (a) A particle moves in a straight line. The distance s (measured in meter) covered by the
particle in time t (in second) is given bys = 2t2 + 5t – 4
Find the velocity and the acceleration of the particle in 6 secs.
Soln: Here,s = 2t2 + 5t – 4
ds
 = 4t + 5
dt
2
ds
=4
dt2
ds
At t = 6, = 4.6 + 5
dt
d 2s
= 29 and =4
dt2
 the velocity is 29 m/s and acceleration = 4m/s2
(b) The displacement of the particle varies with time according to the relation x = –15t2
1
+ 20t + 30. Find the velocity and the acceleration of the particle in second. The
2
distance is measured in meter and time in second.
Soln: Here, x = –15t2 + 20t + 30
dx
 = – 30t + 20
dt
d2x
Again, 2 = –30
dt
1 dx 1
At t = , = –30. + 20 = 5m/s
2 dt 2
2
1 dx
At t = , 2 = –30m/s2
2 dt
 the velocity is 29 m/s and acceleration is 4m/s2

Application of Derivatives
*250*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

2. (a) The side of a square sheet is increasing at the rate of 5 cm/min. At what rate is the area
increasing when the side is 12 cm long ?
n
Sol : Let, A be the area and l be the length of side of the square then
A = l2

 dA dl
 2l
dt dt
dl
Here,  5 cm/min
dt
dA
When, l = 12 cm then dt
= 2 × 12×5 cm3/min
= 120 cm2/min
 the increasing rate of area = 20m2/min.
(b) A stone thrown into a pond produces a circular ripples which expands from the point of
impact. If the radius of the ripple increases at the rate of 3.5 cm/sec, how fast is the area
22
growing when the radius is 15 cm ? ( = )
7
n
Sol : Let A be the area and r be the radius of the circular ripple at a time t second, then
dr dA
= 3.5cm2/sec, = ? when r = 15 cm
dt dt
Now, area of circle (A) = r2
dA d(pr2) dr
 = = 2r
dt dt dt
22
= 2.. 15 × 3.5 =30 × 3.5 = × 30 ×3.5 = 330cm2/sec.
7
3 (a) From a cylindrical drum containing oil and kept vertical, the oil is leaking so that the
level of the oil is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/min. If the radius and the height of the
drum are 10.5 cm and 40 cm respectively, find the rate at which the volume of the oil is
22
decreasing. ( = )
7
Soln: Let V be the volume, r be radius and h be height of a cylinderat any time t
dh dv
Here, = 2cm/ min, r = 10.5 cm, h = 40cm and =?
dt dt
We have, V = r2h
dV 2 dh 22 3
 = r
dt
=  10 .5 2 .2 =693 cm / min
dt 7
(b) Water is poured into a right circular cylinder of radius 8 cm at the rate of 18 cu.cm/min.
Find the rate which the level of water is rising in the cylinder.
n
Sol : Let V, h and r be the volume, height and radius of the circular cylinder at any time t, then
dV dh
= 18cu. cm /min, = ? when r = 8 cm
dt dt
We have, V = r2h  V = 64h
Differentiating both sides of (ii) w. r. t. t we get,
dV dh dh dh 18
= 64 18 = 64  = m/min
dt dt dt dt 64π

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*251*

(c) Gasoline is pumped into a vertical cylindrical tank at the rate of 24 cu.cm/min. The
radius of the tank is 9 cm. How fast is the surface rising ?
Soln: Let V, h and r be the volume, height and radius of circular cylindrical tank at a time t, then
dV dh
= 24cu./min, = ? when r = 9cm
dt dt
d (r 2 h ) dh
  r 2
dt dt
dh
 24 = .92
dt
dh 24 8
 = = cm/min
dt 81π 27π
4. (a) A spherical balloon is inflated at the rate of 18 cu.cm/sec. At what rate is the radius
increasing when the radius is 8 cm ?
Soln: Let, V be the volume and r be the radius of the spherical balloon at time t, then
dV dr
= 18 cm3/sec, = ? when r = 8 cm
dt dt
4
We know, V = πr 3
3
dV 4 dr dr
 = ×3πr 2 . 18 = 464
dt 3 dt dt
dr 9 dr 9
 =  =
dt 128π dt 128π
(b) A spherical ball of salt is dissolving in water in such a way that the rate of decrease in
volume at any instant is proportional to the surface. Prove that the radius is decreasing at
the constant rate.
Soln: Let V and r be the volume and radius of the spherical ball of salt at time t, then
4
Volume (V) = π r 3 and Surface area (S) = 4r2
3
dV
Here,  S at time t
dt
dV
 = - kS, where - k is constant
dt
4 dr 2
 π .3 r 2 dt = - k 4r
3
dr
 = –k, constant
dt
Hence, radius is decreasing at a constant rate.
1
5 (a) The radius of the conical tank is of the height. Water flows into an inverted conical tank
3
at the rate of 4.4 cu.cm/sec. How fast is the level rising when the height of the water is
22
3.5 cm ? ( = )
7
Soln: LetV, r and h are volume,radius and height of cone at any time t,
dV dh 1
Here, dt = 4.4 cu. cm/sec, = ? when r = h
dt 3

Application of Derivatives
*252*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics
2
1 2 1 h 1
We know, V = πr h = 3  3 h = πh 3
3   27
dV π dh
 = .3h 2
dt 27 dt
dh 9 dV
 = .
dt πh 2 dt

dh 9 252 36
 = × 4.4 = = cm/sec.
dt π×(3.5) 2 245 35

(b) Water flows into an inverted conical tank at the rate of 42 cm3/sec. When the depth of the
water is 8 cm, how fast is the level rising ? Assume that the height of the tank is 12 cm
and the radius of the top is 6 cm.
Soln: Let O be vertex and C be centre of a conical tank such that height (OC) = 12cm and radius
(CB) = 6cm. Suppose OD = h and DE = r be the height and radius of the water surface at a
time t. then by the property of similar triangles in BCO and EDO.
O
DE DO r h 1
    r = h
CB CO 6 12 2 D E
2
1 2 1 h 1 A C B
 V= πr h V =  h V = πh 3 … (i)
3 3 2 12
Now differentiating both sides of (i) w. r. t. t, we get,
dV 1 dh 1 dh
 = πh 3 = πh 2
dt 12 dt 4 dt
1 dh 1 dh
 42 = π(8) 2  42 = 64π
4 dt 4 dt
dh dh 168 21
 168 = 64  = = cm/sec.
dt dt 64π 8π
6. If the volume of an expanding cube is increasing at the rate of 24 cm3/min, how fast is its
surface area increasing when the surface area is 216 cm2.
Soln: Let x = side of a cube, V = volume and S = surface of a cube in time t
dv
Here, = 24 cm3/min and S = 216 cm2  6x2= 216 x = 6
dt
We know that,
V = x3
dV dx dx dx 24 8
 = 3x2 24 = 3x2  = =
dt dt dt dt 3x2 x2
Again, S = 6x2
dS dx
 = 6 × 2x
dt dt
8 96 96
= 12x × = = = 16 sq.cm./min.
x2 x 6

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*253*

7. Two concentric circles are expanding in such a way that the radius of the inner circle is
increasing at the rate of 10 cm/sec and that of the outer circle at the rate of 7 cm/sec. At a
certain time, the radii of the inner and the outer circles are respectively 24 cm and 30 cm. At
what time, is the area between the circles increasing or decreasing ? How fast ?
Soln: Let r1 and r2 be the radius of inner and outer circle respectively in the same time t. If A1 and A2 be
area of inner and outer circles respectively then, A1 = r12and A2 = r22
dr1 dr2
Here, = 10 cm/sec and = 7 cm/sec
dt dt
r2
dA1 dr1
Now, = 2r1 = 2r1 × 10 = 20r1
dt dt
dA2 dr2 r1
= 2r2 = 2r2 × 7 = 14r2
dt dt
Let, A be the area enclosed between two circles, then
A = A2– A1
dA dA2 dA1
 = – = 14r2– 20r1
dt dt dt
When r1 = 24 cm and r2 = 30 cm then,
dA
= 14 × 30 – 20 × 24 = 420– 480 = –60 sq.cm/sec
dt
This negative sign shows that area between circles is decreasing in time t at the rate of 60
sq.cm/sec.
8. A man of height 1.5 m walks away from a lamp post of height 4.5 m at the rate of 20 cm/sec.
How fast is the shadow lengthening when the man is 42 cm from the post ?
Soln: Let AB = height of lamp post = 4.5 m A

DC = height of man = 1.5 m

D
C, the position of the man in time t such that BE = x and CE = y
AB BC 4.5 x + y
 =  =
DC EC 1.5 y B x C y E

x+y
 3=  3y – y = x
y
dy dx
 2y = x 2 =
dt dt
dy 1 dx
 = .
dt 2 dt
dx dy 1 dx 1
When x = 42 and = 20 cm/sec then = . = .20= 10 cm/sec.
dt dt 2 dt 2
 the shadow lengthening at the rate of 10 cm/sec.
9. A point is moving along the curve y = 2x3– 3x2 in such a way that its x–coordinate is increasing
at the rate of 2 cm/sec. Find the rate at which the distance of the point from the origin is
increasing when the point is at (2, 4).
Soln: Let P(x, y) be a point moving along the curve y = 2x3– 3x2 and reaches to the point (2, 4) at time t
and O(0, 0) be the origin
ds
Let s be the distance between origin O and point P and we have to find when (x, y) = (2, 4)
dt

Application of Derivatives
*254*Solution Manual to Basic Mathematics

dx Y
Here, = 2 cm/sec
dt
dy d dx dx
and = (2x3– 3x2) = 6x2 – 6x P(x, y)
dx dt dt dt

dy
 At (2, 4) = 6 × 22 × 2 – 6 × 2 × 2 = 24 cm/sec. X
dx O (0, 0)
Here, s = x2 + y2
ds d x2 + y2 d(x2 + y2) 1  dx dy
 = × = 2 2x dt + 2y dt 
dt d(x2 + y2) dt 2
2 x +y
ds 1
 At the point (2, 4), = (2 × 2 × 2 + 2 × 4 × 24)
dt 2 22 + 4 2
1 1
= × 200= × 20 × 20 × 10 = 5 × 2 20 cm/sec
2 20 2 20
10 (a) A kite is 24 metres high and there are 25 metres of chord out. If the kite moves
horizontally at the rate of 36 km.p.h. directly away from the person who is flying it, how
fast is the chord out.
Soln: Let O be the position of the man such that OB = s whereBis position of the kite.
dx
Let, AB = x and OA = 24 m = 0.24k.m  =36 km/hr. x
dt A B

In right angled triangle OAB,

(OB)2 = (AB)2 + (OA)2 24 s
2 2 2
 s = x + (0.24) –––––(i)
Differentiating w.r.t. t, we get,
O
ds dx ds x dx
2s =2x  =
dt dt dt s dt
When s = 25m = 0.025km. Then from (i), we get,

x= s2 - (0.24) 2 = (.025)2 – (.024)2 = 0.007 km.

ds x dx .007
 = = × 36 = 10.08 km/hr.
dt s dt 0.025
(b) A 2.5 m ladder leans against a vertical wall. If the top slides downwards at the rate of 12
cm/sec, find the speed of the lower end when it is 2 m from the wall.
Soln:Let AB be the position of the ladder such that; Y

dy
OA = x and OB = y. then, = –12 cm/ sec, AB = 2 m. B
dt
In right triangle AOB,
x2 + y2 = 22 … (i)
2 2 2 O X
A
 y = 2.5 – 4 = 2.25 = (1.5)
 y = 1.5 m

Calculus
 Application of Derivatives*255*

Now, differentiating both sides of (i) with respect to t, we have,

dx dy
2x × + 2y = 0
dt dt
dx y dy 1.5
 =– = – × – 12 = 9 cm/min.
dt x dt 2

Hint and Solution of MCQ’s

dp
1. = c (c > 0)
dt
 Rate of population is increasing at constant rate.
2. Let l be the length and A be the area, then A = l2
dA dl
 = 2l. …… (i)
dt dt
dA dl
 = 2c.l [ = c]
dt dt
d
 l
dt
 Area of square increases at a rate proportional to the side of the square.
3. Let C, a circumference and A, the area of circle, then we have
dC d2r
= k, k > 0  =k
dt dt
dr dr k
 2. =k  =
dt dt 2

Now, A = r2
dA dr dA k
 = 2r.  = 2r.
dt dt dt 2
dA dA
 = k. r  r
dt dt
 The area of circle increases proportional to the radius of the circle
dr
4. = – k, for k > 0
dt
4 3
Now,v = r
3
dv 4 dr dv dr
 = . 3r2.  = 4r2.
dt 3 dt dt dt
dv dv
 = – 4kr2   r2
dt dt
 The volume is decreases as the square of the radius.
5. S = at2 + bt + c
S' = 2at + b
S'' = 2a, constant
 Acceleration increases at constant rate for a > 0.

Application of Derivatives