REVIEWER

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

Pre-Colonial Period: Philippine ●​ Express norms or codes of
Oral Lore behavior, community
beliefs or they instill
Pre-Colonial Literature
values by offering nuggets
Characteristics
of wisdom in short,
●​ The beginning of life and rhyming verse
of the Earth ●​ Ifugao uses it to advise
●​ Accounts about great the young
people or supernatural ●​ Most of Rombloanon
heroes literature is in the form
●​ The inclusion of gods and of proverbs
goddesses Folk song
●​ The inclusion of mythical
creatures ●​ Usually about a particular
●​ Themes on morality; good group of people, an event,
and bad practices or an experience
●​ Daily encounters and ●​ Traditionally performed on
activities in life folk instruments,
repetitive and sonorous,
Folk Speeches never written down, and
●​ Refer to the dialect, or had unknown origins
style of speaking, unique ●​ Are repetitive and
to people living in a sonorous
geographical area. ●​ Children’s song
o​ Ida-ida a rata
Riddles (Maguindanao)
o​ Cansiones pra abbing
●​ Tigmo in Cebuano
(Ibanag)
●​ Patakton in Ilongo
o​ Tulang pambata
●​ Patototdon in Bicolano (Tagalog)
●​ Bugtong in Tagalog o​ Leron leron sinta
●​ Igum in Palawan o​ Bahay kubo
●​ A way of seeing ●​ Composed in metaphorical
●​ Riddling in Tausug language and is resorted
society, especially during to when a cautious and
weddings, wakes, and the euphemistic expression is
month of Ramadan, becomes required
a duel of wit and wisdom ●​ Love songs
●​ Were used to entertain o​ Bayok (Maranao)
●​ Ifugao riddles serve to o​ Namunit or Fishing
entertain and at the same (Rombloanon)
time educate the young o​ Pananawagon and
balitao (Ilongo)
o​ Harana or serenade
Proverbs (Tagalog/Cebuano)
o​ Tubud-tubud
●​ Salawikain (Maguindanao)
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
o​ Cancion (Cuyunon ●​ Liddum (Ifugao)
serenade) ●​ Mahal Makakaako (Mangyan)
o​ Gadang lallao ●​ Laon (Visayan)
(poetry) ●​ Magbabaya (Bukidnon)
●​ Lullaby ●​ Sualla or Tullud (Tiruray)
o​ Ili-ili
●​ Melu (Blaan)
(Ilongo/Hiligaynon)
●​ Makalidug (Manobo)
o​ Batabata (Tausug)
●​ Diwata (Bagobo)
●​ About nature, childhood,
human relationships, and ●​ Manama (Munuvu)
hospitality ●​ Kadaw La Sambad and Bulon
o​ Ambahan La Mogaw (Tiboli)
●​ Work songs
o​ Kalusan (Ivatan)
o​ Soliranin (Tagalog) Literature
o​ Mambayu (Kalinga)
●​ Derived from the Latin
o​ Anop (Hunting)
word literatura which
o​ Rice-pounding song
means writing, from
for wedding
literatus means learning
(Tinguian)
o​ Si Pilimon (Filemon) ●​ Covers both oral and
written forms of works
●​ Funeral songs
which manifest expressive
o​ Duplo
and imaginative quality,
o​ Dung-Aw
nobility of thoughts,
o​ Annako (Bontoc
timelessness, and
Igorot)
universality
Folk Narratives ●​ Takes significant human
experiences as its main
●​ Stories handed down from subject
the remote past by words
of mouth from one 7 Literary Standards of
generation to another, Literature
reflecting culture and
tradition of a group ●​ Artistry
●​ Alamat (legend) ●​ Intellectual Beauty
●​ Kwentong bayan (folktale) ●​ Suggestiveness
●​ Epiko (epic) ●​ Spiritual Value
●​ Permanence
●​ Suggestiveness
God/s called: ●​ Style

●​ Bathala (Tagalog) Importance of Literature

●​ Mangetchay (Kapampanagan) ●​ Expands horizons
●​ Gugurang (Bicol) ●​ Builds critical thinking
●​ Lumawig (Bontoc) skills
●​ Kabunian (Igorot) ●​ Expanding horizons
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
●​ A leap into the past o​ Religious lyrics
●​ Appreciation for other written by Ladino
culture and beliefs poets or those versed
in both Spanish and
Tagalog were included
Spanish Colonization Period in early Cathecism
and were used to
Spanish Influence on Literature teach Filipino the
Spanish language
1.​The first Filipino
●​ Seculiar (non-religious)
Alphabet called alibata
Literature
was replaced by the Roman
Alphabet The First Books
2.​The teaching of Christian
Doctrines became the basis 1.​Ang Doctrina Christiana
of religious practices (The Christian Doctrine)
3.​The Spanish language ●​ First book printed in
became the literary the Philippines in 1593
language during this time in xylography
lent many of its words to ●​ Written by Fr. Juan de
our language Placencia and Fr.
4.​European legends and Domingo Nieva
traditions brought here ●​ Contained:
became assimilated in our ●​ Pater Noster(Our
songs, corridos, and Father)
moro-moros ●​ Ave Maria (Hail Mary)
5.​Ancient literature was ●​ Regina Coeli (Hail Holy
translated to Tagalog and Queen)
other dialects ●​ The ten Commandments of
6.​Many grammar books were God
printed in Filipino, like
●​ The Commandments of the
Tagalog, Ilocano, and
Catholic Church
Visayan
●​ The Seven Mortal Sins
7.​Our periodicals during
these times gained a ●​ How to confess
religious tone ●​ Cathecism
2.​Nuestra Señora del Rosario
Literary Forms ●​ Second book printed in
the Philippines
●​ Religious Literature
o​ Religious lyrics ●​ Written by Fr. Blancas
written by Ladino de San Jose in 1602
poets or those versed ●​ Printed at the UST
in both Spanish and Printing Press with the
Tagalog were included help of Juan de Vera,a
in early Cathecism Chinese mestizo
and were used to ●​ Contains:
teach Filipino the ●​ Biographies of Saints
Spanish language ●​ Novenas
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
●​ Question and answer on of Norzagaray, Bulacan
religion in 1856)
3.​Libro de los Cuatro ●​ Guia Version (Luis de
Postprimera de Hombre Guia in 1750)
●​ First book printed in 7.​Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria
typography (Psalms for Mary)
4.​Ang Barlaan at Josephat ●​ Collections of songs
●​ Biblical story printed praising the Virgin
in the Philippines Mary
●​ Translated to Tagalog ●​ Written by Fr. Mariano
from Greek by Fr. Sevilla, a Filipino
Antonio de Borja priest
●​ Believed to be the ●​ Popular during the May
first Tagalog novel time “Flores de Mayo”
published in the festival
Philippines
Literary Compositions
●​ 556 pages
●​ Ilocano translation in 1.​Arte y Reglas de la Lengua
poetry was done by Fr. Tagala
Agustin Mejia ●​ Art and rules of the
5.​Urbana at Felisa Tagalog language
●​ A book by Modesto de ●​ Written by Fr. Blancas
Castro, the so-called de San Jose
Father of Classic Prose ●​ Translated to Tagalog
in Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in 1610
●​ These are letters 2.​Compendio de la Lengua
between two sisters Tagala
Urbana at Felisa ●​ Understanding the
●​ Influenced greatly the Tagalog Language
behavior of people in ●​ Written by Fr. Gaspar
the society de San Agustin in 1703
6.​The Pasion 3.​Vocabulario de la Lengua
●​ About the life and Tagala
sufferings of Jesus ●​ Tagalog vocabulary
Christ ●​ Written by Fr. Pedro de
●​ Read only during lent San Buenaventura in
●​ 4 versions 1613
●​ Pilapil Version 4.​Vocabulario de la Lengua
(Mariano Pilapil of Pampanga
Bulacan, 1814) ●​ Pampanga vocabulary
●​ De Belen Version ●​ First book in Pampanga
(Gaspar Aquino de Belen ●​ Written by Fr. Diego in
of Bat, 1702) 1732
●​ De la Merced Version 5.​Vocabulario de la Lengua
(Aniceto de la Merced Bisaya
●​ Bisayan vocabulary
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
●​ Best language book in ●​ Presented before 12:00
Bisayan on Christmas Eve
●​ Written by Mateo ●​ Search of the Virgin
Sanchez in 1711 Mary and St. Joseph for
6.​Arte de la Lengua Ilokana an inn wherein to
●​ The Art of Ilocano deliver the baby Jesus
language 4.​Cenakulo
●​ First Ilocano grammar ●​ A dramatic performance
book to commemorate the
●​ Written by Francisco pasion and death of
Lopez Jesus Christ
7.​Arte de la Lengua Bicolana ●​ Hablada
●​ The Art of Bicol o​ Spoken in more
language deliberate manner
●​ First book in Bicol o​ More dignified in
language theme
●​ Written by Fr. Marcos ●​ Cantada
Lisbon in 1754 o​ Chanted like the
pasion
Recreational Plays o​ Written in
octosyllable verse,
1.​Tibag
with 8 verses to the
●​ Means excavate
stanza
●​ This ritual was brought o​ The full-length
here by the Spaniards version takes about 3
●​ To remind the people nights of staging
about the search of St. o​ Players come from
Helena for the Cross Tagalog, Ilocos,
which Jesus died Pampanga, Bicol,
2.​Lagaylay Sibulanon, and
●​ A special occasion for Hiligaynon
the Pilareños of 5.​The Salubong (or Panubong)
Sorsogon during May ●​ An Easter Play
time ●​ Dramatized the meeting
●​ As early as April, of the Risen Christ and
participating ladies his Mother
are chosen and 6.​Carillo (Shadow Play)
sometimes, mothers ●​ Dramatic entertainment
volunteer their girl to performed on a moonless
fulfill a vow made night during a town
during an illness or fiesta or on dark
for a favor received nights after a harvest
●​ In some parts of Bicol, ●​ Dialogues are drawn
different presentation from a Corrido or Awit
are made but the or some religious Play
objective is the same interspersed with songs
3.​Panunuluyan
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
●​ Carillo in Manila, the people and to
Rizal, Batangas, and remind them of their
Laguna Christian religion
●​ Titres in Ilocos Norte, ●​ Plot: Christian
Pangasinan, Bataa, princess or nobleman's
Capiz, and Negros daughter who is
●​ Titiri in Zambales captured by the
●​ Gagalo or Kikimut in Mohammedans. The father
Pampanga and Tarlac organizes a rescue
●​ Aliala in La Union party where fighting
7.​Zarzuela between the Moros and
the Christians
●​ Father of the dramas
ensue.The Mohammedans
●​ Musical comedy or
are defeated by some
melodrama three acts
miracle or Divine
which dealt with man's
Intercession and the
passion and emotions,
Mohammedans are
like love, hate,
converted to
revenge, cruelty,
Christianity.
avarice or some social
●​ The whole kingdom is
or political problems
baptized and converted.
8.​Sainete
One example of this is
●​ Short musical comedy
Prinsipe Rodante.
popular during the 18th
11.​ Dung-Aw
century
●​ A chant in free verse
●​ Exaggerate comedies
by a bereaved person or
shown between acts of
his representative
long plays
beside the corpse of
●​ Mostly performed by the dead.
characters from lower
●​ No definite meter or
classes
rhyming scheme is used.
●​ Themes were everyday
●​ The person chanting it
life scenarios
freely recites in
9.​Balagtasan
poetic rhythm according
●​ A poetic joust to his feelings,
●​ Contest of skills in emotions and thoughts.
debate on a particular ●​ It is personalized and
topic or issue usually deals with the
●​ Replaced the Duplo and life, sufferings and
is held to honor sacrifices of the dead
Francisco “Balagtas” and includes apologies
Baltazar for his misdeeds.
10.​ Moro-Moro 12.​ Karagatan
●​ Presented on a special ●​ A poetic vehicle of a
stage socio-religious nature
●​ Performed during town celebrated during the
fiestas to entertain death of a person.
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
●​ More or less formal ●​ Addressed the masses
●​ A ritual is performed instead of the
based on a legend about “intelligentsia”
a princess who dropped
The Propaganda Movements
her ring into the
(1872-1896)
middle of the sea and
who offered here hand Propagandists
in marriage to anyone
who can retrieve it. ●​ Gregorio Aguilera
●​ A leader starts off ●​ José Alejandrino
with an extemporaneous ●​ Tomás Arejola
poem announcing the ●​ José María Basa
purpose. He then spins ●​ Ariston Bautista
a “lumbo”o “tabo” ●​ Anastacio Carpio
marked with a white ●​ Dominador Gómez
line. ●​ Graciano López Jaena,
●​ Whoever comes in the publisher of La Solidaridad
direction of the white ●​ Marcelo H. del Pilar - the
line when the spinning editor and co-publisher of
stops gets his turn to the La Solidaridad and
“go into the sea to wrote under the name
look for the ring.” "Plaridel"
●​ This means a girl will ●​ Eduardo de Lete
ask him a riddle and if
●​ Lauro Dimayuga
he is able to answer,
●​ Francisco Tongio Liongson
he will offer the ring
to the girl ●​ Julio Llorente
13.​ Duplo ●​ Sixto López
●​ Replaced the Karagatan ●​ Antonio Novicio Luna -
●​ A poetic joust in wrote for La Solidaridad
speaking and reasoning. under the name "Taga-Ilog”
●​ The roles are taken ●​ Juan Luna - painter and
from the Bible and from sculptor
proverbs and sayings. ●​ Miguel Moran
●​ Usually played during ●​ José María Panganiban -
wakes for the dead. wrote for La Solidaridad
under the name "Jomapa"
The Enlightenment Period ●​ Pedro Paterno - served as
(1872-1896) prime minister of the first
Characteristics Philippine Republic
●​ Damaso Sison Ponce
●​ Planted seeds of ●​ Mariano Ponce - wrote for
nationalism in Filipinos La Solidaridad under the
●​ Language shifted from name "Tikbalang"
Spanish to Tagalog ●​ Antonio María Regidor
●​ Isabelo de los Reyes
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
●​ Dr. Jose Rizal - wrote for the novel of society
La Solidaridad under the while that of Fili is
name "Laon Laan" that of politics
●​ Baldomero Roxas ●​ MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last
●​ Moisés Salvador Farewell)
●​ Teodoro Sandiko o​ This was a poem by
●​ Pedro Serrano Laktaw Rizal while he was
incarcerated at Fort
●​ Máximo Viola
Santiago and is one
Propagandists’ Objectives that can compare
favorably with the
●​ To get equal treatment for best in the world.
the Filipinos and the ●​ SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS
Spaniards under the law. FILIPINOS (On the
●​ To make the Philippines a Indolence of the
colony of Spain. Filipinos).
●​ To restore Filipino o​ An essay on the
representation in the so-called Filipino
Spanish Cortes. indolence and an
●​ To Filipinize the evaluation of the
parishes. reasons for such
●​ To give the Filipinos allegations.
freedom of speech, of the ●​ FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN
press, assembly and for AÑOS (The Philippines
redress of grievances. within a Century).
o​ An essay predicting
Dr. Jose Rizal
the increasing
●​ His pen name was Laong influence of the US
Laan and Dimasalang in the Philippines
●​ NOLI ME TANGERE. and the decreasing
o​ This was the novel interest of Europe
that gave spirit to here. Rizal predicted
the propaganda that if there is any
movement and paved other colonizer of
the way to the the Philippines in
revolution against the future, it would
Spain. be the US.
●​ EL FILIBUSTERISMO. ●​ A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To
o​ Sequel of the Noli Me the Filipino Youth).
Tangere. o​ A poem Rizal
o​ While the Noli dedicated to the
exposed the evils in Filipino youth
society, the Fili studying at UST.
exposed those in the ●​ EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES
government and in the (The Council of the Gods).
church. However, the o​ An allegorical play
Noli has been dubbed manifesting
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
admiration for 2.​KAIINGAT KAYO (Be
Cervantes. Careful).
●​ JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the ●​ A humorous and
Pasig River). sarcastic dig in answer
o​ Written by Rizal when to Fr. Jose Rodriquez
he was 14 years of in the novel NOLI of
age. Rizal, published in
●​ ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Barcelona in 1888
Me for Verses); 1882 and A ●​ He used Dolores Manapat
LAS FLORES DE HEIDELBERG as pen-name here.
(To the Flowers of 3.​DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN
Heidelberg). (Prayers and Jokes).
o​ Two poems manifesting ●​ Similar to a cathecism
Rizal’s unusual depth but sarcastically done
of emotion. against the parish
●​ NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE priests, published in
LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. Barcelona in 1888.
ANTONIO DE MORGA (Notes on ●​ Because of this, del
Philippine Events by Dr. Pilar was called
Antonio de Morga) 1889 “filibuster.”
●​ P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ●​ Done in admirable tone
ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (P. of supplication and
Jacinto: Memoirs of a excellent use of
Student of Manila) 1882 Tagalog.
●​ DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE 4.​ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS
AMERICA (Diary of a Voyage (God’s Goodness).
to North America) ●​ Published in Barcelona,
it was also like a
Marcelo H. del Pilar
cathecism sarcastically
●​ Popularly known for his aimed against the
pen name of Plaridel, parish priests but also
Pupdoh, Piping Dilat and contains a philosophy
Dolores Manapat. of the power and
●​ Editor of LA SOLIDARIDAD, intelligence of God and
a paper which became the an appreciation for and
vehicle thru which reforms love for nature.
in the government could be 5.​SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK
worked out. NG PILIPINAS (Answer to
●​ His books and writings: Spain on the Plea of the
1.​PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA Filipinos).
(Love of Country). ●​ A poem pleading for
●​ Translated from the change from Spain but
Spanish AMOR PATRIA of that Spain is already
Rizal, published on old and weak to grant
August 20,1882, in any aid to the
Diariong Tagalog Philippines.
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
●​ This poem is in answer 1.​ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar
to that of Hermenigildo Botod).
Flores’ Hibik sa ●​ One of his works
Pilipinas (A Plea from written in Jaro, Iloilo
the Philippines) in 1876, six years
6.​DUPLUHAN…DALIT…MGA BUGTONG after the Cavite Revolt
(Apoetical contest in attacking the friars in
narrative sequence, the Philippines.
psalms, riddles). ●​ He exposed how some of
●​ A compilation of poems the friars were greedy,
on the oppression by ambitious and immoral.
the priests in the 2.​LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The
Philippines. Child of the Friar) and
7.​LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS EVERYTING IS HAMBUG
(Sovereignty in the (Everything is mere show).
Philippines). ●​ Here Jaena explains the
●​ This shows the tragedy of marrying a
injustices of the Spaniard.
friars to the 3.​SA MGA PILIPINO...1891…
Pilipinos. ●​ A speech which aimed to
8.​POR TELEFONO (By improve the condition
Telephone) of the Filipinos to
9.​PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG become free and
PUSO NG TAONG BABASA progressive
(Passion that should 4.​TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY
arouse the hearts of the KOLUMBUS (An Oration to
readers) Commemorate Columbus).
●​ A speech he delivered
Graciano Lopez Jaena
in Madrid on the 39th
●​ He is a known writer and anniversary of the
orator in the Philippines. discovery of America
●​ He wrote 100 speeches. 5.​EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE
●​ He moved to Barcelona MORAYTA DE LA ASOCIACIÓN
where he established the HISPANO FILIPINO 1884.
first magazine LA ●​ Here he praised Gen.
SOLIDARIDAD. Morayta for his equal
●​ This later became the treatment of the
official voice of the Filipinos.
Association Hispano de 6.​EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS
Filipinas (a LUNA Y RESURRECCIÓN
Filipino-Spanish HIDALGO.
Association) ●​ A sincere expression of
●​ composed of Filipinos and praise for the
Spaniards who worked for paintings of Hidalgo on
reforms in the the condition of the
Philippines. Filipinos under the
●​ His books and writings: Spaniards
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
7.​AMOR A ESPAÑA O A LAS about how the Spaniards
JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love ran the government.
for Spain or To the Youth ●​ His pen name was
of Malolos). Taga-ilog.
●​ The theme is about how ●​ He died at the age of 33
girls were taught in June 1899. He was put
Spanish in schools and to death by the soldiers
whose teachers were the of Aguinaldo because of
governors-general of his instant rise to fame
the place. which became a threat to
8.​EL BANDOLERISMO EN Aguinaldo
PILIPINAS (Banditry in the ●​ His books and writings:
Philippines). 1.​NOCHE BUENA (Christmas
●​ Jaena refuted the Eve).
existence of banditry ●​ It pictured true
in the Philippines and Filipino life.
of how there should be 2.​SE DEVIERTEN (How They
laws on robbery and Diverted Themselves).
other reforms. ●​ A dig at a dance of the
9.​HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor Spaniards where the
in the Philippines). people were very
●​ The triumphant crowded.
exposition of Luna, 3.​LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A
Resurrecion and Pardo Filipino Conference or
de Tavera of the thesis Feast).
that intellect or ●​ Depicts a Filipino
knowledge gives honor custom which he
to the Philippines. believed was much
10.​ PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA better than the Spanish
PILIPINAS (Abolition of 4.​POR MADRID (For Madrid).
Taxes in the Philippines) ●​ A denouncement of
11.​ INSTITUCION NG Spaniards who claim
PILIPINAS (Sufferings of that the Philippines is
the Philippines). a colony of Spain but
●​ Jaena refers here to who think of Filipinos
the wrong management of as foreigners when it
education in the comes to collecting
Philippines 1887. taxes for stamps.
Antonio Luna 5.​LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The
Landlady’s House).
●​ He joined the Propaganda ●​ Depicts a landlady who
Movement and contributed looks for boarders not
his writings to LA for money but in order
SOLIDARIDAD. to get a husband for
●​ Most of his works dealt her child
with Filipino customs and
others were accusations Mariano Ponce
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
●​ Became an editor-in-chief, 4.​EL PENSAMIENTO (The
biographer and researcher Thinking)
of the Propaganda
Pedro Paterno
Movement.
●​ He used Tikbalang, ●​ Was a scholar, dramatic,
Kalipulako, and Naning as researcher and novelist of
pen names. the Propaganda Movement.
●​ The common themes of his ●​ He also joined the
works were the values of Confraternity of Masons
education. and the Asociacion
●​ He also wrote about how Hispano-Pilipino in order
the Filipinos were to further the aims of the
oppressed by the Movement.
foreigners and of the ●​ He was the first Filipino
problems of his writer who escaped
countrymen. censorship of the press
●​ His books and writings: during the last day of the
1.​MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN Spanish colonization.
(Legend of Bulacan). ●​ His books and writings:
●​ Contains legends, and 1.​NINAY.
folklores of his native ●​ The first social novel
town. in Spanish by a
2.​PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Filipino.
Beheading of Longinos). 2.​A MI MADRE (To My Mother).
●​ A play shown at the ●​ Shows the importance of
plaza of Malolos, a mother especially in
Bulacan. the home.
3.​SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the 3.​SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS
Filipinos) VARIAS (Sampaguitas and
4.​ANG MGA PILIPINO SA Varied Poems).
INDO-TSINA (The Filipinos ●​ A collection of his
in Indo-China) poems
Jose Ma. Panganiban

●​ Hid his identity behind Period of Enlightenment Literary

his penname JORMAPA. Forms
●​ He was also known for
having photographic mind. 1.​Propoganda Literature
●​ He was a member of a ●​ Political Essays
number of movements for o​ satires,
the country. editorials, and
news articles were
●​ His books and writings:
written to attack
1.​ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My
and expose the
Native Land)
evils of Spanish
2.​ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)
rule
3.​SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your
Study Plan)
REVIEWER
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
​ Diariong Tagalog ▪​ Emilio Jacinto

▪​ founded by Marcelo Period of Active Revolution

del Pilar (1896-1898)

​ La Solidaridad ●​ The Filipinos did not get

the reforms demanded by
▪​ editor-in-chief the propagandists.
was Graciano ●​ The government turned deaf
Lopez-Jaena ears to these petitions;
●​ Political Novels oppression continued and
the church and the
​ Noli Me Tangere and El government became even
Filibusterismo more oppressive to the
Filipinos.
▪​ Jose Rizal’s
●​ The good intentions of
masterpieces that Spain were reversed by the
paved the way to friars who were lording it
the revolution over in the Philippines.
2.​Revolutionary Literature
●​ Because of this, not a few
●​ more propagandistic of the Filipinos
than literary as it is affiliated with the La
more violent in nature Liga Filipina (a civic
and demanded complete organization suspected of
independence for the being revolutionary and
country which triggered Rizal’s
●​ Political Essays banishment to Dapitan)
o​ Helped inflame the like Andres Bonifacio,
spirit of Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario
revolution Mabini, Jose Palma, and
​ Kalayaan Pio Valenzuela decided
that there was no other
▪​ newspaper of the way except to revolt.
society, edited by ●​ The gist of literature
Emilio Jacinto contained mostly
●​ Poetry accusations against the
government and was meant
​ True Decalogue to arouse the people to
unite and to prepare for
▪​ Apolinario Mabini independence.
​ Katapusan ng Hibik ng Highlights of the Active
Pilipinas Revolution

▪​ Andres Bonifacio Jose Palma

​ Liwanag at Dilim ●​ became popular because of

his Himno Nacional
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21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Filipino (The Philippine ●​ the intelligent assistant
National Anthem) which was of Andres Bonifacio in the
set to music by Julian establishment of the
Felipe Katipuna.
●​ His other works: ●​ He is called the Brains of
1.​MELANCOLIAS the Katipunan.
(Melancholies) ●​ He edited Kalayaan
●​ A collection of (Freedom) a Katipunan
his poems. newspaper.
2.​DE MI JARDIN (In My ●​ His Kartilya was the one
Garden) followed by the members of
●​ A poem expressing the organization
one’s longings for ●​ Some of his works:
his sweetheart 1.​KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
Apolinario Mabini (A primer book on the
Katipunan)
●​ is known in literature and 2.​LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light
history as the Sublime and Darkness)
Paralytic and the Brains ●​ A collection of
of the Revolution. essays on
●​ He became the right-hand different subjects
of Emilio Aguinaldo when like freedom,
the latter founded his work, faith,
Republic in Malolos. government, love
●​ His contributions to of country.
literature were writing on 3.​A MI MADRE (To My
government society, Mother)
philosophy and politics ●​ A touching ode to
●​ Some of his works: his mother.
1.​EL VERDADERO DECALOGO 4.​A LA PATRIA (To My
(The True Decalogue or Country)
Ten Commandments) – ●​ His masterpiece
●​ This was his
Andres Bonifacio
masterpiece and his
aim here was t ●​ Father of Filipino
propagate the spirit Democracy, but more than
of nationalism. others, as the Father of
2.​EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE the Katipunan because he
LA REPUBLICA (The Rise led in establishing the
and Fall of the Kataas-taasan,
Philippine Republic) Kagalang-galanga Katipunan
3.​SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To ng mga Anak ng Bayan
the Filipino Nation) (KKK).
4.​PAHAYAG (News) ●​ He was a voracious reader
Emilio Jacinto and among those he loved
to read which aroused his
revolutionary spirit were
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21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
the NOLI and the FILI of ●​ Printed the decrees of
Rizal. He joined the La the Revolutionary
Liga Filipina founded by Government, news and
Rizal in 1892. He works in Tagalog that
established the Katipunan aroused nationalism.
which triggered the spirit 2.​LA INDEPENDENCIA
of freedom especially when (Independence)
Rizal was banished to ●​ Edited by Antonio Luna
Dapitan, Mindanao. and whose aim was for
●​ Bonifacio is better known Philippine
as the great Revolutionary Independence.
rather than a writer but 3.​LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The
he also wrote things which Philippine Republic)
paved the way for the ●​ Established by Pedro
revolution and which also Paterno in 1898.
became part of our 4.​LA LIBERTAD (Liberty)
literature. ●​ Edited by Clemente
●​ Some of his works: Zulueta
1.​ANG DAPAT MABATID NG
MGA TAGALOG (What the
Tagalogs Should Know) American Colonial Period
2.​KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG
MGA ANA NG BAYAN Three groups of writers:
(Obligations of Our
1.​Spanish wrote on
Countrymen)
nationalism like honoring
●​ This is an outline
Rizal and other heroes.
of obligations
2.​Tagalog continued in their
just like the 10
lamentations on the
commandments of
conditions of the country
God.
and their attempts to
3.​PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN
arouse love for one’s
LUPA (Love of One’s
native tongue.
Native Land)
3.​English imitated the
●​ A poem with a themes and methods of the
title similar to Americans.
that of Marcelo H.
del Pilar.
4.​HULING PAALAM (Last Literature in Spanish
Farewell)
●​ El Nuevo Dia
●​ A translation of
o​ The New Day
Mi Ultimo Adios of
o​ Established by Sergio
Rizal in Tagalog
Osmeña in 1900.
Newspapers during the ●​ El Renacimiento
Revolutionary Period: o​ The Rebirth
o​ Founded by Rafael
1.​HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION
Palma in 1901
●​ El Grito Del Pueblo
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21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
o​ The Call of the ●​ Julian Cruz Balmaceda
Nation classified three kinds of
o​ Established by Tagalog poets:
Pascual Poblete in o​ Poets of the Heart
1900
▪​ Makata ng Puso
Spanish Writers
▪​ Lope K. Santos
●​ Cecilio Apostol
o​ wrote poems dedicated ▪​ Iñigo Ed.
to Rizal, Jacinto, Regalado,
Mabini
o​ his poem dedicated to ▪​ Carlos
Rizal is considered Gatmaitan
the best poem in
▪​ Pedro
praise of the hero of
Bagumbayan. Deogracias del
●​ Fernando Ma. Guerrero Rosario
o​ shared with Apostol ▪​ Ildefonso
the reign in the
Santos
balagtasan in Spanish
during their time. ▪​ Amado V.
o​ best of his poems in Hernandez
a book called
CRISALIDAS, meaning, ▪​ Nemecio
a kind of black, Carabana
wooly caterpillar.
●​ Jesus Balmori ▪​ Mar Antonio
o​ well-known for his o​ Poets of life
pen name of
▪​ Makata ng Buhay
Batikuling.
●​ Manuel Bernabe ▪​ Lope K Santos
o​ a lyric poet and the
fierceness of his ▪​ Jose Corazon de
nationalistic spirit Jesus
was unchanged in any
topic he wrote about. ▪​ Florentino
●​ Claro M. Recto Collantes
o​ collected his poems
▪​ Patricio
in a book entitled
BAJO LOS COCO TEROS Mariano
(Under the Coconut ▪​ Carlos
Trees)
Garmaitan
▪​ Amado V.
Literature in Tagalog Hernandez
o​ Poets of the Stage
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21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
▪​ Makata ng
Tanghalan