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Lecture_25

The document discusses the equations of motion for coupled oscillators, including three-mass and n-mass systems, and explores their normal modes and eigenvalues. It also explains the relationship between oscillations and waves, emphasizing that waves are disturbances that transfer energy without moving mass. Additionally, it outlines the derivation of the wave equation from n-coupled mass oscillators and the importance of spatial dependence in wave behavior.

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Kumuda hasini
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4 views26 pages

Lecture_25

The document discusses the equations of motion for coupled oscillators, including three-mass and n-mass systems, and explores their normal modes and eigenvalues. It also explains the relationship between oscillations and waves, emphasizing that waves are disturbances that transfer energy without moving mass. Additionally, it outlines the derivation of the wave equation from n-coupled mass oscillators and the importance of spatial dependence in wave behavior.

Uploaded by

Kumuda hasini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture_25

Revision
𝑥1 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔1 𝑡 + 𝜑1 ) + A cos(𝜔2 𝑡 + 𝜑1 )

𝑥2 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔1 𝑡 + 𝜑1 ) − A cos(𝜔2 𝑡 + 𝜑1 )
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ′𝑁𝑂 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒′ 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒: −

𝑥1 = 𝐴 [cos(𝜔1 𝑡) + cos(𝜔2 𝑡)]


𝜔1 + 𝜔2 𝜔1 − 𝜔2
𝑥1 = 2𝐴 cos( 𝑡) . cos( 𝑡)
2 2

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝜔1 = 𝜔𝑜 𝑥2 = 𝐴 [cos(𝜔1 𝑡) − cos(𝜔2 𝑡)]


𝜔2 = 𝜔𝑜 2 + 2𝜔𝑐 2

(𝑥1 +𝑥2 )
𝜔1 + 𝜔2 𝜔2 − 𝜔1
𝑋1 = = 𝐴1 cos(𝜔1 𝑡 + 𝜑1 ) 𝑥2 = 2𝐴 sin( 𝑡). sin( 𝑡)
2 2 2
(𝑥1 −𝑥2 )
𝑋2 = = 𝐴2 cos(𝜔2 𝑡 + 𝜑1)
2
𝜔1 + 𝜔2 𝜔1 − 𝜔2
𝑥1 = 2𝐴 cos( 𝑡) . cos( 𝑡)
2 2

𝜔1 + 𝜔2 𝜔2 − 𝜔1
𝑥2 = 2𝐴 sin( 𝑡). sin( 𝑡)
2 2
𝑸. : 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥1 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔1 𝑡)
𝜔2 ≫ 𝜔1
𝑥2 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔2 𝑡)
• Oscillator combined (⊥) with same frequency • Oscillator combined (⊥) with Different frequency

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔1𝑡 + 𝜙)


𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔2𝑡 + 𝜙)
What is the Phase difference in these oscillators?
3-masses coupled oscillator

6
3-masses coupled oscillator

x1 x2 x3
Equation of motion:-

7
3-masses coupled oscillator

8
Characteristic equation

Eigen values and Eigen vectors

Normal modes and Normal co-ordinates


9
10
Finding Eigen values

11
Finding Eigen vectors

12
n-Coupled Oscillators

13
n-masses coupled oscillator

What will be the equation of motion for ith mass?

14
Recall for 3-masses coupled oscillator

x1 x2 x3

15
n-masses coupled oscillator

What will be the equation of motion for ith mass?

16
N-masses coupled oscillator
X

x0 x1 x2 x3 x4

S0 S1 S2 S3

17
Solving n coupled masses equation
.  . 
   
.  . 
 S i −1   S i −1 
   
 Si   Si 
S  S 
 i +1   i +1 
.  . 
.  . 
   


will have n
values ω
will
hence n normal Have
modes will be n
present values

18
Oscillations to Waves
How are they related?

A wave can be thought of as a disturbance or


oscillation that travels through space-time,
accompanied by a transfer of energy.

19
If the direction of wave propagation is parallel to the direction it
oscillates then its called a Longitudinal waves.

Longitudinal waves

A wave does not move mass in the direction of


propagation; it transfers energy.

20
This equation solved ONLY for time dependence of
displacements Si

Need to invent a differential equation which gives spatial


dependence also. 21
Derivation of wave equation from
n-coupled masses oscillators

22
N-masses coupled oscillator
X

x0 x1 x2 x3 x4

S0 S1 S2 S3
What will be the equation of motion for ith
mass?

Displacements S1, S2, ……..SN as a function of time


was studied 23
Derivation of wave equation from
n-coupled mass oscillators

24
Derivation of wave equation from
n-couple masses oscillators

Dividing by x throughout

25
In the limit x tending to 0 i.e. N→

Wave equation
How to solve this wave equation? 26

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