METALLIC POISONING PREVENTION AWARENESS

CAMPAIGN
The Case Study of Heavy Metal Poisonous in Roadside (Vegetable Gardens, and open markets)

When evidence points toward the potential of an activity to

cause significant, widespread or irreparable harm to public
health or the environment, options for avoiding that harm
should be examined and pursued, even though the harm is not
yet fully understood or proven.

How active you have been in educating people on

this issue?

“Food may be of good source of nutrients but, at the same time, a source of toxicants”

Food health refers to; ‘Microbiologically and chemically free nutritious food shared along the
entire food chain or with an insignificance level of harmful substances acceptable for humans
consumption’.

Daudi Katwiga Nkukurah-2019

“All substances are poisonous, there is none which is not a poison; the right dose differentiates a
poison from a remedy. The dose makes a poison”

Paracelsus Circa -1538

Why STS matters?

STS matters because, it meets the society at its points of confusion

STS = Science, Technology, Society

Prepared by: Daudi K. Nkukurah(2019)

Page | 1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Definitions Of Heavy Metals .......................................................................................................... 3
What are the Poisons and toxins? ................................................................................................... 4
What is food health? ....................................................................................................................... 5
What are the sources of metallic poisonous? .................................................................................. 5
Why heavy metals? ......................................................................................................................... 6
What is the level of awareness of heavy metals by the indeginous? .............................................. 6
Why Tanzania is More Suseptible to Metallic Poisoning? ............................................................. 7
What do other people say about metallic poisoning? ..................................................................... 9
What are the Clinical effects of heavy metals? ............................................................................. 11
What is the author’s concluding advice? ...................................................................................... 14
What are the Prevention and control measures? ........................................................................... 14
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 15

Page | 2
 Introduction

Definitions Of Heavy Metals

Two options:

For illiteracy group:-

 give the meaning of heavy metal in a simple and common understanding

 ask them to contribute what they understand by giving examples from their
experiences
For literacy group:-

 Introduce the meaning of heavy metals in relation to the periodic table.

 ask them in groups to define the heavy metals

1.1.1 Definition in term of density (SG=specific gravity)

 Metals fall naturally into 2 groups: light metals (densities < 4) and heavy metals
(densities >7) (Bjerrum, 1936)
 Metal of high SG, especially a metal having a SG of 5.0 or greater (Merriam, 1976)
 Metal with a density >6 g/cm (Davies, 1987)
 Metal of sg > 4 (Grant, 1987)
 Metal with a density of 5.0 or greater (Flexner, 1987)
 Metal with a density >4.5 g/cm (Streit, 1994)
 Element with a density >6 g/cm (Thornton, 1995)

Page | 3
  Bjerrum N. Bjerrum's Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Danish ed. Heinemann, London.
1936.
 Davies BE. Consequences of environmental contamination by lead mining in
Wales. Hydrobiologia. 1987, 49: 213.
 Flexner SB (ed). The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed.
Random House, New York. 1987.
 Grant R, Grant C (eds). Grant and Hackh's Chemical Dictionary. McGraw-Hill,
New York. 1987.
 Merriam. 3rd New International Dictionary. Merriam, Chicago. 1976.
 Streit B. Lexikon der Okotoxikologie. VCH, Weinheim. 1994.
 Thornton I. Metals in the Global Environment: Facts and Misconceptions.
International Council on Metals and the Environment, Ottawa. 1995.

1.1.2. Definition in term of atomic weight (mass)

 Metal with high atomic weight (Holister, 1976)
 Metal of atomic weight > sodium (Bennet, 1986)
 Metal of atomic weight greater than sodium (Brewer, 1983) that forms soaps on reaction
with fatty acids (Lewis, 1993)
 Metallic element with high atomic weight (e.g., mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic,
and lead); can damage living things at low concentrations and tend to accumulate in the
food chain (EPA, 2000)
 Metallic element with an atomic weight > 40

 Bennet H (ed). Concise Chemical and Technical Dictionary, 4th enlarged ed.
Edward Arnold, London. 1986.
 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA's Terms of Environment. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. 2000
 Holister G, Porteous A (Eds.). The Environment: A Dictionary of the World Around
Us. Arrow, London, 1976.
 Lewis RJ Sr. (ed). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed. Van
Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1993.

What are the Poisons and toxins?

Poison – A chemical substance that can cause illness or death when it enters our bodies.

Toxin – A poison of biological origin, specifically a protein molecule produced by a plant or

animal.

Page | 4
 What is food health?
The term food health is not clearly defined in documents. In the context of this document food
health is defined as;

Microbiologically and chemically free nutritious food shared along the entire food chain or with
an insignificance level of harmful substances acceptable for humans consumption.

The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density
and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations. They are natural components of the Earth's crust
they cannot be degraded or destroyed. To a small extent they enter our bodies via food, drinking
water and air as trace elements, some heavy metals (e.g. copper, selenium, zinc) are essential to
maintain the metabolism of the human body however, at higher concentrations they can lead to
poisoning.

Selected heavy metals of concern

Codex standards of Heavy metals European Commission

CODEX STAN 193-1995 (Amendment: 2010) Commission Regulation (EC) No.

Established Maximum of Five Heavy metals
1881/2006 -maximum of FOUR heavy
1. Arsenic
2. Cadmium metals in foodstuff
3. Lead 1. Cadmium
4. Mercury (including methylmercury) 2. Lead
5. Tin 3. Mercury
4. Tin

Sources:
http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/17/CXS_193e.pdf
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_364/l_36420061220en00050024.pdf

What are the sources of metallic poisonous?

Toxic metals, to a large extent, in the urban environment are mainly anthropogenic dispersed
through emissions from:-

 Road traffic,
 Industrial effluents,
 Organic wastes,
 Refuse burning.
 Paintings eg Lead paints(the term ‘paint’ includes varnishes, lacquers, stains,
enamels, glazes, primers and other coatings.) those mixed with lead.

Page | 5
Emissions from heavy road traffic on the roads contain lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and
nickel (Ni), which are present in fuel as anti-knock agents and this leads to contamination of air
and soils on which vegetables are planted (Ikeda et al., 2000). Accumulation of heavy metal in
agricultural land through traffic emission may result in soil contamination and elevated heavy
metal uptake by crops, and thus affect food quality and safety (Garcia and Millan, 1998). Food
chain contamination is one of the important pathways for the entry of these toxic pollutants into
the human body (Ma et al., 2006).

Moreover, certain components of automotive engines, chasis and piping contain copper and
manganese, while nickel and chromium are usually used in chrome plating. Some of the metals
presumably derive from the wear of metallic automobile parts containing these metals
(Voegborlo and Chirgawi, 2007). Moreover, release of Pb through vehicle emission, leading to
Pb pollution to atmosphere, soil and crops (Pei and Chaolin, 2004).

Why heavy metals?

 They are toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.

 They cannot be degraded or destroyed.
 They enter our bodies via food, drinking water and air as trace elements, at
higher concentrations they can lead to poisoning.

What is the level of awareness of heavy metals by the indeginous?

This was evaluated by asking two questions to 80 different people, including roadside garden
owners, fruit and vegetables sellers along the roadsides, some customers who were buying the
commodites, pellet clay molders at Mkaa area along the road. The results of this activity revealed
tremendous information, that, there is very low level of awareness. Among them 2% of people
were who have been heared about heavy metals emission by motorvehicles while 1% people
were who are familiar with metallic poisonous contaminants in roadside vegetables . See the
figures(1-2) below. This calls immediate and rapid sensitization to the community.

Page | 6
Fig. 1. Awareness of heavy metals
metal emisions by road motorvehicles.

Have you ever heared about heavy metals

emitted by road motorvehicles? N=80
Yes No

2%

98%

Fig. 2. Familiar with metallic poisonous contaminants in roadside vegetables

Are you familiar with metallic poisonous

contaminants in roadside vegetables? N=80
Yes No

1%

99%

Why Tanzania is More Suseptible to Metallic Poisoning?

Tanzania is among of developing countries,

countries, is more susceptible to metallic poisoning
because:

 There are more opportunities for exposure in the country(see exhibits 11-4)
 Poor nutrition among its people increases metallic absorption.
 Lack of infrastructure for battery collection and recycling.
 Few regulations on metallic pollution
 Absence/scarcity of health screening programs.
Page | 7
With the rapid increase in number of motor vehicles on cities’ roads in the country, considerable
amounts of some heavy metals are likely to be emitted regularly as long as the sources remain
active. Heavy metals pollution in soil and water has a lot of adverse efects and thus is of great
concern to the public health, agricultural production, and environmental health. Many growing
areas in the developing countries are vulnerable to air pollution due to the fact that heavy metals
containing aerosols are normally deposited on soil surface and get absorbed by vegetables or
sometimes get deposited on plant leaves. The heavy metals at exceedingly higher concentrations
than the required physiological demand of vegetables can cause lethal efect in them as well as
human health through food chain(Waseem,et al,.2014). The higher levels of heavy metals in the
vegetables could also be attributed to the location of the garden, which is situated along the
hectic road traffic (David and Minati 2018)

Urban agriculture is increasingly popular for social and economical benefits. However, edible
crops grown in cities can be contaminated by airborne pollutants, thus leading to serious health
risks. Therefore, we need a better understanding of contamination risks of urban cultivation to
define safe practices. See some of the exhibits below

Exhibits:1 vegetables grown roadside gardens

Exhibits: 2 vegetables gardens, fruits and informal roadside markets

Exhibits:3 Clay soil and clay pellets dried near the roadbacks

Page | 8
Exhits 3 above, shows the production of clay soil pellets which are sold for human consumption.
Women especially pregnants, are the main customers of these products, locally known as
pemba. Clay soil pellets (pemba) are not hyginically produced, they are the source of many
contaminants, including microbes, parasites and toxicants. On the other hand, Clay soil pellets
which are prepared and dried along the roadbacks, obviously can be contaminated with lead,
nickel, cadmium and other hazard heavy metals produced by vehicular emission and even
wearing of car tyres. Lead can enter a foetus through the placenta of the mother. It can cause
chronic and debilitating health impacts to foetus. This is because the developing nervous system
is vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead. Women eating pemba contaminated with lead are
directly affecting their unborn children. Lead can cause serious damage to the nervous system
and the brains of unborn children, that is why women in pregnancy can not work with
lead(IHME 2015).

What do other people say about metallic poisoning?

I. The study by David and Minati (2018), Assessed heavy metals’ levels in water, soil,
and vegetables (Ipomoea batatas (Matembele), Amaranthus hybridus (Mchicha)
,Abelmoschus esculentus (Bamia), and Solanum melongena (Bilinganya)) from the
Chang’ombe police garden located in Temeke district in Dar es salaam, Tanzania.
Also, examined potential health risks from consumption of the vegetables. The heavy
metals’ levels in soil, water, and vegetables were in the order of Fe>Zn>Pb>Cu.
Among the vegetables, I. batatas had highest heavy metal content followed by A.
hybridus, S. melongena, and A. esculentus. The average daily intake for Pb
(63mg/person/day) was above the permissible maximum tolerable daily intake of 0.21
mg/person/day endorsed by WHO/FAO. Hazard quotient of Pb for I. batatas (7.12)
and A. hybridus (2.46) as well as the hazard indices of I. batatas(7.99) and A.
Hybridus (2.88) exceeded unity, signifying presence of health risks from consumption
of the vegetables.

II. The study by Livia et al, (2015) on horticultural crops grown in urban gardens of
Bologna, Italy, compared heavy metal concentration in urban and rural crops. They
focused on surface deposition and tissue accumulation of pollutants during 3 years.

Page | 9
 Their results showed that in the city, crops near the road were polluted by heavy
metals, with up to 160 mg per kilogram of dry weight for lettuce and 210 mg/kg for
basil. The highest Cd accumulation of up to 1.2 mg/kg was found in rural tomato.
Soilless planting systems enabled a reduction of heavy metal accumulation in plant
tissue, of up to−71 % for rosemary leaves.

III. The study by Anselimo et al, (2008), in Kisumu, Kenya, on vegetables nearby the
roads proved the following:- The vegetable samples obtained from the roadside
(amaranthus) had significantly higher (p< 0.05) lead concentration than those
obtained from the market. This is an indication that motor vehicle pollution is
a source of lead contamination in such vegetables. The Solanum nigrum, cow
pea leaves, and local fruits were obtained from a farm, about 5 km from the
highway, and hence had relatively low lead concentrations. Onion, tomato and
arrow samples were purchased from an open air market, and had lead content
above the WHO maximum limits of 0.3 µg/g for vegetables. Amaranthus
leaves, obtained from next to the Kisumu-Nairobi highway, had similarly high
lead concentrations, most likely due to its close proximity to the highway.

IV. The study by Habib et al,. (2012) on heavy metals showed that; Heavy metals
contents in soils at the same distance from the road was found in the following order:
Ni>Pb>Cd. The same order of heavy metal contents was found in vegetables at the
same sampling points. Concentrations of Pb in plant and soil samples collected from
roadside appeared to be in the spatial pattern of distribution with the order of 0 m>50
m>100 m>1000 m. This shows that contamination of lead is caused by road traffic.
Lead concentration in both plant and soil was found to decrease with increasing the
sampling distance (Table. 1 below).

There were significant differences between the distributions of Pb in the plant species
and soils with various distances. It is seen that the mean Pb levels in bottle gourd and
pumpkin were found to vary in the range of 1.71–3.43 and 1.65–4.76 µg/g,
respectively

Cadmium levels in roadside plant decreased with distance from the main road as
similar to lead (table 1). It is observed that the overall concentration of Cd in soil was
found to be independent of distance from road. This indicates that Cd contamination
in soil of this region is not due to road traffic. There were significant differences in
the plant Cd contents, but in soil it was not, except for pumpkin between 0m and
1000m distance.

Nickel level: The concentrations of Ni showed a decreasing trend as the distance

increased from the road edge in both plant and soil (table 1). This decrease in the Ni
levels with distance from the road indicated that vehicular emission played a
significant role in the levels of Ni on the roadside plant and soil.

Page | 10
 What are the Clinical effects of heavy metals?
Metallic elements are intrinsic components of the environment. Their presence is considered
unique in the sense that it is difficult to remove them completely from the environment once they
enter in it. Metal constitute an important class of toxic substance which are encountered
in numerous occupational and environmental circumstances. The impact of these toxic agents on
human health is currently an area of intense interest due to the ubiquity of exposure. With the
increasing use of a wide verity of metals in industry and in our daily life, problems arising from
toxic metal pollution of the environment have assumed serious dimensions.

Lead:
Lead has no biological function in the body. It accumulates in the body and affects practically all
organ systems. Lead exposure can cause chronic and debilitating health impacts in all age
groups, but it is particularly harmful to young children. This is because the developing nervous
system is vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead, even at levels of exposure that do not cause
obvious symptoms and signs.

Lead in early childhood exposure

Lead exposure in early childhood can result in:
 Reduced cognitive abilities,
 Dyslexia(impaired ability to learn, to read ),
 Attention deficit disorder and
 Antisocial behavior.
 Behavioural disruptions of children, such as aggression, impulsive behaviour and
hyperactivity, Lead can enter a foetus through the placenta of the mother. Because of this
it can cause serious damage to the nervous system and the brains of unborn children, that
is why women in pregnancy can not work with lead.

Lead in all age groups exposure

Lead exposure can also cause:
 Hypertension,
 Renal impairment,
Page | 11
  Immunotoxicity,
 Toxicity to the reproductive organs,
 Disruption of the biosynthesis of haemoglobin and anemia,
 A rise in blood pressure,
 Kidney damage,
 Miscarriages,
 Disruption of nervous systems,
 Brain damage,
 Declined fertility of men through sperm damage,
 Absorption of large amounts of lead can cause coma, convulsions and even death.
Children who survive severe lead poisoning can be left with permanent neurological
injury such as deafness and mental retardation.
The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) has estimated that, based on 2015 data,
lead exposure accounted for 494 550 deaths and 9.3 million disability adjusted life years
(DALYs) due to long-term effects on health. The highest burden is in low and middle income
countries. IHME also estimated that lead exposure accounted for 12.4% of the global burden of
idiopathic developmental intellectual disability (i.e. intellectual disability not due to known
causes such as genetic factors), 2.5% of the global burden of ischaemic heart disease and 2.4%
of the global burden of stroke (IHME, 2015).

Cadmium:
Humans are exposed to cadmium by inhalation and ingestion although the main health impacts
recorded in the literature are through dietary exposure (kidney and bone damage) and inhalation
from smoking tobacco and occupational exposure (lung damage). Dietary intake accounts for
90% of all exposure in non-smokers. Cadmium in the environment is toxic to plants and animals
and many micro-organisms. Cadmium does not degrade in the environment to less toxic products
which contributes to its bioaccumulation in the kidneys and liver of vertebrates and invertebrates.
Cadmium is not considered essential for biological function in humans. Cadmium can have the
following health effects:
 Kidney damage
 Reproductive failure and possibly even infertility
 Damage to the central nervous system
 Damage to the immune system
 Psychological disorders
 Possibly DNA damage or cancer development
 Gastrointestinal symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, salivation,
tenesmus(painful of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate but failing
to produce faeces), hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
 Hepatic necrosis
 Renal necrosis
 Cardiomyopathy(disorder of heart muscles)
 Respiratory: nasopharyngeal irritation, chest pain, dyspnea (difficult respiration)

Page | 12
  Cadmium fumes pneumonitis, potentially fatal!
 May result in pulmonary fibrosis
 Other: headache, dizziness, chills, weakness
 Skeletal:
- Osteomalacia & osteoporosis
- Bone pain (Itai-Itai)
 Cardiovascular: hypertension
 Cancer: lungs, kidney, prostate and stomach
 Other: anosmia(absence sense of smell)

Nickel:
Nickel is a compound that occurs in the environment only at very low levels. Humans use nickel
for many different applications. The most common application of nickel is the use as an
ingredient of steal and other metal products. It can be found in common metal products such as
jewelry. Foodstuffs naturally contain small amounts of nickel. Chocolate and fats are known to
contain severely high quantities. Nickel uptake will boost when people eat large quantities of
vegetables from polluted soils. Plants are known to accumulate nickel and as a result the nickel
uptake from vegetables will be eminent. Smokers have a higher nickel uptake through their
lungs. Humans may be exposed to nickel by breathing air, drinking water, eating food or
smoking cigarettes. In small quantities nickel is essential, but when the uptake is too high it can
be a danger to human health. An uptake of too large quantities of nickel has the following
consequences:

 Higher chances of development of lung cancer,

 Nose cancer,
 Larynx cancer and prostate cancer
 Sickness and dizziness after exposure to nickel gas Respiratory failure,
 Lung embolism,
 Birth defects,
 Asthma and chronic bronchitis,
 Allergic reactions such as skin rashes, mainly from jewelry,
 Heart disorders.
 Nickel fumes are respiratory irritants and may cause pneumonitis.
 Exposure to nickel and its compounds may result in the development of a dermatitis
known as “nickel itch” in sensitized individuals.
 The first symptom is usually itching, which occurs up to 7 days before skin eruption
occurs. The primary skin eruption is erythematous, or follicular, which may be followed
by skin ulceration. Nickel sensitivity, once acquired, appears to persist indefinitely.

Page | 13
 What is the author’s concluding advice?
The advances of toxicology has improved our knowledge about human exposure to toxic
elements (metals) and their health effects, such as developmental retardation, several types
of cancer, kidney damage, endocrine disruption, immunological, neurological effects, mental
retardation and other disorders. Our knowledge should throw more light onto new insights of
saving human life. Remember, when evidence points toward the potential of an activity to cause
significant, widespread or irreparable harm to public health or the environment, options for
avoiding that harm should be examined and pursued, even though the harm is not yet fully
understood or proven.

What are the Prevention and control measures?

 Adopting Risk Analysis Tools: risk assessment (scientific advice and information
analysis), risk management (regulation and control) and risk communication
 The Government should introduce legally binding controls to either ban or restrict the use
of roadside land within ( 0-100m) for vegetables and fruits production.
 Informal and formal open roadside markets should be avoided
 The Government should adopt the Business Plan of the Lead Paint Alliance, which
provides a target that by 2020 all countries should have adopted legally binding laws,
regulations, standards and/or procedures to control the production, import, sale and use of
lead paints

Page | 14
 REFERENCES

A. Waseem, J. Arshad, F. Iqbal, A. Sajjad, Z. Mehmood, and G.Murtaza(2014). “Pollution Status

of Pakistan: A Retrospective Review on Heavy Metal Contamination of Water, Soil, and
Vegetables,” Bio Med Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 813206, 29pages,

Anselimo O. Makokha, Leonard R. Mghweno, Happy S. Magoha, Amina Nakajugo and John
M. Wekesa (2008). Environmental lead pollution and contamination in food around Lake
Victoria, Kisumu, Kenya: African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
Vol. 2 (10). pp. 349-353, Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJes

Chen TB, Zheng YM, Lei M, Huang ZC, Wu HT, Chen H, Fan K-K, Yu K, Wu X, Tian QZ
(2005) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing,
China. Chemosphere 60: 542–551. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.072

David Sylvester Kacholi and Minati Sahu (2018), on levels and health risk assessment of heavy
metals in soil, water, and vegetables of Dar es salaam, Tanzania. Hindawi Journal of
Chemistry Volume 2018, Article ID 1402674,9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1402674

Garcia, R. and E. Millan. (1998). Assessment of Cd, Pb and Zn contamination in roadside soils
and grasses from Gipuzkoa (Spain). Chemosphere 37:1615-1625.

Habib Mohammad Naser, Sarmin Sultana, Rebeca Gomes, And Shamsun Noor (2012). Heavy
Metal Pollution of Soil and Vegetable Grown Near Roadside at Gazipur: Bangladesh J.
Agril. Res. 37(1): 9-17, March 2012

Ikeda, M., Z.W. Zhang, S. Shimbo, T. Watanabe, H. Nakatsuka, C.S. Moon, N.

MatsudaInoguchi and K. Higashikawa. 2000. Urban population exposure to lead and
cadmium in east and south-east Asia. Science of the Total Environment 249: 373-384.

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare. Seattle, WA: IHME,
University of Washington, (2015). (http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare, accessed 2
April 2019)

Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng YM, Huang YZ, Zhu YG (2008) Health risk of heavy metals in
contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ
Pollut 152:686–692. doi:10. 1016/j.envpol.2007.06.056

Livia Vittori Antisari, Francesco Orsini, Livia Marchetti, Gilmo Vianello, Giorgio Gianquinto.
Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in urban gardens. Agronomy for
Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2015, 35 (3), pp.1139-
1147. 10.1007/s13593-015-0308-zff. hal-01312524

Page | 15
Ma, H. W., Hung, M. L., Chen, P. C. (2006). A systemic health risk assessment for the
chromium cycle in Taiwan. Environment International 10: 1016-1023.

Pei, XU and LIAO Chaolin. (2004). Lead Contamination of soil along road and its remediation.
Chinese Journal of Geochemist. 23(4): 329-332.

Säumel I, Kotsyuk I, Hölscher M, Lenkereit C, Weber F, Kowarik I (2012) How healthy is urban
horticulture in high traffic areas? Trace metal concentrations in vegetable crops from
plantings within inner city neighborhoods in Berlin, Germany. Environ Pollut 165: 124–
132. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.019

Tei F, Benincasa P, Farneselli M, Caprai M (2010) Allotment gardens for senior citizen in Italy:
current status and technical proposal. Acta Horticult 881:91–96

Vittori Antisari L, Ventura F, Simoni A, Piana S, Rossi Pisa P, Vianello G (2013) Assesment of
pollutants in wet and dry deposition in a suburban area around a wast-to-energy plants
(WEP) in Norther Italy. J Environ Prot 4:16–25. doi:10.4236/jep.2013.45A003

Voegborlo, R. B. and M. B. Chirgawi. (2007). Heavy metals accumulation in roadside soil and
vegetation along major highway in Libiya. Journal of Science and Technology 27(3):1-12

Page | 16