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sem 2 experiment 1

The document outlines a laboratory procedure to determine the surface tension of a liquid using a stalagmometer and pyknometer. It explains the theory behind surface tension, the methodology for measuring the number of drops of water and the unknown liquid, and how to calculate relative density. Observations and calculations are included to derive the relative surface tension of the supplied liquid at laboratory temperature.

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baklolpathak6
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100 views3 pages

sem 2 experiment 1

The document outlines a laboratory procedure to determine the surface tension of a liquid using a stalagmometer and pyknometer. It explains the theory behind surface tension, the methodology for measuring the number of drops of water and the unknown liquid, and how to calculate relative density. Observations and calculations are included to derive the relative surface tension of the supplied liquid at laboratory temperature.

Uploaded by

baklolpathak6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object: To determine the surface tension of a given liquid at laboratory

temperature
Apparatus:
1. Stalagmometer, 2. Pyknometer, 3. Beakers, etc.
Chemicals: Supplied solution

Theory:
Surface tension is a result of difference of force of attraction on the surface molecules, towards
1111011T
the bulk of liquid and upper side (vapor), as the force of attraction at surface towards the upper
is different (almost zero) to that of force of attraction towards inside the liquid. As a result the
Surface is in a state of tension, and rather than flat surface it curves. The surface willrequire an
application of force to hold the surface flat. This fore is called surface tension and is defined
as force per unit length acting at right angles (at along the surface) towards the bulk of
liquid. T111111

The measurement of surface tension (y) of a liguid is based on the fact that the drop of a liquid
being formed at the lower end of capillary falls down when weight of drop becomes just equal
(or just greater) to the surface tension. The force of gravity (weight of drop) results to pull the
drop downward. If v is the volume of drop then we have
v.d.g (where v is the volume and d is the density of the drop of liquid) is balanced by the
force 2ryr (ris the radius of capillary) tending to uphold the drop:
2ryr = vdg.
If n is the number of drops in volume of Vof the liquid, then the volume of each drop.
V

Measurement of relative surface tension:


If n,and n, are the number of drops counted in the same volume (V) of unknown liquid
and water, respectively, using the same capillary, then we have
2rry1 =-dg

2uryw -dwg
Therefore, by dividing we get . i.e. Y) = Yw
Yw
Bottle :
Measurement of relative density using Relative Density (RD)
Mass of the empty RD bottle = my
Mass of RD bottle with water = m,

So, mass of water filled in = m - M)

Mass of RD bottle with liquid = mz


Therefore, mass of liquid filled in = ng m;

So, the relative density of the liquid


d, m3

Procedure:
1. The stalagmometer was cleaned and filled up with distilled water up to the upper mark by
sucking through a rubber tube fitted with the stalagmometer.
2. Water was then allowed to drop down through the capillary of stalagmometer at a
moderate rate (10-12 drops/min)
3. Total number of drops was counted(for fix volume of liquid-upper mark to lower mark)
and repeated for 4 times.
4. Then the stalagmometer was rinsed with provided sample liquid and the total number of
drops was counted for the same volume of liquid as above however the setup for 10-12
drops per min. was adjusted, if required. The process was repeated for 4 times.
5. To determine the relative density of the liquid, weight of an empty Pyknometer was taken.
Then weight of the pyknometer- i) filled with distilled water and ii) filled with supplied
liquid were taken separately.
Observations:
Laboratory temperature = °C.

Table 1: Counting the number of drops for distilled water


SI. No. Number of drops for distilled Average number of drops of distilled
water water

4
Table 2: Counting the number of drops for unknown liquids
SI. No. Number of drops for liquid Average number of drops of liquid

Table 3: Wight of empty pyknometer, with distilled water and supplied liquid
Weight of empty Weight of pyknometer with Weight of pyknometer with
pyknometer (m) gram) distilled water (m gram) supplied liquid (m gram)

Calculations:

Given Yy = 72.75 dyne/cm at 20°C

The relative density of the liquid


d,
d,y

nË dy
Yw

Result: The relative surface lension of supplied liquid at laboratory temperature .°C
was found to be .dyne/cm.

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