NSHM KNOWLEDGE CAMPUS

Durgapur, West Bengal

Topic:- “The Geometry of Linear Algebra: Discovering Vector

Spaces”
Presented by:– Puspendu Mallick
Year:- 1st year (1st semester) ; Dept. – Computer science & Engineering
College Id:-24273030207 ; Sec:- B2
Sub:- Mathematics ; Subject Code:- BS-M101
CONTENT

❖ Introduction
❖ Preliminaries
❖ Main results(SLIDE-5 & SLIDE-6)
❖ Applications
❖ Conclusions & Future Scope
❖ References
❖ THANK YOU
 INTRODUCTION
-:The Intersection of Geometry and Linear Algebra :-

What is A branch of mathematics dealing with vectors, vector spaces, linear

Linear transformations, and systems of linear equations.
Algebra

What • A set of vectors where addition and scalar multiplication are

are defined and satisfy certain axioms.
Vector • Geometric Interpretation: Think of vectors as arrows in a plane or
Spaces? space that can be scaled and added to form new vectors.

Why Geometry provides a visual and intuitive understanding of abstract

Geometry algebraic concepts.
in Linear Examples: Linear combinations form geometric shapes like lines
Algebra and planes. Orthogonality as perpendicular vectors.
?
 PRELIMINARIES
FOUNDATIONS OF VECTOR SPACES
1.Vectors and Scalars:- Types: Cartesian Coordinates (ℝ², ℝ³):
Vectors: Objects with magnitude and direction. Represent points using perpendicular axes
Scalars: Real or complex numbers used for scaling vectors. (e.g., (x,y)(x, y)(x,y) in 2D).
•Polar Coordinates: Represent points using
2.Vector Spaces:-
radius and angle (r,θr, \thetar,θ) in 2D.
Definition: A set of vectors closed under addition and scalar multiplication. •Homogeneous Coordinates: Used in
Examples: ℝ² (plane), ℝ³ (3D space), and function spaces. computer graphics for transformations,
3.Basis and Dimension: adding an extra dimension.
Basis:- A set of linearly independent vectors that span the entire space.
Dimension:- Number of vectors in the basis, representing the "size" of the Linear Transformations
space. Definition: A function 𝑇T that maps
4.Linear Combinations and Span: vectors from one vector space to another
Linear Combination: A sum of scalar multiples of vectors.
while preserving vector addition and
Span: All possible vectors that can be formed using a set of vectors.
scalar multiplication:
Coordinate Systems 𝑻(𝒂𝒖 + 𝒃𝒗) =aT( 𝒖) + 𝒃𝑻( 𝒗)
Definition: A coordinate system assigns a Examples of Linear Transformations:
•Scaling: Enlarges or shrinks vectors.
unique set of numbers (coordinates) to
•Rotation: Rotates vectors around an origin.
each point in a space. •Reflection: Flips vectors across a line or
plane.
Example: A 2D 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
•Shearing: Slants the shape of an object.
rotation matrix:- 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
MAIN RESULTS Subspaces: Span and Linear Combinations:
Definition: The span of a set of vectors is the
Linear Independence: Definition: A subspace is a subset of a
collection of all linear combinations of those
Definition: A set of vectors is linearly vector space that itself forms a vector
independent if no vector in the set can vectors.
space under the same operations (vector
beexpressed as a linear combination of Linear Combination Formula:
theothers. addition and scalar multiplication).
𝐶1 𝑣Ԧ1 + 𝐶2 𝑣Ԧ2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑣Ԧ𝑛
Example: Conditions for a Subspace:
• 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒔 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 ℝ3 . Where 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶𝑛 ,are scaler and 𝑣Ԧ1 , 𝑣Ԧ2 , 𝑣Ԧ𝑛 are
• Contains the zero vector.
{(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1)} • Contains the zero vector. vectors.
• These vectors are linearly independent because none • Closed under addition. Contains the zero vector.
can be formed by a combination of the others. • Closed under scalar multiplication. • Contains the zero vector.
Geometric Insight Example: • Closed under addition n.
• In ℝ2 , two vectors are linearly • Closed under scalar multiplication.
The set of all vectors on a line passing
Example:
independent if they do not lie on the through the origin in ℝ2 .
same line. The set of all vectors on a line passing through
The set of all planes passing through the
• In ℝ3 , three vectors are independent if origin inℝ3 . the origin in ℝ2 .
they do not lie on the same plane.. The set of all planes passing through the origin
Geometric Visualization:
in ℝ3 .
A line (1D subspace) or plane (2D subspace)
Geometric Visualization:
within a higher-dimensional space.
A line (1D subspace) or plane (2D subspace)
within a higher-dimensional space.
MAIN Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors:-
Definition :- For a matrix 𝐴, an
Applications of Inner Product Spaces
•Inner Product (Dot Product):

RESULTS
• A measure of similarity between
eigenvector 𝑣⃗ is a non-zero vector that vectors: ⟨u⃗,v⃗⟩=u1v1+u2v2+⋯+unvn
only changes in magnitude (not direction) •Geometric Interpretation:
when 𝐴 is applied: • The inner product gives the

Advanced 𝑨𝒗 = 𝝀𝝑 cosine of the angle between

vectors and measures projection
λ is the eigenvalue, representing the length.
Concepts in scaling factor.
Geometric Interpretation: Eigenvectors
•Applications:
• Orthogonality and Projections:

Vector point in directions that remain

unchanged (except for scaling) under the
• Projections of vectors onto
subspaces or other vectors use

Spaces and transformation. inner products.

• Fourier Series (Signal
•Example: Processing):
Linear • For the matrix A= 20 03
• Eigenvectors are along the axes
• Decomposes signals into
orthogonal components.

Transforma (1,0) and (0,1).

• Eigenvalues are 2 and 3,
• Quantum Mechanics:
• Inner products define state

tions
probabilities in quantum
indicating stretching by factors systems.
of 2 and 3, respectively. • Machine Learning:
• Used in measuring distances
and kernels for support
vector machines (SVMs).
 APPLICATION
Real-World Applications of Vector Spaces 7
Computer Graphics Physics and Engineering
How Vector Spaces are Used: How Vector Spaces are Used:
Transformations: Rotations, translations, scaling, and shearing of objects in 2D Forces and Motion: Forces acting on a body are vectors. The resultant force is the vector
and 3D are represented using matrices and vectors. sum of individual forces.
3D Rendering: Position, lighting, and camera movements are modeled with Kinematics: Velocity and acceleration are represented as vectors.
vector operations.
Electric and Magnetic Fields: Fields are described as vector fields, with direction and
Color Representation: Colors are often represented as vectors in RGB or other magnitude at each point.
color spaces Example:
Example:A 3D object’s rotation can be achieved using a rotation matrix applied •A force vector acting at an angle on a block can be decomposed into
to each vertex.Transformation matrix:𝑅(𝜃)=(cos𝜃−sin𝜃sin𝜃cos𝜃)R(θ)=( cosθsinθ horizontal and vertical components.
−sinθcosθ ) •Newton’s Laws: The equation F=ma uses vectors for force F, mass m, and
acceleration a.
Machine Learning and Data Analysis

•How Vector Spaces are Used:

Feature Representation: Data points are represented as vectors in high-

dimensional spaces.

Linear Models: Algorithms like linear regression and support vector

machines (SVMs) use vector spaces to find optimal solutions.

Dimensionality Reduction: Techniques like PCA (Principal Component

Analysis) project data onto lower-dimensional spaces.

•Example:
PICTURES
A dataset with features (x1,x2)(x_1, x_2)(x1,x2) can be visualized as points in
a 2D space. The decision boundary of a classifier is a line or plane separating
classes
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Key Takeaways: 8
The Importance of Geometry in Linear Algebra:
Geometric interpretations make abstract concepts like vector spaces, linear independence, and
eigenvalues more intuitive.
Visualizing operations (e.g., rotations, projections) enhances understanding of their effects on
data and systems.
Broad Applications of Vector Spaces:
Vector spaces underpin various fields such as computer graphics, machine learning, physics,
and engineering.
Inner product spaces, transformations, and eigenvectors play crucial roles in solving real-world
problems.

Future Exploration Areas:

Quantum Computing:Quantum states are represented as vectors in complex vector
spaces (Hilbert spaces), where inner products define probabilities.Understanding
vector spaces is essential for quantum algorithms and quantum mechanics.
Computational Geometry and Robotics:Geometric representations are critical for
path planning, object recognition, and motion control in robotics.Linear
transformations help model and predict motion in complex environments.
REFERENCES 9

ONLINE BOOKS PDF:-

•Introduction to Linear Algebra by Gilbert Strang (5th
Edition).
•Linear Algebra Done Right by Sheldon Axler.
Online Resources:
MIT OpenCourseWare: Linear Algebra (by Gilbert Strang).
Khan Academy: Linear Algebra course (for foundational concepts).
Paul’s Online Math Notes: Linear Algebra section (step-by-step
explanations).3Blue1Brown YouTube Channel: Visual explanations
of linear algebra concepts.
Applications and Software:
•Wolfram MathWorld: Vector Spaces and Linear Algebra
topics.
THANK YOU