1.

The primary function of the central nervous system is to:

A. Process sensory information
B. Control muscle movement
C. Regulate essential body functions
D. Integrate and coordinate information
**Answer: D**

2. The cells responsible for supporting neurons in the CNS are called:
A. Myocytes
B. Neurons
C. Glial cells
D. Erythrocytes
**Answer: C**

3. Which type of neuron carries signals away from the CNS?

A. Afferent neurons
B. Efferent neurons
C. Interneurons
D. Sensory neurons
**Answer: B**

4. What type of channel primarily mediates action potentials?

A. Voltage-gated calcium channels
B. Ligand-gated channels
C. Voltage-gated sodium channels
D. Mechanically gated channels
**Answer: C**

5. The area of the brain responsible for higher-order thinking is the:

A. Cerebellum
B. Brainstem
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Thalamus
**Answer: C**

6. The primary neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction is:

A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Serotonin
D. Norepinephrine
**Answer: B**

7. In which part of the neuron does the action potential typically begin?
A. Dendrites
B. Soma
C. Axon hillock
D. Synapse
**Answer: C**

8. Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the reward pathway?

A. Acetylcholine
B. Serotonin
C. Dopamine
D. GABA
**Answer: C**
9. The structure responsible for the communication between the left and right hemispheres of the
brain is the:
A. Corpus callosum
B. Hippocampus
C. Thalamus
D. Cerebellum
**Answer: A**

10. The function of the hypothalamus includes:

A. Regulating heart rate
B. Controlling body temperature
C. Processing visual information
D. Coordinating voluntary movement
**Answer: B**

11. The autonomic nervous system is divided into:

A. Sympathetic and parasympathetic
B. Central and peripheral
C. Somatic and visceral
D. Efferent and afferent
**Answer: A**

12. Which part of the brain is primarily involved in balance and coordination?
A. Cerebellum
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Thalamus
D. Hippocampus
**Answer: A**

13. The term 'plasticity' in relation to the nervous system refers to:
A. The rigidity of neurons
B. The ability to change and adapt
C. The inability to repair
D. The size of glial cells
**Answer: B**

14. The neurotransmitter that inhibits excessive neuronal activity is:

A. Acetylcholine
B. Norepinephrine
C. GABA
D. Serotonin
**Answer: C**

15. The sensory cortex is primarily located in the:

A. Frontal lobe
B. Temporal lobe
C. Parietal lobe
D. Occipital lobe
**Answer: C**

16. Which type of synapse involves direct electrical communication?

A. Chemical synapse
B. Electrical synapse
C. Ligand-gated synapse
D. Neuromuscular synapse
**Answer: B**
17. The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is:
A. GABA
B. Glutamate
C. Glycine
D. Dopamine
**Answer: B**

18. Damage to which area of the brain would most likely affect memory formation?
A. Cerebellum
B. Hippocampus
C. Amygdala
D. Medulla oblongata
**Answer: B**

19. The role of the basal ganglia includes:

A. Processing sensory information
B. Regulating emotions
C. Controlling voluntary motor movements
D. Managing autonomic functions
**Answer: C**

20. The first step in the transmission of an action potential is the:

A. Repolarization
B. Depolarization
C. Hyperpolarization
D. Resting potential
**Answer: B**

21. The term 'afferent' refers to neurons that:

A. Transmit signals away from the CNS
B. Convey signals toward the CNS
C. Connect to muscles
D. Support other neurons
**Answer: B**

22. Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood regulation?

A. Serotonin
B. GABA
C. Acetylcholine
D. Nitric oxide
**Answer: A**

23. The process by which neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft is called:
A. Reuptake
B. Diffusion
C. Degradation
D. Synthesis
**Answer: A**

24. The function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS is to:

A. Provide immune defense
B. Form myelin sheaths
C. Regulate blood flow
D. Support neuronal growth
**Answer: B**
25. The effect of neurotransmitters can be terminated by:
A. Increased receptor sensitivity
B. Synaptic cleft enzyme action
C. Increased voltage in the synapse
D. Retrograde signaling
**Answer: B**

26. A critical part of the brain for regulating heartbeat and breathing is the:
A. Cerebrum
B. Thalamus
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Cerebellum
**Answer: C**

27. The type of memory that retains information for a short duration is called:
A. Long-term memory
B. Procedural memory
C. Sensory memory
D. Declarative memory
**Answer: C**

28. The primary function of the thalamus is to:

A. Regulate emotions
B. Integrate sensory information
C. Control autonomic functions
D. Coordinate motor skills
**Answer: B**

29. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is often referred to as:
A. The rest-and-digest system
B. The fight-or-flight system
C. The relaxation system
D. The energy-saving system
**Answer: B**

30. The term used to describe the gap between two neurons is:
A. Dendrite
B. Synaptic cleft
C. Axon
D. Soma
**Answer: B**

31. Neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron is triggered by:

A. Hyperpolarization
B. Depolarization
C. Reuptake
D. Inhibition
**Answer: B**

32. The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is:

A. Glutamate
B. GABA
C. Dopamine
D. Acetylcholine
**Answer: B**

33. The part of the neuron that receives incoming signals is the:
A. Axon
B. Dendrite
C. Soma
D. Terminal bouton
**Answer: B**

34. Which structure is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

A. Pineal gland
B. Thalamus
C. Hippocampus
D. Cerebellum
**Answer: A**

35. The protein involved in the reuptake of neurotransmitters is primarily located in:
A. Postsynaptic neuron
B. Presynaptic neuron
C. Glial cells
D. Blood vessels
**Answer: B**

36. The role of the amygdala is most closely associated with:

A. Motor coordination
B. Sensory processing
C. Emotion regulation
D. Sleep-wake cycles
**Answer: C**

37. Which of the following functions is primarily associated with the frontal lobe?
A. Visual processing
B. Language comprehension
C. Decision making and planning
D. Auditory processing
**Answer: C**

38. The structures that protect the brain and spinal cord are known as:
A. Meninges
B. Ventrices
C. Neurons
D. Glia
**Answer: A**

39. The bundle of neuronal fibers connecting the brain and spinal cord is called the:
A. Cerebral cortex
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Spinal cord
D. Brainstem
**Answer: C**

40. The process by which myelination speeds up neural impulse transmission is known as:
A. Saltatory conduction
B. Continuous conduction
C. Retrograde signaling
D. Neuroplasticity
**Answer: A**

41. Neurotransmitter receptors can have a direct effect on:

A. Gene expression
B. Blood pressure
C. Ion channel opening
D. Muscle contraction
**Answer: C**

42. The primary mediator of the fight-or-flight response is:

A. Cortisol
B. Epinephrine
C. Norepinephrine
D. Acetylcholine
**Answer: B**

43. The region of the brain that plays a fundamental role in homeostasis is the:
A. Cerebellum
B. Hypothalamus
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Hippocampus
**Answer: B**

44. Which neurotransmitter is commonly involved in learning and memory?

A. GABA
B. Glutamate
C. Histamine
D. Norepinephrine
**Answer: B**

45. Which type of glial cell is involved in the immune response in the CNS?
A. Astrocytes
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Microglia
D. Schwann cells
**Answer: C**

46. The process by which information is encoded into long-term memory is called:
A. Consolidation
B. Retrieval
C. Storage
D. Recognition
**Answer: A**

47. Which part of the brain is essential for forming new memories?
A. Cerebellum
B. Amygdala
C. Hippocampus
D. Medulla oblongata
**Answer: C**

48. The primary role of the sensory processing areas in the brain is to:
A. Convert stimuli into perceptions
B. Generate motor responses
C. Balance the body
D. Regulate hormone levels
**Answer: A**

49. The neurotransmitter involved in mood elevation and reward-seeking behavior is:
A. Serotonin
B. Dopamine
C. Acetylcholine
D. Norepinephrine
**Answer: B**

50. The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system can be described as:
A. Accelerating heart rate
B. Inhibiting digestive activity
C. Promoting "rest-and-digest" functions
D. Enhancing alertness
**Answer: C**

51. The primary location of sensory input integration in the brain is:
A. Cerebellum
B. Thalamus
C. Brainstem
D. Corpus callosum
**Answer: B**

52. The brain structure involved in logical reasoning is predominantly located in the:
A. Temporal lobe
B. Occipital lobe
C. Parietal lobe
D. Frontal lobe
**Answer: D**

53. The structural unit of the nervous system is the:

A. Neurotransmitter
B. Neuron
C. Synapse
D. Glial cell
**Answer: B**

54. Which structure secretes hormones that regulate several physiological functions, including stress
responses?
A. Adrenal gland
B. Thyroid gland
C. Pituitary gland
D. Pineal gland
**Answer: A**

55. The process of creating a new neural pathway is referred to as:

A. Neurodegeneration
B. Neurogenesis
C. Synaptogenesis
D. Myelination
**Answer: C**

56. The term used to describe a neuron at rest is:

A. Depolarization
B. Hyperpolarization
C. Resting potential
D. Action potential
**Answer: C**

57. The part of the brain that regulates autonomic functions such as heartbeat and breathing is:
A. Medulla oblongata
B. Pons
C. Thalamus
D. Hypothalamus
**Answer: A**

58. Which type of channel plays a key role in synaptic transmission?

A. Voltage-gated potassium channel
B. Ligand-gated ion channel
C. Stretch-activated channel
D. Leak channel
**Answer: B**

59. The autonomic nervous system is most affected by:

A. Somatic stimuli
B. Involuntary stimuli
C. Conscious thoughts
D. Reflex actions
**Answer: B**

60. The primary function of sensory neurons is to:

A. Integrate information
B. Send signals to muscles
C. Detect stimuli
D. Regulate autonomic functions
**Answer: C**

61. Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain is most likely to affect:
A. Left side motor control
B. Balance and coordination
C. Verbal communication
D. Visual processing
**Answer: A**

62. In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in:

A. Dendritic spines
B. Synaptic vesicles
C. Axon terminals
D. Glial cells
**Answer: B**

63. The regions of the brain involved in processing emotions include:

A. Cerebellum and thalamus
B. Hippocampus and corpus callosum
C. Amygdala and hypothalamus
D. Medulla oblongata and pons
**Answer: C**

64. The term 'neuroplasticity' refers to:

A. The rigid structure of neurons
B. The brain's ability to recover from injury
C. The capability of neurons to form new connections
D. The loss of synaptic connections
**Answer: C**
Here are the next multiple-choice questions continuing from 64:

65. The part of the neuron that sends signals away from the cell body is called:
A. Dendrite
B. Axon
C. Soma
D. Synapse
**Answer: B**

66. Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily associated with arousal and alertness?
A. Serotonin
B. Acetylcholine
C. Norepinephrine
D. GABA
**Answer: C**

67. The primary role of astrocytes in the CNS is to:

A. Form myelin
B. Provide structural support
C. Regulate blood flow
D. Facilitate neurotransmitter uptake
**Answer: C**

68. The phenomenon where one neuron can influence multiple other neurons is known as:
A. Divergence
B. Convergence
C. Integration
D. Amplification
**Answer: A**

69. The time it takes for a neuron to recover after firing an action potential is known as:
A. Refractory period
B. Synaptic delay
C. Hyperpolarization
D. Resting phase
**Answer: A**

70. Which of the following structures is crucial for taste perception?

A. Olfactory bulb
B. Gustatory cortex
C. Visual cortex
D. Auditory cortex
**Answer: B**

71. The "fight or flight" response is primarily coordinated by:

A. Parasympathetic nervous system
B. Sympathetic nervous system
C. Central nervous system
D. Enteric nervous system
**Answer: B**

72. The role of the prefrontal cortex is predominantly related to:

A. Motor coordination
B. Complex cognitive behavior
C. Sensory processing
D. Reflex actions
**Answer: B**

73. During an action potential, the depolarization phase is largely due to the influx of:
A. Calcium ions
B. Potassium ions
C. Chloride ions
D. Sodium ions
**Answer: D**

74. Which brain structure is known for its role in emotion and memory?
A. Cerebellum
B. Hippocampus
C. Thalamus
D. Medulla oblongata
**Answer: B**

75. The effect of adrenaline (epinephrine) on the body primarily includes:

A. Decreased heart rate
B. Increased blood flow to muscles
C. Dilated pupils
D. All of the above
**Answer: B**

76. The synaptic cleft is:

A. A gap between two neurons
B. The area inside a neuron
C. The region where action potentials are generated
D. A type of neurotransmitter receptor
**Answer: A**

77. The brain structure most responsible for regulating circadian rhythms is the:
A. Cerebellum
B. Thalamus
C. Hypothalamus
D. Brainstem
**Answer: C**

78. Which neurotransmitter is linked to both pain perception and pleasure?

A. Endorphins
B. GABA
C. Serotonin
D. Acetylcholine
**Answer: A**

79. The main function of the visual cortex is:

A. Auditory processing
B. Muscle control
C. Visual perception
D. Balance and coordination
**Answer: C**

80. Neurotransmitters that bind to receptors and cause a change in ion permeability are known as:
A. Agonists
B. Antagonists
C. Modulators
D. Enzymes
**Answer: A**