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Module5 Q&A

The document explains the HTTP protocol, including its structure and how it works through a simple Python program. It discusses the advantages of using libraries like urllib for web page retrieval, the concept of service-oriented architecture, and the differences between web scrapers and spiders. Additionally, it covers the roles of sockets in network programming, the function of APIs in web applications, and the differences between JSON and XML.

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3 views

Module5 Q&A

The document explains the HTTP protocol, including its structure and how it works through a simple Python program. It discusses the advantages of using libraries like urllib for web page retrieval, the concept of service-oriented architecture, and the differences between web scrapers and spiders. Additionally, it covers the roles of sockets in network programming, the function of APIs in web applications, and the differences between JSON and XML.

Uploaded by

pvarshaa712
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA VISUALIZATION ANSWERS IA 3

Q1.How des HTTP protocol work, and what is its structure? Show the HTTP protocol
works is to write a very simple Python program that makes a connection to a web server.

ANS: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a network protocol that enables
communication on the web. It allows applications to exchange data over the Internet,
typically between a client (e.g., a web browser) and a server.

Working: Client Sends a Request: A client establishes a connection with a web server
using a socket.

Server Processes the Request: he server receives the request, processes it, and
retrieves the requested resource

Server Sends a Response: The server sends an HTTP response message back to the
client.

Structure of an HTTP Request:

1. Request Line: Specifies the HTTP method (e.g., GET, POST), URI (Uniform Resource
Identifier), and the protocol version (e.g., HTTP/1.1).

2. Headers: Metadata such as Host, User-Agent, and Content-Type.

3. Body: Optional and used for data (e.g., form submissions in POST requests).
Structure of an HTTP Response:

1. Status Line: Includes protocol version, status code, and reason phrase (e.g., HTTP/1.1
200 OK).

2. Headers: Provide metadata about the response (e.g., Content-Type: text/html).

3. Body: Contains the requested data (e.g., HTML content).

The program connects to port 80 on www.pr4e.com. Acting as a web browser, it sends


the GET command followed by a blank line (\r\n\r\n to signify no content between two
EOLs). The program then reads data in 512-character chunks using a loop until no more
data is received (recv() returns an empty string).The program produces the following
output: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Q2.What are the advantages of using libraries like urllib for retrieving web pages. Write a
code to retrieving web pages with urllib.

Adavantages:

While we can manually send and receive data over HTTP using the socket library, there
is a much simpler way to perform this common task in Python by using the urllib library
by treating web page like a file.

to retrieve a non-text (or binary) file such as an image or video file. The data in these files
is generally not useful to print out but can easily make a copy of a URL to a local file on
your hard disk using urllib.

Urllib library is capable to scrape the web in python

Once the web page has been opened with urllib.request.urlopen, we can treat it like a
file and read through it using a for loop. When the program runs, we only see the output
of the contents of the file. The headers are still sent, but the urllib code consumes the
headers and only returns the data to us.

3. What is the concept of service -oriented architecture? Explain the concept of a web
scrapper versus a spider.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a design approach in software architecture


where applications are composed of loosely coupled, reusable, and interoperable
services. Each service represents a specific business function or capability, such as
payment processing, authentication, or user management. These services
communicate over a network (often using protocols like HTTP) and can be integrated to
build larger applications. Ex: A banking application may use separate services for
transactions, account management, and fraud detection. Each service is developed
and maintained independently.

Web Scraper:

A web scraper focuses on extracting specific data from one or more web pages.

It typically works with predefined URLs or HTML structures to retrieve targeted


information like product prices, news articles, or weather updates.

Web scrapers are usually customized for specific tasks and may rely on libraries like
Beautiful Soup, Scrapy, or Selenium in Python.

Example Use Case: Extracting product prices from an e-commerce website.


Spider (Web Crawler):

A spider is a broader, automated program designed to traverse the web by following


links across multiple pages and domains.

It systematically explores and indexes web pages, often for search engines (e.g.,
Googlebot).

Spiders are designed to explore the web at scale, not necessarily targeting specific
content.

Example Use Case: Indexing web pages for a search engine.

4. What is XML, and how is it different from HTML? Explain how to loop through XML
nodes using python.

XML looks very similar to HTML, but XML is more structured than HTML. Here is a
sample of an XML document:

Each pair of opening (e.g., ) and closing tags (e.g., ) represents


a element or node with the same name as the tag (e.g.,
person). Each element can have some text, some attributes
(e.g., hide), and other nested elements. If an XML element is
empty (i.e., has no content), then it may be depicted by a self-
closing tag (e.g., ). Often it is helpful to think of an XML
document as a tree structure where there is a top element (here: person), and other
tags (e.g., phone) are drawn as children of their parent elements.

code for looping through nodes.

Explanation:

The findall method retrieves a Python list


of subtrees that represent the user
structures in the XML tree. Then we can
write a for loop that looks at each of the
user nodes, and prints the name and id
text elements as well as the x attribute
from the user node.
Q5.What is the role of socket in network programming ? How can you retrieve an image
over HTTP using Python sockets?

In network programming, a socket is an endpoint for communication between two


programs running on different machines (or even the same machine). It acts as an
interface for sending and receiving data over a network. Sockets are foundational for
implementing communication protocols like HTTP, FTP, or custom protocols in
networking.

Enabling Communication: Provides a two-way link for data exchange between


applications, identified by an IP address and port.

Abstracting Complexity: Simplifies the use of network protocols (TCP/UDP) through an


easy-to-use API.
Q6. What is an API, and how is it used in modern web applications. How do API keys
ensure security when using web services.?

APIs enable applications to communicate and exchange data using protocols like HTTP
and formats like XML or JSON. APIs act as contracts between applications, defining the
rules for accessing services provided by one program to others.

Communication: APIs allow data exchange between applications using standardized


methods.

Contracts: APIs define the rules for accessing services, ensuring interoperability.

Integration: Applications can extend their functionality by leveraging services provided


by other programs.

API keys ensure security by:

Authentication: Verifying the identity of the user or application accessing the service.

Access Control: Enforcing permissions and limiting access to specific resources or


features based on the user's subscription or role.

Usage Monitoring: Tracking API usage to prevent abuse, such as excessive requests or
overuse of resources.

Tiered Access: Offering different service levels (free vs. paid) with varying access limits
and features for different users.

OAuth for Enhanced Security

Cryptographically Signing Requests: Verifying the authenticity of requests through a


secure signing process.

Token-Based Authentication: Using tokens instead of passwords to prevent sharing


sensitive data. OAuth is widely used in web services, providing a standardized way to
secure access, and can be easily implemented with libraries that simplify the process.
Q7. What are the key differences between JSON and XML ? How can you parse JSON
data using python built in json library

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