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Errorless Ch 2(1)

The document discusses motion in one dimension, emphasizing the concepts of position, distance, displacement, speed, and velocity. It explains how observations of an object's position can vary based on the observer's frame of reference and defines key terms such as scalar and vector quantities. Additionally, it differentiates between uniform and non-uniform motion, as well as average and instantaneous speed and velocity.

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clarencedsouza678
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14 views

Errorless Ch 2(1)

The document discusses motion in one dimension, emphasizing the concepts of position, distance, displacement, speed, and velocity. It explains how observations of an object's position can vary based on the observer's frame of reference and defines key terms such as scalar and vector quantities. Additionally, it differentiates between uniform and non-uniform motion, as well as average and instantaneous speed and velocity.

Uploaded by

clarencedsouza678
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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(@ (@@ Motion In One Dimension Position ‘An object is situated at point © and three observers from thuse diferent —_ places are looking ‘at same object, et a then al thee cbveress wil have diferent cbseriations shout the postion ‘of point O and no one willbe wrong. Because they are obsening ‘the object rom diferent postions (Observer ‘A’ says: Point © is 3m away in west direction (Observer ‘B says: Point 8 4 m away in south direction, ‘Observer ‘C’ says: Point O's 5 m away in east direction. ‘Therefore postion of any point is completely expressed by ‘wo factor: Is distance from the observer and ie direction with respec o observe. That is why postion is characterised by ‘a vector inown as positon vector, Consider a point Pin xy plane and its ‘coordinates are (x, 1). Then position vector (7) of point wall be xi + yj and ifthe point P isin space and is coordinates ave x,y, 2) then poston vector can beexwessedas 7 =x +) +a 1d Motion fa body does not change is postion as time passes with respect to frame of reference tis said tobe at rest. ‘And if @ body changes its postion as time passes with respec to frame of reference, tis sad to be in motion Fig 24 Rest Frome of Reference : It # a sytem to which a set of coordinates ove atoched and with relerence to wich observer escbes any event ‘A passenger standing on platform observes that a tree on a platform i at rest. Bu the same passenger passing away in a tain through station, observes that tree is in motion. In both condtions observer is right. But cbservations are cliferent because in fist situation observer stands on a platform, which is ference frame at rest and in second situation observer fs moving in train, which ie reference frame in motion ‘So rest and motion ate relative terms depending upon the choice of frame of reference Table 2.1 : Types of motion ‘One dimensional ‘Motion om boy in estlght tne called ene Obut Displacement > = or <0 (iti) For motion between two points, displacement is single valued while distance depends on actual path and so can have many values. (i) For a moving panicle distance can never decrease with time while dplocement can. Decrease in displacement wit tine means body lt moving towards the nal poston, 52,83 1 +8, +85 +, () In general, magnitude of displacement is not equal 10 distance. However, i can be so if the motion is along a straight line without change in direction, y (vi) If Fy and iy are the position vectors of particle initaly and finaly Then particle Fy and s isthe distance travelled ifthe particle has gone through the path APB. Spe displacement of the 1d Velocity (1) Speed : The rate of distance covered with time is called speed (i) It is a scalar quantity having symbol v. (ii) Dimension : [M°L'T"'] (iil) Unit : metre/second (S.1), em/second (C.G.S.) {iv) Types of speed (a) Uniform speed : When a partice covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, (no matter how small the intervals are) then its sid to be moving with uefa speed. In given istration motorcyclist travels equal distance (= Sm) in each second. So we can say that patie is moving with uniform speed of 5 mi Vim) Bm Sm) Sm Bm) Sm “Fm? (idmee dace Tue see Leer dase Crrormpecs 5m Sls mls Sls mis Sis Fig. 2.4 (b) Non-uniform (variable) speed : In non-uniform speed particle covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time. In the aiven illustration motoreyclist travels Sm in 1* second, 8m in 2°! second, 10m in 3+ second, 4m in 4 second ete: ‘Therefore its speed is different for every time interval of one second, This means particle is moving with variable speed. 3 Time” Isc Ise Ieee 1see Ise Vavioble Speed Sms Sms 1mis mis Gis mis Fig. 25 (c) Average speed : The average speed of a particle for a civen “lterval of time’ is defined as the rtio of total distance travelled othe time taken ‘Average speed = Totlstence travelled as Time taken at Time average speed : When particle moves with different, uniform speed »,, v2, vy ete in diferent time intervals t, ty 1g, ele respectively, ils average speed over the total time of journey is given as Crop and «,, ~ Total distance covered ‘= =Total time elapsed adi tds +dy + tty hy + tty + Daly + sty + hthth+ When a partice describes I Distance averaged speed different distances dj, dy, dy... with different time intervals with speeds v),d2,Us.. respectively then the speed of paticle averaged over the total distance can be given as Total stance covered _ dy +d, +d3 + Total time elapsed fy +p +hy 4.0 dy + dy dy + Gy hy, speed is continuously changing with time then Joa at (@) Instantaneous speed : It is the speed of a particle at a particular instant of time. When we say “speed”, it usually means instantaneous speed ‘The instantaneous speed is average speed for infinitesimally small time interval (ie., At 0). Thus the tes bay ds Instantaneous speed w= im SF = So (2) Velocity : The rate of change of poston Le rate of deplacerent with time is called velocity {i Risa vector quantity having symbol {i Dimension: (MPL'T*] (i) Unit: metesecond ($1), envsecond (C.G.S.) (i) Types of velocity (2) Uniform velocity : A particle is said to have uniform velocity, if magnitude as well as direction of is velocty remains same and this is possible only when the particle moves in same straight line without reversing is cretion with constant speed. (b) Non-uniform velocity : A partie is said to have non- uniform velocity, if ether magnitude or direction of velocty changes or both of them change (@) Average velocity : i is defined as the ratio of Asplacerent to time taken by the boxy Displacement, _ AF Time taken + (¢) Instantancous velocity : Instantaneous velocity is defined as rate of change of position vector of particles with time at a certain instant of time. Average velocity = ai Instantaneous velocity d= jim, SF = 1D Ita body starting from rest accelerates at a constant rate « for certain time and then retards at constant rate /# and comes to rest aller {sec from the starting point, then apt ana {2} The maximum velocity ofthe body = (EE apt ase (v) Comparison between instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity : (2) Instantaneous velocity is always tangential to the path followed by the particle. When a stone is thrown from point O then at point of projection the instantaneous velocity of stone is 6, , at point A the instantaneous velocity of stone is di, similarly at point B and C are i and i, respectively, ¥ (b) Distance travelled by the body = Fig. 2.6 Direction of these velocities can be found out by drawing a tangent on the trajectory at a given point. (b) A particle may have constant instantaneous speed but variable instantaneous velocity. Example : When a particle is performing uniform circular motion then for every instant of its circular motion its speed remains constant but velocity changes at every instant (c) The magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to the instantaneous speed. (@) If a particle is moving with constant velocity then its average velocity and instantaneous velocity are always equal (e) I displacement is given as a function of time, then time derivative of displacement will give velocity Let displacement Ayr Att Ae 4 2 Fa lay Aste Ae) Instantaneous velodty 5 Be-A, + 2A, For the given value of t, we can find out the instantaneous velocity eg for t 0 Instantaneous velocity A (vi) Comparison between average velocity : (2) Average speed is a scalar while average velocity is a vector both having same units (ms) and dimensions {LT} (b) Average speed or velocity depends on time interval over Which its defined (€) For a given time interval average velocity is single valued While average speed can have many values depending on path followed, (@) If after motion, body comes back to its initial position then gj =0 (as AF =0) but v,, + and finite as (Ae> 0) (c) For a moving body average speed can never be negative or zero (unless 1») while average velocity can be ie. ug, > 0 while A, and Instantaneous speed | vd and average or<0.

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