ANTENNA ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

LAB MANUAL

Subject Code: 19EEC331

Dept. of Electrical, Electronics and Communication

Engineering

Gandhi Nagar, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

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List of Experiments
-

Hardware Experiments

S.no Experiment Name Page.No

1 Conduct experiment to verify inverse square law using antenna 2-3
trainer kit.
2 Conduct experiment to prove reciprocity theorem using antenna 4-5
trainer kit.
3 Conduct experiment on co-polarization and cross-polarization 6-8
using antenna trainer kit.
4 Plot the Radiation pattern of all WIRED antenna and observe its 9 - 10
parameters.
5 Plot the radiation pattern of Array antenna and observe its 11- 12
parameters.

Software Experiments

6 Design and measure all the antenna parameters and polarization 13 - 40

of half wave dipole antenna (Using HFSS).
7 Design and measure all the antenna parameters and polarization 41 - 57
of a horn antenna (Using HFSS)
8 Design and measure all the antenna parameters and polarization 58 - 98
of microstrip patch antenna (Using HFSS).
9 Design an N-element linear array and plot its antenna radiation 99 -103
pattern and measure the antenna parameters (Using MATLAB).
10 Design an N-element broadside and end fire array and plot their 104-105
radiation pattern (Using MATLAB).
11 Design a linear array for given specifications using schelkunoff 106-107
polynomial method (Using MATLAB)
12 Plot the radiation pattern of a Horn antenna (Using MATLAB) 108-110

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EXPERIMENT NO: 1
TO PROVE INVERSE SQUARE LAW

OBJECTIVE
To Measure the variation of field strength of radiated wave, with distance from transmitting antenna.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
3. Open the AMS-A.exe file Select the corresponding COM PORT and Click on Run, Now
the software will be in running mode.
4. Select the PROOF OF THEOREM and then select the experiment of INVERSE SQUARE
LAW.
5. Then select the RX antenna and click on START button.
6. A Pop-Up window will appear asking user to Keep the Distance between TX and RX as
10cm then click on NEXT button.
7. After completion of one reading again a popup window will appear asking to Increase the
TX and RX distance by 10cm.
8. Repeat the procedure up to a distance of 100cm at an interval of 10cm; click on NEXT to
plot the graph.
9. After that it will plot the radiation pattern in inverse square law graph (i.e. Distance in cm
V/S power in dBm).
10. While taking the readings, ensure that no scattering objects are in the vicinity of the
antenna, this could reradiate and distort the field pattern and consequently the readings.
Avoid any movement of persons while taking the readings.
11. Plot these readings manually on graph paper with distance between antennas on X axis and
signal level in dB at Y-axis.
12. Use the graph template provided below for plotting your graph.
13. Now take the readings and observe the plots for different types of antennas.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
TO PROVE RECIPROCITY THEOREM
OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate that the transmitting and receiving radiation patterns of an antenna are equal and
hence confirm the reciprocity theorem of antennas.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.
2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult theory for details of far
field region.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file Select the corresponding COM PORT and Click on Run, Now
the software will be in running mode.
5. Select the PROOF OF THEOREM and then select the experiment of RECIPROCITY
THEOREM.
6. Then select the RX antenna and click on START button.
7. After completing it will plot the readings.
8. Now interchange the antenna and again take the next reading.
9. Compare both the plots they must be same; hence reciprocity theorem is proved.
10. Similarly do the experiments for different types of antennas.

NOTE:

1. Keep in mind that an antenna that is being rotated is plotted in reception and transmission mode
both for proving the reciprocity theorem.
2. Observe the two plots and they must be approximately same.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
CO-POLARIZATION AND CROSS-POLARIZATIION

OBJECTIVE
To observe the effect of CO-POLARIZATION and CROSS-POLARIZATIION sing vertical and
horizontal polarization of antenna.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.
2. Set transmitting as well as receiving antenna in same polarization i.e.
VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL.
3. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult theory for details of far
field region. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click on Run, Now
the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX (either WIRE or
PLANAR) antenna then click on START.
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. After completing it will plot the readings.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.
2. Set transmitting as well as receiving antenna in opposite/different polarization i.e.
VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL.
3. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult theory for details of far
field region.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click on Run, Now
the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CROSS-POLARIZATION, select RX (either WIRE
or PLANAR) antenna then click on START.
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. After completing it will plot the readings.
8. Observe the effect of change in polarization of antenna.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4

RADIATION PATTERN OF ALL WIRED ANTENNA

OBJECTIVE

To plot the Radiation pattern of all WIRED antenna and observe its parameters.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult theory for details.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click on Run, Now
the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna then
click on START
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARIZTION of antenna and observe the plot.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout whenever required.

RADIATION PATTERN:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 5

RADIATION PATTERN OF ALL ARRAY ANTENNA

OBJECTIVE

To plot the radiation pattern of all ARRAY antenna and observe its parameters.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the experiment as per shown in figure above.

2. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 1meter, consult theory for details.
3. Turn ON the module, select control mode.
4. Open the AMS-A.exe file, select the corresponding COM PORT and Click on Run, Now
the software will be in running mode.
5. Go in FAR FIELD PATTERN, select CO-POLARIZATION, select RX antenna then
click on START
6. Then readings from 0 degree to 360 degree will be plotted in the software.
7. Now repeat for CROSS-POLARIZTION of antenna and observe the plot.
8. From SAVE option, the plot can be saved and take the printout whenever required.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 6

DIPOLE ANTENNA DESIGN

The Dipole Antenna – Introduction:
The Dipole and dipole antennas are commonly used for broadcasting, cellular phones, and wireless
communications due to their omni directive property. Thus, in this tutorial, a dipole antenna will
be constructed and analyzed using the HFSS simulator. The example will illustrate both the
simplicity and power of HFSS through construction and simulation of this antenna structure.
The following notes will provide a summary of goals.
1. General navigation of software menus, toolbars, and quick keys.
2. Variable assignment.
3. Overview of commands used to create structures.
4. Proper design and implementation of boundaries.
5. Analysis Setup. Report Creation and options.

1- Starting HFSS –
Select Programs, and select An soft, HFSS program group. Click HFSS –
Or double click on the HFSS icon on the Windows Desktop.
2- Creating the Project First launch the HFSS Simulator.

From the Project Manager window. Right-Click the project file and select Save As from the sub
menu.

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Name the file “dipole” and Click Save.

3- Working with geometries

To begin working with geometries. - you must insert an HFSS design. Right-Click the
project file and select Insert > Insert HFSS Design from the menu.

Or click on from the tool bars.

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Due to the nature of this design, we will use Driven Modal as the solution type. From the HFSS
menu select Solution Type and Driven Modal

The units are chosen as mm by choosing the heading 3D modeler and Units from the menu

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HFSS relies on variables for any parameterization / optimization within the project. Variables also
hold many other benefits which will make them necessary for all projects.
• Fixed Ratios (length, width, height) are easily maintained using variables.
• Optometric use variables to optimize the design according to user-defined criteria.
• All dimensions can be quickly changed in one window as opposed to altering each object
individually.
Click the HFSS heading and select Design Properties at the bottom of the menu.

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This will open the variable table. Add all variables shown below by selecting Add. Be sure to
include units as needed.

The final variable table should look like

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4- Drawing the Monopole

We will start to by creating the dipole element using the Draw Cylinder button from the
toolbar.

By default, the proprieties dialog will appear after you have finished drawing an object. The
position and size of objects can be modified from the dialog.

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Follow the format above for structure size. Give the name Monopole to this object. Assign the
material PEC and click OK. PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) will create ideal conditions for the
element.
The next step is to build the symmetric of dip1. To do that, Right -Click the drawing area and
select Edit -> Duplicate -> Around Axis

The dipole structure is illustrated below:

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5- Creating the port

In the section you will create a Lumped Gap Source. This will provide an excitation to the dipole
structure. Begin by selecting the YZ plane from the toolbar. Using the 3D toolbar, click Draw
Rectangle and place two arbitrary points within the model area.

Enter the following information.

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With the source geometry in place, the user must provide an excitation. A lumped port will be
used for the monopole model. This excitation is commonly used when the far field region is of
primary interest. In the project explorer, right-click Excitation -> Assign -> Lumped Port

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Name the port source and leave the default values for impedance.

Click Next and enter the following:

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Using the mouse, position the cursor to the bottom-centre of the port. Ansoft's snap feature should
place the pointer when the user approaches the centre of any object. Left-click to define the origin
of the E-field vector. Move the cursor to the top-centre of the port. Left-click to terminate the E-
field vector. Click finish to complete the port excitation.

Note: In case you find some difficulties for drawing the lumped port, you can redraw the
rectangular plane, affect the lumped port, then resize the rectangular plane.

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6- Radiation Boundary:
In this section, a radiation boundary is created so that far field information may be extracted
from the structure. To obtain the best result, a cylindrical air boundary is defined with a
distance of λ/4. From the toolbar, select Draw Cylinder.

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Enter the following information:

With all faces selected, right-click the Boundary icon in the object explorer and select Boundary
-> Assign -> Radiation

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Leave the default name Rad1 and click OK

7- Solution Setup:
In this section a solution must be defined to display the desired data. We are primarily interested
in the frequency response of the structure. We will also explore HFSS's ability to calculate general
antenna parameters such as directivity, radiation resistance, radiation efficiency, etc...,
From the project explorer, select Analysis -> Add Solution Setup.

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Enter the following. Click ok when complete.

To view the frequency response of the structure, a frequency sweep must be defined. From the
project explorer select Setup1 -> Add Sweep

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8-Structure Analysis:
At this point, the user should be ready to analyse the structure. Before running the analysis,
always verify the project by selecting from the 3D toolbar. If everything is correct the user
should see:

Analyse the structure by clicking

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9-Create Reports:
After completion of the analysis, we will create a report to display both the resonant frequency and
the radiation pattern. Click on the heading HFSS and select Results -> Create Reports

Choose the following in the Create Report window:

Select the following highlighted parameters and click Add Trace to load the options into the
Trace window.

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Click Done when complete. The graph is displayed below:

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HFSS can compute antenna parameters automatically. To produce the calculations, the user must
define an infinite sphere for far field calculations. Right-click the Radiation icon in the project
manager window and select Insert Far Field Setup -> Infinite Sphere

Accept all default parameters and click Done. Right-click Infinite Sphere1 -> Compute
Antenna Parameters... from the project explorer as shown:

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Select all defaults and results are displayed as follows:

Next, the far field will be plotted. Create Reports as previously shown. Modify the following:

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To plot Co polarization chart in the E-Plane Select>Results>create far field reports>radiation

pattern>Gain>Gain Theta>dB, go to families>select phi 90 deg.

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To plot Cross polarization chart in the E-Plane Select>Results>create far field

reports>radiation pattern>Gain>Gain Theta>dB, go to families>select phi 0deg

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To plot Co polarization chart in the H-Plane Select>Results>create far field reports>radiation

pattern>Gain>Gain phi>dB, go to families>select phi 0deg

To plot Cross polarization chart in the H-Plane Select>Results>create far field

reports>radiation pattern>Gain>Gain phi>dB, go to families>select phi 90deg

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EXPERIMENT NO. 7

MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN

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EXPERIMENT NO. 8

HORN ANTENNA DESIGN

AIM: Measurement of radiation pattern and gain of horn antenna.

Tool Used: ANSYS Electronics Desktop

Application Areas:
▪ Used as a feed element for large radio astronomy, satellite tracking and communication dishes.
▪ A common element of phased arrays.
▪ Used in the calibration, other high gain antennas.
▪ Used for making electromagnetic interference measurements.

Theory: (Horn Antenna Types):

1. Pyramidal Horn Antenna

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E – Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna

2. H – Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna

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3. Conical Horn Antenna

Other horn antenna types:

▪ Hog Horns
▪ Biconical Horns
▪ Corrugated Horns
▪ Multimode Horns
▪ Dielectric Loaded Horns

Horn advantages:
▪ High gain
▪ Low weight
▪ Wide bandwidth
▪ Easy to construct.
▪ Frequency above 1GHz

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Horn Antenna Design

A. Design Steps for Pyramidal Horn Antenna:

Step – 1: Choose your Horn antenna dimensions. One standard dimension is given below.

Step – 2: Open Ansys Electronics Desktop. Go to File > new file > insert HFSS design. Step – 3: Select
menu item Modeler > units > inches. Step – 4: Waveguide Construction
I I. Select menu item Draw > 3D Rectangular Box, and rename it to Waveguide.
II II. Go to the properties of the Waveguide and set the dimensions.

Step – 5: Face Construction

I I. Select menu item Draw > Rectangular Sheet and rename it Face.
II II. Go to the properties of the Face and set the dimensions.

Step – 6: Connect Face and Waveguide to form the Antenna.

I I. Select menu item edit > select faces (along the z – direction face of box and the rectangle)
II II. Select menu item Modeler > surface > click create object from Face.
III III. Select menu item Modeler > surface > connect.

Step – 7: Uncover the Face of Horn Antenna

I I. Right click on Face, then Select menu item edit > surface > uncover the faces (1st time)
II II. Right click on Face, then Select menu item edit > surface > uncover the faces (2nd time)

Step – 8: Uncover the Face of Waveguide along z-axis (which is inside horn)
I I. Rotate the structure in such a way, inside the horn is visible.
II II. Right click on Face, then Select menu item edit > surface > uncover the faces (1st time)
III III. Right click on Face, then Select menu item edit > surface > uncover the faces (2nd time)

Step – 9: Now unite the Horn and Waveguide.

I I. Select the box and surface using control and click from the keyboard and mouse.
II II. Select menu item Modeler > Boolean > unite.

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Step – 10: Giving Excitation to the Horn Antenna

I I. Rotate the antenna so that back side of antenna is visible (waveguide surface along -ve Z-axis)
II II. Click on the back surface, Select menu item HFSS > Excitation > Assign > wave port.
III III. Define the integration line, select new line, and drag it from one side to other side of the
back surface so that integration line will be defined, then click next and press finish.

Step – 11: Defining the boundary condition for the Horn Antenna.
I I. Select all surfaces except the excitation surface of the horn antenna using control key from
keyboard and mouse.
II II. Select menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Perfect E.

Step – 12: Radiation Box Creation

I I. Select menu item Draw > 3D Rectangular Box and rename it Radiation.
II II. Go to the properties of the Waveguide and set the dimensions as mentioned in the above
data table.
III III. Double click on Radiation Box, then set the Transparency from 0 to 1.
IV IV. Click on Radiation, Select menu item HFSS > Boundary > Assign >Radiation and click ok.

Step – 13: Analysis Setup

I I. Select menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup.
II II. Set maximum number of passes 25 and click ok.
III III. Select menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Frequency Sweep.
IV IV. Select Sweep Type Fast
V V. Choose the Distribution Linear Step
VI VI. Set the start frequency 4 GHz and Stop Frequency 8 GHz and click ok

Step – 14: Radiation Setup

I I. Go to HFSS, then Radiation, then Insert Far Field Setup, and then Infinite Sphere.
II II. Set the Phi value Start = 0 deg, stop = 360 deg, and step size = 1
III III. Set the Theta value Start = -180 deg, stop = 180 deg, and step size = 1

Step – 15: Validation Check, and Analysis

I I. Select menu item HFSS > Validation Check.
II II. Select menu item HFSS > Analyze All.

Step – 16: S Parameter Result Analysis

I I. Select menu item HFSS > Results > Create Modal Solution Data Report > Rectangular Plot >
New Report on the window appeared on the screen.
II II. Analyze the S-Parameter characteristic from the plot.

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Step – 17: Radiation Pattern Measurement

I I. Select menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far Field Report > 3D Polar Plot.
II II. Choose Category as Gain, Quantity as Total Gain, Function as dB, and create New Report.
III III. Analyze the Radiation Gain.

Step – 18: Transfer the Radiation Pattern onto the Horn Antenna.
I I. Select menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Field > Radiation Field, and make the visibility ON, and
then click Apply.
II II. Close all the plot and Observe the Radiation from the Horn Antenna.

Step – 19: Study of Antenna Parameters

I I. Select menu item HFSS > Radiation > Compute Antenna/Max Parameters.
II II. Analyze the Antenna Parameters.

Step – 20: Create Animation of Electric and Magnetic Field

I I. Select menu item Modeler > Grip Plane > YZ.
II II. Select menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > E > Mag E.
III III. Create field plot window comes. Select default and click OK.
IV IV. Go to Field Overlays > E-fields > Mag_E1. Click animate. Click Ok.
V V. With the same process the animation of magnetic field can be done

Observation :
The horn antenna we design fit the following specification:
a. It is working fine in _______ band and its centre frequency is __________.
b. Gain of this designed antenna is _________.
c. It has a return loss of _________ dB.
d. SWR for the designed antenna is __________.
e. Radiation Efficiency of the designed antenna is _________.
f. Front to Back Ratio of this antenna is ________.
g. Directivity of this designed antenna is _____________.

We also observed that ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………. ….. write your observation here with your own words ……………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Conclusion:
Write the conclusion with your own words.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 9

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN N-ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY

Aim of the Experiment:

Obtain the radiation characteristics of an N-element linear array with the distance
between the elements d=0.25λ,0.5λ and 0.75λ, assume that the phase difference
between the adjacent elements is zero.

Software Required:

System software: Window XP

Application Software: MATLAB 7.1 software.

N-element linear array with uniform amplitude and spacing It is assumed that each succeeding
element has a β progressive phase lead current excitation relative to the preceding one. An array
of identical elements with identical magnitudes and with a progressive phase is called a uniform
array. The AF can be obtained by considering the individual elements as point (isotropic) sources.
If the elements are of any other pattern, the total field pattern can be obtained by simply multiplying
the AF by the normalized field pattern of the individual element.

The AF of an N-element linear array of isotropic sources is:

it is obvious that the AFs of uniform linear arrays can be controlled by the relative phase β between the
elements. The AF in equation can be expressed in a closed form, which is more convenient for pattern
analysis.

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Program
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% Figure 4.4 2-D patterns for isotropic array of N elements
%
set(0,'defaultfigurecolor','w')
theta=-pi/2:.005:pi/2;
N=4;
%delta=-pi*sqrt(2); % phase shift for broadside delta=0;
% Array factor for d=.25;
d=.25;
delta = 0; % broadside
AF=sin(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2)./(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2);
figure
polar(theta,abs(AF))
view(90,-90)
% Array factor for d=.5;
d=.5;

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AF=sin(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2)./(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2);
figure
polar(theta,abs(AF)/max(abs(AF)))
view(90,-90)
% Array factor for d=.75;

d=.75;
AF=sin(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2)./(N*pi*d*sin(theta)+N*delta/2);
figure
polar(theta,abs(AF))
view(90,-90).

Results:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 10

BROAD-SIDE AND END - FIRE ARRAY

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EXPERIMENT NO. 11

SCHELKUNOFF POLYNOMIAL METHOD

AIM: Design a linear array for given specifications using schelkunoff polynomial method.

Tool: MATLAB

Theory: Schelkunoff method Synthesis method of array whose patterns possess nulls in desired
directions. The array factor can be measured using the following formula

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Result Waveforms:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 12

HORN ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the radiation pattern of a Horn antenna.

EQUIPMENTS: Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Mount, Isolator, Variable Attenuator,

Frequency Meter, VSWR Meter, Coupling Probes, Two Pyramidal Horn, Radiation Pattern Turn
Table.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the power supply keeping the switch on the front panel in beam OFF position.
2. Wait for few minutes and then change the switch to Beam ON position.
3. Set the Beam voltage to 300V by varying beam voltage control knob.
4. Check the beam current whether it is less than 30mA.
5. Set the variable attenuator to max attenuation level.
6. Change the modulating voltage control knob from minimum to maximum range and find the
modulating voltage for which maximum deflection in VSWR meter.

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7. Adjust the modulating frequency control knob from 0Hz to 1 KHz until to get more deflection
in on VSWR meter. If we are getting 2 or 3 maximum deflections, choose the least one.
8. Now change the Repeller voltage and measure power in dB from VSWR meter.
9. For measurement of power in VSWR meter, we have to detune the frequency meter every time.
10. Mount the Horn antennas, one to microwave bench and another towards the VSWR end.
11. Adjusts the two horn antennas to be exactly in line with each other i.e., perfectly aligned
condition i.e. angular difference is 0.
12. Now note the deflection in the VSWR meter.
13. Now Rotate the Horn antenna HZ through 100. The power output increases in the VSWR
meter. Note the reading.
14. Similar procedure is carried out to get readings in steps of 10 in anticlockwise and clockwise
directions.
15. The same process is carried out by keeping the Horn 2 in opposite position i.e. For E plane and
readings are taken.

Model Graph:

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 Dept. of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering

Observations:

0 in Degree Power Received in Decibels Power Received in Decibels

clockwise anticlockwise
H PLANE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
EPLANE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

110