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The experiment aimed to measure the current-voltage characteristics of silicon and Zener diodes while enhancing measurement techniques. Measurements were taken for both forward and reverse directions, with detailed data presented in tables and graphs. The Zener voltage was determined to be -3.25V based on the characteristics of the Zener diode.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views11 pages

E02fasfsafas

The experiment aimed to measure the current-voltage characteristics of silicon and Zener diodes while enhancing measurement techniques. Measurements were taken for both forward and reverse directions, with detailed data presented in tables and graphs. The Zener voltage was determined to be -3.25V based on the characteristics of the Zener diode.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.

Purpose of the exercise


The aim of this experiment was to measure the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of selected
diodes. The silicon diode (D2) and the Zener diode (D3) are investigated. Additionally. the
exercise aimed to improve our measurement techniques.

2. Schematic diagrams

Figure 1. The diagram used in measurement of current -voltage


characteristics of diodes

3. List of equipment used in experiment


[1] multimeter (voltmeter) AX-582B J-71/EI/109
[2] multimeter (amperemeter) M-3800 J3/2.03/2017-11/6
[3] power supply SPD3303D WD053.02-004-203
[4] experimental module D12
Uncertainties for voltmeter [1]:

Uncertainties for amperemeter [2]:

4. Experiment tasks
The circuit was connected according to diagram. The optimal ranges were selected for
multimeters. During measurements for reverse direction of D2 they were 20V for voltmeter [1]
and 20 μA for amperemeter [2]. For the forward variant the voltmeter [1] range was set to 2V and
amperemeter [2] to 200mA. In case of D3 reverse direction the range of voltmeter [1] was set to
20V and amperemeter [2] to 200mA. For the forward variant the voltmeter [1] range was set to
2V and amperemeter [2] to 200mA. The power supply [3] was switched to serial mode and
adjusted the symmetrical voltage to 25V.
Diode D2
Table 1. Measurements for Diode D2 for forward and reverse
direction

reverse direction forward direction


Symbol
U ∆U I ∆I U ∆U I ∆I
of diode No̱ [V] [V] [μA] [mA] [V] [V] [mA] [mA]
1. -8.84 ±0.0142 -0.89 ±0.0482 0.783 ±0.03391 71.40 ±0.9568
2. -8.42 ±0.0121 -0.85 ±0.0483 0.780 ±0.03390 68.60 ±0.9232
3. -8.00 ±0.0100 -0.80 ±0.0484 0.778 ±0.03389 61.40 ±0.8368
4. -7.64 ±0.0082 -0.77 ±0.0484 0.776 ±0.03388 58.00 ±0.7960
5. -7.23 ±0.0061 -0.72 ±0.0485 0.773 ±0.03386 54.00 ±0.7480
6. -6.82 ±0.0041 -0.68 ±0.0486 0.771 ±0.03385 50.80 ±0.7096
7. -6.40 ±0.0020 -0.61 ±0.0487 0.768 ±0.03384 47.70 ±0.6724
8. -6.00 ±0.0000 -0.60 ±0.0488 0.766 ±0.03383 44.00 ±0.6280
9. -5.60 ±0.0020 -0.56 ±0.0488 0.763 ±0.03381 40.60 ±0.5872
10. -5.18 ±0.0041 -0.52 ±0.0489 0.759 ±0.03379 37.10 ±0.5452
11. -4.78 ±0.0061 -0.48 ±0.0490 0.756 ±0.03378 33.90 ±0.5068
D2
12. -4.37 ±0.0081 -0.44 ±0.0491 0.752 ±0.03376 30.00 ±0.4600
13. -3.99 ±0.0100 -0.40 ±0.0492 0.747 ±0.03373 26.10 ±0.4132
14. -3.56 ±0.0122 -0.36 ±0.0492 0.742 ±0.03371 22.50 ±0.3700
15. -3.18 ±0.0141 -0.32 ±0.0493 0.730 ±0.03365 18.70 ±0.3244
16. -2.78 ±0.0161 -0.28 ±0.0494 0.728 ±0.03364 15.20 ±0.2824
17. -2.44 ±0.0178 -0.24 ±0.0495 0.719 ±0.03359 11.80 ±0.2416
18. -2.04 ±0.0198 -0.20 ±0.0496 0.693 ±0.03346 8.20 ±0.1984
19. -1.60 ±0.0220 -0.16 ±0.0496 0.668 ±0.03334 4.60 ±0.1552
20. -1.20 ±0.0240 -0.12 ±0.0497 0.665 ±0.03332 1.10 ±0.1132
21. -0.77 ±0.0261 -0.08 ±0.0498
22. -0.30 ±0.0285 -0.03 ±0.0499
Figure 2. The graph of dependence of electric intensity on voltage
in Diode 2 for forward direction.

Figure 3. The graph of dependence of electric intensity on voltage


in Diode 2 for reverse direction.
Table 2. Measurements for Diode D2 for forward in semi-
logarithmic scale

forward direction
Symbol of diode U I ln I
[V] [mA] [mA]
0,783 71,40 4,27
0,78 68,60 4,23
0,778 61,40 4,12
0,776 58,00 4,06
0,773 54,00 3,99
0,771 50,80 3,93
0,768 47,70 3,86
0,766 44,00 3,78
0,763 40,60 3,70
0,759 37,10 3,61
D2
0,756 33,90 3,52
0,752 30,00 3,40
0,747 26,10 3,26
0,742 22,50 3,11
0,73 18,70 2,93
0,728 15,20 2,72
0,719 11,80 2,47
0,693 8,20 2,10
0,668 4,60 1,53
0,665 1,10 0,10
Figure 4. The graph of dependence of electric intensity on voltage
in Diode 2 for forward direction in semi-logarithmic scale.
Diode D3
Table 3. Measurements for Diode D3 for forward and reverse
direction

Symbol reverse direction forward direction


of U ∆U I ∆I U ∆U I ∆I
diode No̱ [V] [V] [mA] [mA] [V] [V] [mA] [mA]
1. -4.30 ±0.0085 -67.3 ±0.0846 0.830 ±0.034150 71.50 ±0.9580
2. -4.28 ±0.0086 -63.8 ±0.0776 0.827 ±0.034135 68.40 ±0.9208
3. -4.26 ±0.0087 -59.8 ±0.0696 0.825 ±0.034125 65.40 ±0.8848
4. -4.24 ±0.0088 -56.3 ±0.0626 0.824 ±0.034120 62.70 ±0.8524
5. -4.22 ±0.0089 -52.6 ±0.0552 0.822 ±0.034110 59.20 ±0.8104
6. -4.20 ±0.0090 -48.7 ±0.0474 0.819 ±0.034095 55.50 ±0.7660
7. -4.18 ±0.0091 -44.9 ±0.0398 0.816 ±0.034080 51.90 ±0.7228
8. -4.16 ±0.0092 -41.0 ±0.032 0.815 ±0.034075 48.50 ±0.6820
9. -4.13 ±0.0093 -37.7 ±0.0254 0.814 ±0.034070 45.20 ±0.6424
10. -4.09 ±0.0095 -33.8 ±0.0176 0.811 ±0.034055 41.20 ±0.5944
11. -4.06 ±0.0097 -30.0 ±0.01 0.807 ±0.034035 32.10 ±0.4852
D3
12. -4.01 ±0.0099 -26.6 ±0.0032 0.803 ±0.034015 33.60 ±0.5032
13. -3.96 ±0.0102 -23.0 ±0.004 0.800 ±0.034000 29.80 ±0.4576
14. -3.90 ±0.0105 -19.3 ±0.0114 0.796 ±0.033980 26.60 ±0.4192
15. -3.85 ±0.0107 -16.2 ±0.0176 0.792 ±0.033960 23.00 ±0.3760
16. -3.75 ±0.0112 -12.5 ±0.025 0.787 ±0.033935 19.40 ±0.3328
17. -3.67 ±0.0116 -9.0 ±0.032 0.780 ±0.033900 15.80 ±0.2896
18. -3.44 ±0.0128 -5.6 ±0.0388 0.774 ±0.033870 12.60 ±0.2512
19. -3.08 ±0.0146 -2.1 ±0.0458 0.765 ±0.033825 9.30 ±0.2116
20. 0.751 ±0.033755 6.00 ±0.1720
21. 0.729 ±0.033645 2.60 ±0.1312
22. 0.620 ±0.033100 0.00 ±0.1000
Figure 5. The graph of dependence of electric intensity on voltage
in Diode 3 for both forward and reverse direction.

To determine the Zener voltage, the method of determining its voltage based on the
characteristic of diode D3 was used. The value of 𝐼𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 read from Table 2 is -67.3 mA. The value
of 𝐼𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 is calculated using the formula:

𝐼𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.05 ∗ 𝐼𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1)

𝐼𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.05 ∗ −67.3𝑚𝐴 = −3.365𝑚𝐴

We determined the value of the Zener voltage, which is:

𝑈𝑧 = −3.25𝑉
From Fig. 4, we can infer that the slope of the line is constant for all voltages U in the forward
direction of diode D2. When analysing characteristics only in the forward direction, the
equation:
𝑒𝑈
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑆 ∗ [exp ( ) − 1] (2)
𝑚𝑘𝑇

simplifies to:
𝑒𝑈
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑆 ∗ exp ( ) (3)
𝑚𝑘𝑇

where I is the current flowing through the junction, U is the voltage across the junction, T is the
junction temperature) k is Boltzmann's constant), e is the electron, and m is a parameter.

T=300K
𝐽
𝑘 = 1.38065 ∗ 10−23
𝐾
𝑒 = 1.602176 ∗ 10−19 𝐶
After taking the natural logarithm of equation (3), we obtain:

𝑒𝑈
ln(𝐼) = ln(𝐼𝑆 ) + ( ) (4)
𝑚𝑘𝑇
The function from Fig. 5 has a linear form, so it can be represented using the equation y=ax+b,
where:

y = ln(I)
𝑒
𝑎= (5)
𝑚𝑘𝑇
x=U

b = ln(𝐼𝑆 )

For further calculations, we assume n = 20, as the number of measurements taken.

The formulas of the least squares method can be used to calculate the parameters a and b.
𝑛Σ𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − Σ𝑥𝑖 Σ𝑦𝑖
𝑎= (6)
𝑛Σ𝑥𝑖2 (Σ𝑥𝑖)2

1
𝑏= (Σ𝑦𝑖 − 𝑎Σ𝑥𝑖 ) (7)
𝑛

The errors of the determined parameters a and b take the following form:

√𝑛[Σ𝑦𝑖2 − 𝑎Σ𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖 − 𝑏Σ𝑦𝑖]


𝑢(𝑎) = (8)
(𝑛 − 2)[𝑛Σ𝑥𝑖2 − (Σ𝑥𝑖 )2 ]

1
u(b) = √ ∙ 𝑆𝑛 2 Σ𝑥𝑖2 (9)
𝑛

By using the least squares method and a excel spreadsheet, values of parameters a and b along with
their errors were calculated for diode D2 in the semi-logarithmic circuit. The calculated values are as
follows:
1
𝑎 = (28.5619 ± 1.6120)
𝑉
𝑏 = (−18.0679 ± 1.2036)
To calculate the value of the coefficient m, the formula is transformed as follows:
𝑒
𝑚 = (10)
𝑎𝑘𝑇
1.602176 ⋅ 10−19
𝑚 = = 1.3542
28.56199 ⋅ 1.38065 ⋅ 10−23 ⋅ 300
∆𝑚 = ∆𝑚 𝑇 + ∆𝑚𝑎 (11)
𝑒
∆𝑚 𝑇 = | | ∗ ∆𝑇 (12)
−𝑎𝑘𝑇 2
𝑒
∆𝑚𝑎 = | | ∗ ∆𝑎 (13)
−𝑇𝑘𝑎2
∆𝑚 = 0.04514368646 + 0.076435695 ~ 0.1215

5. Conclusion
Comparing the characteristic curve of the diode to the datasheets. we can observe similarities
indicating the accuracy of the measurements. This accuracy could be improved if the
measurements were performed more quickly. resulting in less temperature difference across
the diodes during measurements. The calculated parameter m = (1.3542 ± 0.1215) is within
indicating the validity of the measurements. The remaining values of parameters a and b also
seem correct. Measurement errors could arise from both inaccuracies in measurement
equipment and human factors. Errors or slight deviations from theoretical predictions may
result from inaccuracies in measurements or too few measurements.

6. References
https://fizyka.p.lodz.pl/media/filer_public/a4/db/a4db01f6-6584-47ed-bf24-
953e105662a9/e02ife_2023v2.pdf [E02]

https://fizyka.p.lodz.pl/media/filer_public/93/ff/93ffd02e-e5c3-4581-9f9d-
f3953ccf092a/e01ife_v4g.pdf [E01]

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