Lebanese International University

School of Engineering

Department of Electricity.
EENG492L— Electrical Machine Lab .
Section ID: F

Report ID: Report 1

Report Title: Single phase transformers

Submitted by: Tia Maatouk.

Lab Instructor: Dr Ismail Kassem

Date: 3/13/2022

School of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
EENG492L – Electrical Machine Lab
 Report No. 1
Spring 2021-2022
Day Month date 2022, Time

Student Name Tia Maatouk

ID 51931101

Grade Weigh
t
Objectives 10
Title 5
Cover 5
Equipment 10
and Roles
Simulation 30
Part
Hardware 30
Part
Conclusion 10
Total 100

Instructions
Report submission in group individually
Each Part includes: title (2 pts), description (10 pts), and
procedures (10pts), results (8 pts).

Conclusion should contains five points, four related to

each experiments+ Application point (4 pts/ each)
 I. Objectives of the Experiment (10points)

1. Connecting three types of a single-phase transformers:

i. -ordinary
ii. -toroidal
iii. -Auto-
transformers
2. Using LT-spice design toroidal, ordinary and Auto-transformers circuit in order to
measure the inquired voltage and current values.
3. Examine the transformation ratio of Voltage and Current.
4. Investigate the power loss with no load test.

II. Equipment used with role of each (10 Points)

1. Single phase transformer A device that transfers electric energy from AC circuit to
one or more other circuits, by stepping up (increasing voltage) or by stepping down
(decreasing voltage).
2. Variable transformer: Variable power supplies provides adjustable AC voltage (0-
260V / 4A).
3. Resistive load: Acts as a short circuit in short-circuit test
4. Safety experiment cables: Used to connect the circuit parts together.
5. On/Off Switch: Its function is to either open or close a conductive path, preventing
(Off) or allowing (On) the flow of current through that path.
6. Circuit breaker: A circuit breaker is an electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overcurrent/overload or short circuit.
7. Digital Multimeter: Used to measure the voltages for each transformer in each
test.001
8. LT-spice Software: Used to simulate the transformers and obtain the theoretical values
for each test.

III. Simulation Part: Designing a Single-phase transformers

using LT-spice (30 pts for the whole experiment)

A. Description

A single-phase transformer can increase or decrease the voltage applied to the primary
winding. When a transformer is used to step up the voltage on its secondary winding,
relative to the primary winding, it’s called a step-up transformer. When used to step
down the voltage on the secondary winding relative to the primary winding is called a
step-down transformer.
In this experiment, by using LT-spice, three types of transformers will be simulated under
short circuit and no-load tests; in order to evaluate the outcomes and manufacture and
design a real transformer.

Along with the shape distinction between the three types of transformers, we can notice
two other main differences between them. Starting with the number of windings in the
toroidal transformer exceeds the windings’ number of an ordinary and an Auto-
transformer. In addition, the Auto-transformer has only one winding which acts both as
a primary and the secondary whereas the conventional (toroidal and ordinary)
transformer has two separates’ windings.

The no-load test, is one of the strategies utilized in electric engineering to decide .02the
no-load impedance withinside the excitation department of a transformer. The no load
is represented through the open circuit, that's represented at on the right side of the
figure as a (hole) or incomplete a part of the circuit whereas the short circuit test.
Whereas in the short-circuit test the output side of the circuit will be shorted, and a
variable low voltage is applied to the input side of the circuit, the voltage then is slowly
increased until the rated current is achieved on the output side of the circuit.

B. Procedure

For more safety, we apply the circuits test on LT-spice.

1. Testing No-load test with three types of transformers (toroidal, ordinary and
Auto-transformer).
 Draw the three types of transformers and indicate its corresponding
values:
 Input voltage (V1)
 Inductance
 Internal resistance
 Set the right side of the circuit (output) as an open circuit (hole).
 Measure and indicate the output voltage and current(V2,I2) of each
transformer.
 Calculate the Voltage transformation ratio(V1/V2).
 Calculate the Power loss (iron loss) of each transformer.
 2. Testing short-circuit test with three types of transformers (toroidal, ordinary and
Auto-transformer).
 Add 0.1 resistor to the right circuit(hole).
 Set the input voltage on a small voltage to obtain the current on the
secondary of each type of the output transformers (I2).
 Measure and indicate the input current (I1).
 Calculate the Power loss (copper loss) of each transformer.

C.Results :
 Inductanc
No-Load Test Short-Circuit Test
e

L1-T / L2-T V1 (V) V2(V) I1(A) I2(A) V1(V) Vsc(V) I1(A) Issc(A)

Ordinar
4H / 1.1H 230 123 0.18 - 6.94 3.02 0.76 1.36
y

Toroidal 48H / 13H 230 124 0.01 - 7.78 3.38 0.68 1.36

Auto 1.8H / 1.8H 230 116 0.85 - 5.56 2.42 0.84 2.72

Transformation Ratios (In No-Load Test)

N1/N2 V1/V2

Ordinary 1.906 1.87

Toroidal 1.857 1.854

Auto 2 1.982

Power Loss (Watt)

No-Load Test Short-Circuit Test

Ordinary 42.1 5.141

Toroidal 5.29 5.945

Auto 46.7 8.16

 Formula used to obtain the calculated results:

1. Total inductance= Leakage inductance*Real inductance
2. Short-Circuit Voltage (VS.C) = (V1/230) *100
3. Power Loss = I1*V1
4. L(coil) = N^2*μ0*μr*(D/2) *[ln(8D/d)-2]
 Given :
1. Ll = 100
 2. N: number of turns
3. Ordinary Trans: N1 / N2 = 408 / 214
4. Toroidal Trans: N1 / N2 = 847 / 456
5. Auto Trans: N1 /N2 = 654 / 327
6. μ0 = 4π*10^-7
7. μr = 1
8. Lloop diameter: Ordinary Trans. = 8.5cm
Toroidal Trans. = 8cm
Auto Trans. = 6.3cm
9. wire diameter = 1mm

IV. Hardware Part: Designing a Single-phase transformers in

real (30 pts for the whole experiment)

A. Description

By using the simulation outcomes. We can expect the results of the real transformer
circuit that we connect to the single-phase transformer and compare them by the results
obtained from the LT-spice simulation.

B. Procedure

.1.No-load Test
 Connect the three transformers to the on/off switch.
 Connect the circuit to the circuit breaker.
 Join the breaker to the ordinary transformer.
 Connect the multimeter to the output transformers.
 Make sure of apply 230V as an input voltage.
 Measure and record the output voltage and input (I2,V2).
 Examine the voltage transformation ratio (V1/V2).

.2. Short-circuit Test

 Make the input voltage at 0V.
 Connect the resistive load to the transformers.
 Increase the input voltage until the output current is equal to the secondary rated
current (toroidal and ordinary I2=1.36A; Auto-transformers I2=2.72A)
 Calculate the input current (I1), short voltage current (Vsc) and the iron loss.

C. Results

Inductanc
No-Load Test Short-Circuit Test
e

L1-T / L2-T V1 (V) V2(V) I1(A) I2(A) V1(V) Vsc(V) I1(A) Issc(A)

Ordinar
4H / 1.1H 230 120 0.155 - 6.94 3.02 0.77 1.36
y

Toroidal 48H / 13H 230 120 0.013 - 7.78 3.38 0.785 1.36

Auto 1.8H / 1.8H 230 113 0.84 - 5.56 2.42 1.4 2.72

Transformation Ratios (In No-Load Test)

N1/N2 V1/V2

Ordinary 1.906 1.91

Toroidal 1.857 1.91

Auto 2 2.035
 Power Loss (Watt)

No-Load Test Short-Circuit Test

Ordinary 35.65

Toroidal 2.99

Auto 193.2

VII. Conclusion (10 Points)

 Open and short tests characterize transformers by manipulating

parameters to obtain a copper loss and an iron loss inside the

 From the open and shorted transformer tests it can be seen that the copper
loss of the transformer is current dependent and the iron loss is a voltage
dependent

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