Alex Matveev, Ph.D.

Pipe Stress Analysis with PASS/START-PROF Software

Piping Stress analysis involves examining the flexibility of a
stress critical piping system under different loading
conditions.
Piping stress analysis determines the
- Stresses in Pipes and Fittings
- Stresses in Insulation
- Stresses in Flaws
- Displacements
- Forces, and Moments at Restraints and Equipment
- Longitudinal Buckling Check
- Buckling Check under External Pressure
- Flange Leakage Check
- Expansion Joint Deformations
- Spring Hangers and Supports Selection
- Natural Frequencies

And it suggests necessary modifications for satisfying the

ASME Code requirements for limits of sustained,
displacement & occasional load allowable stresses.
Pipe Stress Analysis with PASS/START-PROF Software
Loads on Piping System

• Primary Loads: Internal Pressure, Weight of Pipe, Piping component, Insulation, Fluid, etc.

• Secondary Loads: Pipe expansion and contraction

• Occasional Loads: Wind, Snow, Ice, Seismic, Discharge Reaction Loads (Relief valve, PSV, etc.), Slug Flow Loads,
Water Hammer Loads, etc.
Pipe Stress Analysis with PASS/START-PROF Software
When do pipe stress analysis required?

There are rules for when pipe stress analysis is required. Different industries or
companies use own guidelines. Here are the most common rules

• If the operating temperature exceeds 150F and the pipe size is 4″ or above
• If the system temperature exceeds 300F need to analyze lines smaller than 4″ also
• If any line size is above 8″
• If the line >2 ½” is connected to rotating equipment
• If the line >6″ is connected to pressure vessels
• If the piping is cryogenic
• If the piping system carries hazardous chemicals
• If the piping system is located in a high seismic zone
• etc.

When not required?

• If the exactly the same piping has been previously analyzed
• If there is no thermal growth in the piping system and the line is small
 Wall Thickness Calculation using PASS/START-PROF
ASME B31.1:
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡
≤ 0.9𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
2𝑡𝑡
ASME B31.3:
Low Pressure
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡
≤ 1.0𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
2𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 – Nominal wall thickness
High Pressure (Chapter IX) 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 – Design wall thickness
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 −𝑃𝑃 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚% – Mill tolerance
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = 1 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 𝑆𝑆 С – Corrosion allowance
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡
≤ 1.0𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 – Outside Diameter
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 S – Allowable stress from database
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡
E – Longitudinal weld joint
ASME B31.9:
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 efficiency factor. Specified by user
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 in pipe properties. For ASME B31.1
2𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡 and B31.5 used E=1, because it is
≤ 0.9𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 already added to database values.
2𝑡𝑡
ASME B31.5: 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 – Yield stress
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊𝑙𝑙 – Longitudinal weld strength
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 reduction factor. Specified by user
2 𝑆𝑆 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
in pipe properties
Test pressure is not checked
P – Design Pressure
Pt – Test Pressure
ASME B31.4: ASME B31.4 Chapter IX (Offshore pipelines):
ASME B31.4 Chapter XI (Slurry Pipes):
If 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 /𝑡𝑡 ≥ 20 then If 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 /𝑡𝑡 ≥ 20 then
If 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 /𝑡𝑡 ≥ 20 then
Pipeline: Pipeline:
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2 ∙ 0.8𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
2𝐸𝐸 ∙ 0.72𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 2 ∙ 0.72𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
Test:
Riser and Platform for Inland Waterways: Riser and Platform piping: 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 ≤ 0.9𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2𝑡𝑡
2𝐸𝐸 ∙ 0.6𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 2 ∙ 0.6𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 If 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 /𝑡𝑡 < 20 then
Test: Test: 𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
≤ 0.9𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 ≤ 0.9𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 2 ∙ 0.8𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
2𝑡𝑡 2𝑡𝑡 Test:
If 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 /𝑡𝑡 < 20 then If 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 /𝑡𝑡 < 20 then 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡
Pipeline: Pipeline: ≤ 0.9𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡 2𝑡𝑡
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ASME B31.8:
2𝐸𝐸 ∙ 0.72𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 2 ∙ 0.72𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
Riser and Platform for Inland Waterways: Riser and Platform piping: 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡 2𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
2𝐸𝐸 ∙ 0.6𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 2 ∙ 0.6𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 ≤ 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
2𝑡𝑡
Test: Test: Offshore: F=0.72 for Pipeline and F=0.5 for platform
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡 piping and risers
≤ 0.9𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 ≤ 0.9𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
2𝑡𝑡 2𝑡𝑡 Onshore: F – specified by user
If option “Use alternative formula 841.1.1 (b)”
activated and 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 /𝑡𝑡 < 30, then
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 + 𝑃𝑃
B31.4, B31.8, B31.5:
Bends are not checked.
Bend wall thickness should not be less than pipe wall thickness.
B31.9:
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑘𝑘 + С / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
B31.1, B31.3:
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + С / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆/𝐼𝐼 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
ASME B31.1: E=1
GBT 20801: W=1
Centerline:
𝐼𝐼 = 1
Intrados:
4 𝑅𝑅/𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 1
𝐼𝐼 =
4 𝑅𝑅/𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2
Extrados:
4 𝑅𝑅/𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 + 1
𝐼𝐼 =
4 𝑅𝑅/𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 + 2
EN 13480:
For 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 / 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡 ≤ 1.7
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅/𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 0.25
𝑡𝑡 ≥ + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 0.5𝑃𝑃 𝑅𝑅/𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 0.5
For 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 / 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡 > 1.7
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑃𝑃 𝑅𝑅/𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 0.25
𝑡𝑡 ≥ 1− + 𝐶𝐶 / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝑃𝑃 𝑅𝑅/𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 0.5
ASME B31.4, B31.5, B31.8:
Miter bends are not checked.
Bend wall thickness should not be less than pipe wall thickness.
ASME B31.1:
If 𝜃𝜃 > 22.5° or 𝐵𝐵 < 6𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 then allowable pressure is 0.07 MPa.
If 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 22.5° and 𝐵𝐵 ≥ 6𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 then allowable pressure is 0.7 MPa.
Wall thickness should be not less than
𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜
𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ≥ 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 = + С / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑊 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
2 − 𝑟𝑟/𝑅𝑅
𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 = 𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 + С / 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 1 − 𝑟𝑟/𝑅𝑅
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠
𝑟𝑟 =
2
ASME B31.3, B31.9, EN 13480:
For ASME B31.9, EN 13480: W=1
Allowable pressure for miter bends with 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 22.5° (minimum of 2 equations):
𝑆𝑆 ∙ 𝐸𝐸 ∙ 𝑊𝑊 ∙ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 2
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 =
𝑟𝑟2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 0.643𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑆𝑆 ∙ 𝐸𝐸 ∙ 𝑊𝑊 ∙ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅1 − 𝑟𝑟2
𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 =
𝑟𝑟2 𝑅𝑅1 − 0.5𝑟𝑟2
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑇𝑇 − 𝐶𝐶 ∙ 1 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝑇𝑇
𝑟𝑟2 =
2
Error message if 𝜃𝜃 > 22.5°
T – Miter bend wall thickness,
C – Corrosion allowance
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 Sustained Stress
ASME B31.1, ASME B31.9, DLT 5366 (input: 𝑖𝑖)
For nonstandard tee, non-standard bend, joint and ASME B31J: ASME B31.3 (input: 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 )

𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 2 0.75 ∙ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 , 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 ∙ 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡2 F – Axial force without pressure thrust, c – corrosion allowance
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 = ± For pipes, bends, reducers, tees:
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜2 − 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 2 𝑍𝑍 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 = 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 + 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 2 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 2
For pipes and other fittings: 𝐹𝐹
𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 =
(0.75𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1) ∙ 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡2 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝
𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 2 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 = 2 ± 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 =
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 2 𝑍𝑍 2𝑍𝑍
ASME B31.5 (input: 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 ) (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1)𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 ≥ 1)𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2
F – Axial force without pressure thrust, c – corrosion allowance 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 =
𝑍𝑍
𝜋𝜋 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 − 𝑐𝑐 2 𝜋𝜋 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 2 𝜋𝜋 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 − 𝑐𝑐 2
For nonstandard tee, non-standard bend, joint and ASME B31J:
𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹 + 𝑃𝑃 − − 𝑃𝑃
4 4 4 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 = 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 + 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 2 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 2
F with pressure thrust (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ≥ 1)𝐹𝐹
𝜋𝜋 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 − 𝑐𝑐 2 𝜋𝜋 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 2 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 =
𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹 + 𝑃𝑃 − 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝
4 4 (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 ≥ 1)𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡
For pipes and fittings: 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 =
2𝑍𝑍
𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 − 𝑐𝑐 2 𝐹𝐹 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2 (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1)𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 ≥ 1)𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 = 2 + ± 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 =
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 − 𝑐𝑐 2 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝑍𝑍 𝑍𝑍
For nonstandard tee, non-standard bend, joint and ASME B31J:
𝑃𝑃 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 − 𝑐𝑐 2 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 = 2 2
+ ±
𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 − 𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝑍𝑍
ASME B31.1
Allowable Sustained Stress
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑆𝑆ℎ ∙ 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 /𝐸𝐸
ASME B31.3 If “With surveillance of creep exhaustion”=Off (in If 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 > 0
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑆𝑆ℎ ∙ 𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 Project Settings) then 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.5 𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇) = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ,
ASME B31.5 1.2 3
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑆𝑆ℎ /𝐸𝐸 If at specified t 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≠ 0.01 then Creep allowable:
ASME B31.9 Use 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Else if at specified t 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.01 then use 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑆𝑆ℎ 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
EN 13480 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 – from database for specified lifetime (hours).
𝜎𝜎1 ≤ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇); 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 If lifetime> 100’000h then
𝑆𝑆
If 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0 Then 𝜎𝜎1 ≤ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇) If 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 < 0.781 then error message show If “With surveillance of creep exhaustion”=Off (in Project
𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
720−𝑡𝑡 Settings) then
If 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 = 0 and t<720 then 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 = 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 , t – temperature “SRT20000/SRT1000 is lower than 0.781 see Table
1400
5.3.2-1” 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.5
in Degrees Celsius
𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 , 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 , 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 – From database at operating (hot) If “With surveillance of creep exhaustion”=On then If at specified t 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≠ 0.01 then
If at specified t 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≠ 0.01 then Use 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
temperature
Use 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.25 Else if at specified t 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.01 then use 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Not austenitic steel and austenitic with
Else if at specified t 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.01 then If lifetime> 100’000h then
𝐴𝐴 < 35% 𝑆𝑆
𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 If 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≠ 0.01 use 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.25 If 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 < 0.781 then error message show
𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇) = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , If 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.01 use 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , for t=150000 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.35,
1.5 2.4 “SRT20000/SRT1000 is lower than 0.781 see Table 5.3.2-1”
Austenitic steel 𝐴𝐴 ≥ 35% for t=100000 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.5 If “With surveillance of creep exhaustion”=On then
If 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 = 0 then 𝜎𝜎1 ≤ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇); 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 If at specified t 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≠ 0.01 then
720−𝑡𝑡 Use 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.25
𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 If 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 = 0 and t<720 then 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 = 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 ,t–
𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇) = 1400
Else if at specified t 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.01 then
1.5 temperature in Degrees Celsius
If 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 > 0 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 , 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 , 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 – From database at operating (hot) If 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≠ 0.01 use 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.25
𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 If 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 0.01 use 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , for t=150000 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.35, for
𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇) = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , temperature
1.2 3 Not austenitic steel and austenitic with t=100000 𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 1.5
Creep allowable: 𝐴𝐴 < 35%
𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇) = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ,
𝑆𝑆𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1.5 2.4
If temp lower creep limit then 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0. Austenitic steel 𝐴𝐴 ≥ 35%
𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 – from database for specified lifetime (hours). If 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 = 0 then
𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝
𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇) =
1.5
 Allowable Occasional Stress
ASME B31.1
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑆𝑆ℎ /𝐸𝐸
Allowable Test Stress
𝑘𝑘 = 1.15, 1.2 ASME B31.1, ASME B31.9
ASME B31.9 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 0.9𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑆𝑆ℎ
ASME B31.3
𝑘𝑘 = 1.15, 1.2
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 1.0𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
ASME B31.5
ASME B31.5
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑆𝑆ℎ /𝐸𝐸
Not calculated
𝑘𝑘 = 1.33
EN 13480
ASME B31.3
𝜎𝜎1 ≤ 0.95𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝
If 𝑇𝑇 ≤ 426.667℃ (800℉) then
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑆𝑆ℎ
Else
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑆𝑆ℎ ; 0.9𝑊𝑊𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦
For Low Pressure piping 𝑘𝑘 = 1.33
For High Pressure piping 𝑘𝑘 = 1.2
EN 13480
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑘𝑘 =1.15, 1.2, 1.3, 1.8
 Expansion Stress
Option “Add axial force and torsion stress” in Project Settings turned ON
𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 = 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 + 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 2 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 2 EN 13480
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹 𝑃𝑃
𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 = 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 = +
𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 2
𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 If "Use ii/io"=false (input: 𝑖𝑖)
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 =
2𝑍𝑍 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 0.75𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 = 0.75𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 0.75𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2 If "Use ii/io"=true (input: 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 )
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 =
𝑍𝑍 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 = 0.75𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 0.75𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 ≥ 1
ASME B31.1, ASME B31.9 For Non-standard TEE, Non-standard BEND, Joint, ASME
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 0.75𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 = 0.75𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 0.75𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1 B31J:
For ASME B31J: 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 0.75𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 0.75𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 = 0.75𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 0.75𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 ≥ 1
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 0.75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 , 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 = 0.75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 , 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 ≥ 1,
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 0.75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 , 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 ≥ 1
For Non-standard TEE, Non-standard BEND, Joint:
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 0.75𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 0.75𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 = 0.75𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 0.75𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 ≥ 1
ASME B31.5
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 1, 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜
For Non-standard TEE, Non-standard BEND, Joint, ASME B31J:
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 , 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 , 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜
 Expansion Stress
ASME B31.1, ASME B31.9 ASME B31.3 (input: 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 )
EN 13480
For nonstandard tee, non-standard For bends: For nonstandard tee, non-standard bend,
If “Liberal Stress
bend, joint and ASME B31J: 𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 + 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 2 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 2 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 Allowable”=True joint and ASME B31J:
𝐹𝐹 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 2 1 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡2 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝜎𝜎4 = 𝑃𝑃 2 + + 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏
𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 , 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 2 2 (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1)𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 ≥ 1)𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2
𝑍𝑍 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡
≤ 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 = If “Liberal Stress + (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 ≥ 1)𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 2
2𝑍𝑍 Allowable”=False =
For other fittings: 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑍𝑍
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 = 𝜎𝜎3 = 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 2 2 2
𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡2 𝑍𝑍 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 + 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡
Creep Check 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 =
𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 For other fittings: 𝑍𝑍
𝑍𝑍 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 2 1
𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 + 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 2 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 2 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 𝜎𝜎5 = 𝑃𝑃 2 2
+ + 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 For other fittings:
ASME B31.5 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 𝐷𝐷𝑜𝑜 − 2𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 2 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝐹𝐹
For other fittings 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 = 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1
𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 + 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1)𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2+ (0.75𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 ≥ 1)𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2
𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 2 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 2 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 3
𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 – From sustained forces (load case L1) + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 2
𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 =
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 = 2𝑍𝑍 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 - From expansion range forces (load =
2𝑍𝑍 𝑍𝑍
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 = case L9) 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 2
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 = 𝑍𝑍 If "Use ii/io"=false (input: 𝑖𝑖) 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 =
𝑍𝑍 For nonstandard tee, non-standard 𝑍𝑍
For nonstandard tee, non-standard For nonstandard tee, non-standard bend,
bend, joint and ASME B31J: joints and ASME B31J:
bend, joint and ASME B31J:
𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 + 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 2 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 2 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴
𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 2 + 2𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 2 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 (0.75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 ≥ 1) 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡2
𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 = 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 𝑍𝑍
2𝑍𝑍
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡2
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 = 2𝑍𝑍 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑍𝑍 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 =
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜 2 𝑍𝑍
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 = For other fittings:
𝑍𝑍
(0.75𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1) 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡2
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝑍𝑍
𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑜𝑜2 + 𝑀𝑀𝑡𝑡2
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 =
𝑍𝑍
If "Use ii/io"=true (input: 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 )
ASME B31.1 Allowable Expansion Stress
𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 ≤ 138 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ASME B31.5
𝑆𝑆ℎ ≤ 138 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 ≥ 0
If 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≥ 𝑆𝑆ℎ , then 𝑆𝑆ℎ ≥ 0
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 = 𝑓𝑓 1.25𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 /𝐸𝐸 + 0.25𝑆𝑆ℎ /𝐸𝐸 If 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≥ 𝑆𝑆ℎ , then
If 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 < 𝑆𝑆ℎ and liberal allowable=true then 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 = 𝑓𝑓 1.25𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 /𝐸𝐸 + 0.25𝑆𝑆ℎ /𝐸𝐸
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 = 𝑓𝑓 1.25𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 /𝐸𝐸 + 1.25𝑆𝑆ℎ /𝐸𝐸 − 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 If 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 < 𝑆𝑆ℎ and liberal allowable=true then
0.15 ≤ 𝑓𝑓 ≤ 1.0 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 = 𝑓𝑓 1.25𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 /𝐸𝐸 + 1.25𝑆𝑆ℎ /𝐸𝐸 − 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿
𝑓𝑓 = 6/𝑁𝑁 0.2 0.5 ≤ 𝑓𝑓 ≤ 1.0
ASME B31.9 𝑓𝑓 = 6/𝑁𝑁 0.2
𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 ≤ 138 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑆𝑆ℎ ≤ 138 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 EN 13480
If 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≥ 𝑆𝑆ℎ , then If “Liberal Stress Allowable”=True
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 = 𝑓𝑓 1.25𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 + 0.25𝑆𝑆ℎ 𝜎𝜎4 ≤ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴
If 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 < 𝑆𝑆ℎ and liberal allowable=true then 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = min 𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇); 𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 = 𝑓𝑓 1.25𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 + 1.25𝑆𝑆ℎ − 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 If 𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0 then 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇)
0.15 ≤ 𝑓𝑓 ≤ 1.0 If “Liberal Stress Allowable”=False
𝑓𝑓 = 6/𝑁𝑁 0.2 𝜎𝜎3 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴
ASME B31.3 Creep Check
𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 ≤ 138 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝜎𝜎5 ≤ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆ℎ ≤ 138 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
For Low Pressure piping 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ≥ 0
If 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 ≥ 𝑆𝑆ℎ or liberal allowable=false then 𝑓𝑓ℎ ≥ 0
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 = 𝑓𝑓 1.25𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 + 0.25𝑆𝑆ℎ 𝐸𝐸ℎ
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 = 𝑈𝑈 1.25𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 0.25𝑓𝑓ℎ
If 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 < 𝑆𝑆ℎ and liberal allowable=true then 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 = 𝑓𝑓 1.25𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 + 1.25𝑆𝑆ℎ − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿 𝑓𝑓ℎ = min 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ; 𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇); 𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
For High Pressure piping (Chapter IX) If 𝑓𝑓𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0 then 𝑓𝑓ℎ = min 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ; 𝑓𝑓(𝑇𝑇)
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 = 1.25𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐 + 0.25𝑆𝑆ℎ 0.5 ≤ 𝑈𝑈 ≤ 1.0
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿 – Maximum 𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 stress calculated from all sustained load cases (L1 𝑈𝑈 = 6/𝑁𝑁 0.2
and L2) from all available operating modes! 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑓 = 6/𝑁𝑁 0.2 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ; 𝑓𝑓(20)
3
If temperature 𝑇𝑇 ≤ 371℃ AND material (option in database) “Maximum 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 , 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 – From database at cold temperature
f=1.2”=True then 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 , 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 , 𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 – From database hot temperature
0.15 ≤ 𝑓𝑓 ≤ 1.2 Else 0.15 ≤ 𝑓𝑓 ≤ 1.0
Importance of Expansion Stress Check (Cow Cycle Fatigue Failure)
Importance of Buckling Check
Importance of Buckling Check
Importance of Checking of Pipeline Upheaval Buckling
Importance of Checking of Local Buckling from External Pressure
Importance of Checking of Local Buckling from External Pressure
Importance of Checking of Piping Displacements
 Importance if Checking of Supports and Equipment loads

 Option 1. The equipment manufacturer provides allowable loads. It is necessary that the calculated
loads from START-PROF be less than those allowed by the manufacturer.
 Option 2. Loads are determined using START-PROF are transferred to equipment manufacturers or
steel structure engineers for the subsequent evaluation of the strength of the structure or equipment
 Option 3. The loads are determined with the START-PROF and then checked by a special methods API
610, API 617, NEMA SM 23, API 650, Nozzle-FEM, etc.
Importance of Checking of Allowable Deformations of Expansion Joints
PASS/Start-Prof | Broad Applicability

• Developed since 1965

• 3000+ Active users (companies). Licenses 8000+

• User interface and documentation languages: English, Chinese,

Russian

• Piping codes: 32

• Wind, Seismic, Snow, Ice codes: 18

PASS/START-PROF Object-Oriented Piping Model
PASS/START-PROF Object-Oriented Piping Model
PASS/START-PROF Object-Oriented Piping Model
Databases
Occasional allowable calculation for elevated temperature fluid service
302.3.6 (2) ASME B31.3-2018 appendix V.
Automatic creep-rupture usage factor calculation according to ASME B31.3-
2018 Appendix V (V303.1-V303.3).
Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) calculation according to
323.2.2 (a), (b), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j) of ASME B31.3-2018. Added into material
database. START-PROF calculates the MDMT according to figure 323.2.2A
and figure 323.2.2B depending on the calculated stress ratio if user select
appropriate option in project settings, taking into account the code
requirements 323.2.2 (g), (h), (i).
 START-PROF calculates the cold state after cooling down
from the hot state. It allows to get more realistic
expansion stress range.

START-PROF
ASME B31.3 319.2.3 (a) code requires to analyze self- • Can consider creep stress relaxation effect in hot state according to
springing after creep relaxation, but doesn't give a EN 13480 code like CAESAR II.
detailed analysis method for this. CAESAR II can
consider creep stress relaxation effect in hot state • Can consider creep stress relaxation and creep self-springing effect
in the cold state using Russian RD 10-249-98 code method. It is
according to EN 13480 code, but can’t consider self-
available for ASME B31.3, B31.1 and some other codes.
springing in cold state.
Seismic wave propagation analysis for underground pipelines. START-PROF calculates stress
and strain in buried pipeline caused by seismic wave propagation, and checks the stress and
strain limits according to ASCE 2001 Guidelines for the Design of Buried Steel Pipe (American
Lifelines Alliance).
Landslide, Soil subsidence, frost heaving, Permanent ground deformation (seismic fault crossing) can also be
modeled. The pipeline strain check is made according to ASCE 2001 (ALA) and GB 50470.
Insulation Joint (Insulation Kit) stress analysis. The axial stress and stress
from torsion moment is checked automatically.
Automatic snow and ice load generation
according to national codes.
Automatic selection of constant effort hangers and supports.
Integration with Autodesk Revit is supported.
Two-way integration with AVEVA PDMS, AVEVA E3D
 Code START-PROF
ASME B31.1 Power piping USA +
ASME B31.3+Ch IX USA Process piping +
ASME B31.4 + Ch IX&XI USA Fluid Pipelines +
ASME B31.5 USA Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer +
ASME B31.8 + Ch VIII USA Gas Pipelines +
ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping +
ASME B31.12-2014 Hydrogen piping and pipelines +
ASME B31J-2017 New SIF +
EN 13480 Europe Industrial Piping +
EN 13941 Europe District heating +
CSA Z662 Canada 2015 +
BS PD 8010-1 (2016) Pipeline systems. Steel pipelines on land, UK +
BS PD 8010-2 (2016) Pipeline systems. Subsea pipelines, UK +
ISO 14692 International, FRP +
Plastic piping +
DLT 5366-2006 Power piping China +
GB 20801-2006 Process Piping China +
GB 50316-2008 Process Piping China +
GB 50251-2015 Gas Pipeline China +
GB 50253-2014 Oil Pipeline China +
CJJ/T 81-2013 District heating China +
11 Russian codes for all industries +
 Feature START-PROF
Wind load codes
SP 20.13330.2011, Russia +
ASCE 7, USA +
GB 50009, China +
Wind pressure vs elevation +
Wind velocity vs elevation +
IBC 2012 International +
NBC 2010, Canada +
EN 1991-1-4 2005, Europe +
NBR 6123-1998, Brazil +
IS 875.3.1987, India +
As/Nz 1170:2002, New Zeland +
BS 6399-2, UK +
UBC 1997, International +
CNS, Taiwan +
NSR-10, Colombia +
KBC 2016, Korea +
CFE 2008 Mexico +
Snow load codes
СП 20.13330.2011 +
ASCE 7, USA +
IBC 2012 International +
GB 50009, China +
NBC 2010, Canada +
EN 1991-1-3 2003, Europe +
KBC 2016, Korea +
Ice load codes
СП 20.13330.2011 +
ASCE 7, USA +
IBC 2012 International +
GB 50135-2006, China +
 Feature START-PROF
Equipment Connection
Insulation Joint (Insulation Kit) stress analysis +
WRC 297 Nozzle Flexibility +
PD 5500 Nozzle Flexibility +
ASME NB-3630 Tee Flexibility +
API 610 Centrifugal Pump load check / ISO 13709 +
API 617 Centrifugal Compressor load check / API 619 / ISO 10440 / ISO 10439 +
API 650 Tank Nozzle Flexibility +
API 650 Tank Nozzle Allowable Loads Check +
NEMA SM 23 Steam Turbine Allowable Loads/API 611/API 612/ISO 10437 +
WRC 107/537 +
API 560 Allowable loads fired heaters +
API 661 Allowable loads +
ISO 5199 Centrifugal Pump load check +
ISO 9905 Centrifugal Pump load check +
Flange check
NC 3658.3 Method +
Equivalent pressure method / Kellogg +
PVP / Code Case 2901 +
DNV +
 Stress Analysis Features START-PROF
Load Case Editor / Operation Mode Editor (Many Pressures, Temperatures, Loads, etc.) +
Seismic Analysis (Static method) +
Seismic Anchor Movements +
Pipe and Bend Wall Thickness Check +
Translation Bourdon Effect +
Rotational Bourdon Effect for Bends +
Friction, Gap, One-way, Rotation Rod Restraints Nonlinear Analysis +
Thermal Bowing (Stratification) +
Insulation Weight Calculation by Diameter and Density +
MDMT Minimum Design Temperature, Impact Test +
MDMT Minimum Design Temperature, Impact Test with Reduction Depending on Stress Ratio +
Built-in Calculator in Fields +
SIF Scratchpad +
Creep Rupture Factor Calculation ASME B31.3 app. V +
Friction at Cold State (Follow up load case) +
Automatic Water Hammer Loads Analysis +
Expansion Joint Deformation Check +
Tee and Reducer Wall Thickness Check +
Pipe, Bend, Reducer, Tee Wall Thickness Calculation +
 Feature START-PROF
CAD Interfaces
Import and Export to Own Neutral Format INI
Export/Import Displacements Using File (.csv) CSV
Export to TXT +
PCF +
Hydrosystem Import Dynamic Forces TXT
Caesar II (.CII) Import/Export CII
AutoCAD Export DXF
Autopipe Import and Export CII
AutoPlant Import PCF
CADISON PCF
CadWorx PCF
I-Sketch PCF
Marine Import and Export API
Microstation Export DXF
ModelStudioCS PCF
OpenPlant PCF
PDMS Import and Export API
Plant3D Import PCF
Plant4D PCF
PlantSpace PCF
Revit INI
Smart3D PCF
SmartPlant3D PCF
• Affordable price ~ $6’000 - $7’800
Permanent License, $2’400 - $3’120
Annual License
• Technical support for the 1st year is
provided for free (!)
• Different configurations based on
customer needs are available
Nozzle Displacements
Ly=150
Lx=600

∆x ∆z ∆z
∆y

Lz=2600
Nozzle Object
Nozzle Flexibility Using WRC 297, PD 5500
Local and Global Nozzle Flexibility

Local Flexibility Global Flexibility

Vessel Shell Deformations (Entire vessel Deformations)
∆𝑌𝑌 = 𝛼𝛼 ∙ ∆𝑇𝑇 ∙ 𝐿𝐿𝑌𝑌 = 1.22 ∙ 10−5 ∙ (150+20) ∙ 273 = 0.57 мм
∆𝑍𝑍 = 𝛼𝛼 ∙ ∆𝑇𝑇 ∙ 𝐿𝐿𝑍𝑍 = 1.22 ∙ 10−5 ∙ (150+20) ∙ 300 = 0.62 мм
API 610
API 610
Compressor API 617
Fired Heater Modelling
 Allowable loads calculated according to API 560
 Method 1: Use an anchor at the point where the piping goes inside the heater. The heater vendor must provide the allowable loads
for this anchor point. Or API 560 code may be used
Fired Heater Modelling
 Allowable loads calculated according to API 560
 Method 1: Use an anchor at the point where the piping goes inside the heater. The heater vendor must provide the allowable loads
for this anchor point. Or API 560 code may be used
 Method 2: Model whole or part of the furnace coil that is inside the heater. Vendor should provide allowable displacements at the
point where the pipe goes inside the heater (+dx, -dx, +dy, -dy, +dz, -dz). Usually it’s the gap values between the pipe and heater
shell
Effect of Friction in Operating and Cold State

L1: W+P SUS

L2: W+P+T OPE
L3: L2-T COLD (follow up L2)
L4: L2-L1 EXP
L5: L2-L3 EXP
 The Pipe and Soil Interaction Model

Vertical soil flexibility

Longitudinal soil flexibility Friction

Horizontal soil flexibility

Horizontal soil P-∆ Vertical soil P-∆ Longitudinal soil P-∆ diagram (friction)
diagram diagram
PASS/Start-Prof | Soil Model

Each soil support stiffness consist of vertical, horizontal and longitudinal nonlinear springs

• Horizontal spring consist of 3 springs K1, K2, K3.

• Vertical Spring consist of 2 (or 3) springs K1, K4 (and K2).

• Longitudinal spring K5
 Restrained and Unrestrained Zones

Sh is the ring stress, q is the friction force, E is the modulus of elasticity, A is the area, DT is the
temperature difference, a is the linear expansion coefficient, n is the Poisson coefficient
 Q&A
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