Deccan Plateau

The Deccan is a plateau extending over an area of

422,000 km2 (163,000 sq mi) and occupies the Deccan Plateau
majority of the Indian peninsula. It stretches from Deccan Peninsula

the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges in the north to the Geographical region
northern fringes of Tamil Nadu in the south. It is
bound by the mountain ranges of the Western Ghats
and the Eastern Ghats on the sides, which separate
the region from the Western and Eastern Coastal
Plains respectively. It covers most of the Indian
States of Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh excluding the coastal regions, and
minor portions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

The plateau is marked by rocky terrain with an

average of about 600 m (2,000 ft). It is subdivided
into Maharashtra Plateau, Karnataka Plateau, and
Telangana Plateau. The Deccan Traps in the north
west were formed by multiple layers of igneous
The Deccan Plateau (cyan) forms a major part of
rocks laid down by basaltic lava flows following a Peninsular India
massive volcanic eruption that occurred during the Coordinates: 15°N 77°E
end of the cretaceous period (66 mya). The
Country India
underlying bed consists of granite and sedimentary
States Maharashtra
rocks formed during the precambrian era and the
Karnataka
formation of Gondwana.
Telangana
The region forms one of the major watersheds of Andhra Pradesh
India, with many perennial river systems such as Tamil Nadu
Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri flowing through the Kerala
region. The plateau slopes gently from the west to Area
east, resulting in most of the principal rivers flowing • Total 422,000 km2 (163,000 sq mi)
eastwards towards the Bay of Bengal. As the
Western Ghats blocks the rain bearing winds, the plateau region is drier than the coastal region and has a
semi-arid climate.

The Deccan plateau region was ruled by several kingdoms in Indian history such as Pallavas, Cholas,
Pandyas, Satavahanas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Kadambas, Kakatiyas, and Western Gangas.
In the later medieval era, the lower plateau was ruled by the Vijayanagara empire, and the upper portion
by the Bahmani kingdom, and its successors, the Deccan sultanates. It later housed the Kingdom of
Mysore, Maratha confederacy, and Nizam's dominions. It was under the control of British Raj for nearly
two centuries before the Indian Independence in 1947. The Reorganisation of Indian states in the 1950s
resulted in the creation of states on linguistic lines.
Etymology
The word Deccan is an anglicised version of the Prakrit word dakkhaṇa, which evolved from the Sanskrit
word dakṣiṇa, meaning "south".[1][2][3]

History
Carbon dating shows that ash mounds associated with Neolithic cultures in region date back to
8000 BCE. Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE, iron technology spread through the region though
geological evidence does not point to a fully developed Bronze Age in existence prior to the Iron Age.[4]
Since at least the 1st century BCE, the region was connected to the Silk Road and was involved in trade
with the Mediterranean and East Asia.[5][6][7]

Several dynasties such as the Pandyas of Madurai, the Cholas of

Thanjavur, the Zamorins of Kozhikode, the Satavahanas of
Amaravati, the Pallavas of Kanchi, the Kadambas of Banavasi, the
Western Gangas of Kolar, the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, the
Chalukyas of Badami, the Hoysalas of Belur, and the Kakatiyas of
Orugallu ruled over the region from the 6th century BCE to the
14th century CE.[8][9] In the Late Middle Ages, Vijayanagara
empire conquered most of the southern part of the pleateu
region.[8][10] The upper portion was ruled by the Bahmani
kingdom,[11][12] and later by its successors, the Deccan
sultanates.[9][13]

The Europeans arrived in the 15th century CE and by the middle

of the 18th century, the French and the British were involved in a
protracted struggle for military control over the region.[14] The
Map of Deccan in the 14th century
Maratha Empire founded by Chatrapati Shivaji, briefly captured
CE
the region in the early 18th century CE.[15][16][17] After the defeat
of Mysore Kingdom in the late 18th century CE and the Vellore
Mutiny in 1806 CE, the British East India Company consolidated their power over much of the region.
The British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857.[9][18]

During the British colonial rule, the region was divided between the Madras Presidency, Bombay
Presidency, Hyderabad State, and Mysore.[19][20] The region played a major role in the Indian
independence movement.[21] After Indian Independence in 1947, majority of the region was organised
into four states Bombay State, Hyderabad State, Madras State, and Mysore State.[22] The Reorganisation
of Indian states on linguistic lines in the 1950s resulted in the creation of the states of Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.[23][24][25] Telangana was created in 2014 by bifurcating
Andhra Pradesh.[26][27]
Geology
The Deccan Plateau is one of the oldest and most stable land
formations in the Indian subcontinent.[28] The plateau is marked
by rocky terrain with an average of about 600 m (2,000 ft).[9] The
Deccan Traps consist of multiple layers of igneous rocks, which
are more than 2 km (1.2 mi) in thickness. These rocks were laid
down by basaltic lava flows which emerged from deep inside the
Earth's crust following a massive volcanic eruption.[28][29] Topography of the region.

The eruption event occurred during the end of the Cretaceous

period (66 mya) and is the second largest volcanic eruption ever
recorded on land. Scientists state that the volcanic event would
have released large amounts of ash, dust and carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere. The release would have blocked sunlight resulting
in lower temperatures and caused major climatic changes on
Earth. The eruption would have resulted in high levels of sulfur,
chlorine and other toxic gases in the atmosphere. Researchers
argue that the volcanic event would have contributed to the
extinction of various species including some of the dinosaurs.[29] Deccan Traps were formed by lava
flows in the cretaceous era (66
The volcanic deposits stretch more than 500,000 km2 mya).
(190,000 sq mi) encompassing neighbouring central highlands.
The deposits consist of three subgroups based on the time and
level of deposition.[30] Underlying the lava deposits are granite and sedimentary rocks formed during the
precambrian era and the formation of Gondwanaland.[30] The Indo-Gangetic Plain rests on hard
crystalline rocks which connect the Himalayan region with the plateau region.[31] Apart from granite,
parts of the region consists of metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, and schist.[32]

The Deccan Plateau region is rich in mineral deposits like iron ore, coal, and mica. Precious and semi
precious stones have also been mined from the region.[28][33] Large uranium deposits have been
discovered in the region in the 21st century.[34][35][36] There are two major soil types, forming distinct
sub-regions of the plateau. Most of the region with igneous basaltic rock consists of black soil. These
soils have a high clay content, retain moisture and are resistant to erosion, but develop cracks during the
dry season. The gneiss peneplain region in the low rainfall areas in the eastern vicinity of the Western
Ghats consist of infertile red soil.[32][37]

Geography
Historians have used the term Deccan differently across various time periods. Firishta (16th century), R.
G. Bhandarkar (1920), and Richard Eaton (2005) demarcate the region based on linguistic lines.[38][37] K.
M. Panikkar (1969) defines it as the entire Indian peninsula south of the Vindhyas.[37] Stewart Gordon
(1998) notes that Deccan is a "relational term" and historically the border of Deccan has varied from
Tapti River to the Godavari River, depending on the southern boundary of the northern empires and is
used to denote "the area beyond the southern border of a northern-based kingdom" of India.[39]
Geographers have defined the extent of Deccan region using
various physical features and indices such as rainfall, vegetation,
or soil type.[38] As per a broader geographical definition, the
region consists of the peninsular tableland lying to the south of the
Tropic of Cancer, marked by the Vindhya-Satpura ranges in the
north.[37] The Deccan is a plateau region extending over an area of
422,000 km2 (163,000 sq mi) and occupies the majority of the
Indian peninsula. It is shaped like an inverted triangle with its
upper boundary at the Narmada River basin near the Vindhya-
Satpura ranges and the lower boundary at the northern fringes of
Tamil Nadu in the south.[9][28]

The region is bound by the mountain ranges of the Western Ghats

Regions of India, showing the
and the Eastern Ghats on the sides, which separate the region from
Deccan Plateau surrounded by the
the Western and Eastern Coastal Plains respectively.[40][41] It various mountain ranges.
covers most of the Indian states of Maharashtra, Telangana,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh excluding the coastal regions, and
minor portions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.[28] The western side of the plateau is elevated gently slopes
towards the east.[42][43] It is subdivided into Maharashtra Plateau, Karnataka Plateau, and Telangana
Plateau.[28]

Hydrography and climate

The Deccan forms one of the major watersheds of India, feeding
many perennial rivers.[44] The major river systems originating in
the Western Ghats are the Godavari, Kaveri, and Krishna.[32][45]
Most rivers flow eastwards towards the Bay of Bengal owing to
the steeper gradient moving from east to west, with only smaller
streams flowing in the opposite direction.[44] The streams and
rivers give rise to numerous waterfalls in the region.[46] The rivers
have been dammed for hydroelectric and irrigation purposes, with
major reservoirs spread across the region.[47][48]

The region has largely semi-arid climate in the northern parts and
tropical climate in most of the other areas. The summer months of
April – May are dry and hot with maximum temperatures often Average rainfall Map showing the
rising more than 40 °C (104 °F).[28] During the dry summer low rainfall areas in the interior of
months of April – May, heat builds up on the interior of the the plateau.
Deccan Plaeau, which draws air from the sea. The air, which picks
up moisture along the way and flows eastward from the Arabian
Sea, is blocked by the Western Ghats.[49] The rising air cools and brings about orographic precipitation
along the western coast, which signifies the onset of the monsoon season in June.[50]

By the time the air rises above the mountains, it becomes dry, resulting in a rain shadow region with very
little rainfall on the leeward side towards the interior of the Deccan plateau. The monsoon winds
rounding up the peninsula and moving from the east from the Bay of Bengal pass over the Eastern Ghats
and bring some rainfall to the eastern region of the plateau.[51] The region receives most of the rainfall
during the months of July to September and the rains feed the rivers that flow into basins and then into
the Bay of Bengal.[52][53]

Flora and fauna

There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in the region, resulting from its varied climates and
geography. scrub lands are common in the low rainfall regions with dry deciduous forests found in the
southern part of the plateau.[54] The woodlands of the region are older than the Himalayas. The central
part of the plateau is covered by woodlands formed by trees such as hardwickia, teak, siris, axlewood,
boswellia, and acacia trees.[28] The region hosts significant populations of endangered Bengal tigers and
Indian elephants[55][56] Other mammals found in the region include gaur, blackbuck, chinkara, four-
horned antelope, wild buffalo, and Indian wild dog.[28]

Demographics
The largest linguistic group in the region is the Dravidian family
of languages, of approximately 73 languages.[57] The Telugus and
Kannadigas who speak Telugu and Kannada form the major
demographic groups in the central region. Tamils and Malayalis
form a part of the southern end of the plateau. Marathi people,
who speak Marathi, an Indo-Aryan language, form the majority in
the north-western part of the plateau.[58] English is also widely
spoken in urban areas of the region.[59] Deccani Urdu a regional
dialect of Urdu is spoken by the Muslims.[60][61][62] Evidence of
prehistoric religion in the region comes from scattered Mesolithic
rock paintings depicting dances and rituals, such as the Kupgal
petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, at Stone Age sites.[63] Hinduism
is the major religion today in the region.[64][65] Population density map of India,
showing sparsely populated interior.
The total fertility rate in the region was less than the population
replacement level and as a result, the proportion of the population
of the region to India's total population has declined in the last four decades.[66][67][68][69] The economies
of the states in the region registered a growth higher than the national average over the past three decades.
While the states have improved in some of the socio-economic metrics, there is wide disparity within the
region.[70][71][72]

Economy
Agriculture is often difficult in low rainfall areas, which require additional irrigation facilities while it is
more feasible in the river valleys.[73] Agriculture is still the primary occupation in the region.[74][75] Rice
is the staple food and major crop in the region.[76] Others crops cultivated include sugarcane, banana,
cotton, turmeric, millets, pulses, and spices.[77][78][79] The urban centres are significant contributors to the
Indian and global Information Technology economy.[80][81][82] The presence of these hubs has spurred
economic growth and attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country.[83]
Manufacturing and textiles are other major industries in the region.[84][85][86][87]

Culture
As defined by Ministry of Culture of the Government of India to
promote and preserve the cultural heritage, the region falls under
the purview of West and South Zone Cultural Centers.[88] The
women traditionally wear a sari, a garment that consists of a drape
varying from 5 yards (4.6 m) to 9 yards (8.2 m) in length and 2
feet (0.61 m) to 4 feet (1.2 m) in breadth that is typically wrapped
around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring
the midriff, as according to Indian philosophy, the navel is
Sari worn by women in the region.
considered as the source of life and creativity.[89][90][91] The men
wear a dhoti, a 4.5 m (15 ft) long, white rectangular piece of non-
stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes. It is usually wrapped around the waist and the
legs and knotted at the waist.[92] A colourful lungi with typical batik patterns is the most common form of
male attire in the countryside. People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is
popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.[93]

The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes.[94][95] The
traditional way of eating a meal involves eating food served on a banana leaf using the right hand.[96][97]
Rice is the staple food in meals of the region.[98] Bhakri made of millets and roti or chapathi made of
wheat served with dal are popular in the north and western parts of the region.[99] Idli and dosa served
with sambar and chutney for breakfast and rice served with sambar and rasam for lunch are popular in
the eastern and southern parts of the region.[100][101][102] Hyderabadi cuisine is popular for its
biryani.[103]

The region is home to various music

and dance forms such as Kuchipudi,
Lavani, Yakshagana, and
Bharatanatyam. [104][105][106] There are
three distinct styles of rock
architecture, the Dravidian style of
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, the Dravidian (left), Vesara (center), and Nagara architecture.

Vesara style of Karnataka, Telangana,

and the Nagara style of
Maharashtra. [107] In Dravidian architecture, the temples considered of large gate-pyramids or Gopurams
in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple with large pillared halls.[108][109][110] Vimanam are
similar structures built over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than
the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture.[111][112] In the Nagara style, the temples had one or more
shikharas, which are towers similar to the vimanas.[113] The Vesara style is a hybrid of both these
architectural styles.[114][115]
Transport
There is an extensive road network composed of National
Highways, State Highways and other roads in the region. The
Golden Quadrilateral connecting the major cities in the country
traverses across the region.[116] Public bus services are mostly
provided by state-run transport corporations.[117][118][119][120]

The Madras Railway was established in 1845 and the Great Indian
Peninsular Railway was incorporated in 1849. The construction on
the first main line in the South between Royapuram in Madras and
Arcot started in 1853, which became operational on 1 July
1856.[121] In 1879, the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was
established which built railway lines across the then Hyderabad
State and the Mysore State Railway was established to build an
Highway distribution with population
extension of Madras Railway in Mysore State.[122] In 1880, the density.
Great Indian Peninsula Railway built a railway network radiating
from Madras.[123][124] The Madras and Southern Mahratta
Railway was founded on 1 January 1908 by merging the Madras Railway and the Southern Mahratta
Railway.[125][126] In 1950, there were about 42 different railway companies across the countrym which
were amalgamated in steps to form a single entity named as Indian Railways.[127][128] On 14 April 1951,
the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway, the South Indian Railway, and the Mysore State Railway
were merged to form the Southern Railway, the first zone of Indian Railways.[129] The Western was
established on 5 November 1951, the South Central zone on 2 October 1966, and the South Western zone
on 1 April 2003.[130] Most of the region is covered by these four zones, with small portions of the coasts
covered by East Coast Railway and Konkan Railway.[131] Metro and suburban systems are operational in
major cities.[132][133]

Air transport in the region started in the late 1910s with commercial services beginning in the
1930s.[134][135][136] The region has multiple international and domestic airports.[137][138] Chennai
International Airport serves as the Southern Regional Headquarters of the Airports Authority of India, the
Southern Region comprising the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and
Telangana, and Mumbai International Airport serves the state of Maharashtra.[139] The southern region
comes under the purview of the Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force and the north western
region comes under the South Western Air Command.[140]

See also
Central Highlands
Eastern Coastal Plains
Indo-Gangetic Plain
Western Coastal Plains
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