ZOOLOGY

BIO 11
PSYCH - II | PROF. MICHAEL LAWTON ALCALA

Parasitology is the study of parasitic

animals and their corresponding
Introduction to General Zoology
interactions.

Zoology is one of the broadest field of the Physiology is the study of the function of
study of life (Biology). It studies all aspects organisms and their parts.
of animal life (e.g. structure, function &
etc.) Systematics is the study of classification
and evolutionary relationships.

Some Examples of Specializations in

Zoology by Taxonomic Categories

Entomology is the study of insects.

Herpetology is the study of amphibians

and reptiles.
Why study zoology?
Ichthyology is the study of fishes.
● To understand animal life and its
origins. Mammalogy is the study of mammals.
● To learn and understand about a
particular structure, function, or Ornithology is the study of birds
process in relation to animals; their (avifauna).
various adaptations that enable the
success of animals in their Protozoology is the study of protozoa.
respective habitats.

Some Examples of Specializations in

Zoology

Anatomy is the study of the structure of

entire organism and their functions.

Cytology is the study of the structure and

Perspectives in Zoology
functions of cells.
● Evolutionary
Ecology is the study of the interactions of
● Ecological
organisms with their environment.

Embryology is the study of the stages of Zoology: An Evolutionary Perspective

animal development.
Biological (Organic) Evolution is the
Genetics is the study of the mechanisms change in the genetic makeup of
of transmission of traits from parent to populations of organisms over time.
offspring.
Evolutionary processes help explain:
Histology is the study of tissues. - how diversity of animal structure
and function arose
Molecular Biology is the study of the - family relationships within the
subcellular components. animal kingdom

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ZOOLOGY
BIO 11
PSYCH - II | PROF. MICHAEL LAWTON ALCALA

Evolutionary processes explain animal Hierarchy of Relatedness

structure and function.

Animal Classification and Evolutionary

Relationships

Groups of individuals are more closely

related if they share more DNA.

Animal classification reflects a hierarchy of Taxonomy is the branch of biology that

relatedness. names and classifies species into groups
of increasing breadth.
● Binomial nomenclature
● Carl von Linne (1707 - 1778) Domains, followed by Kingdoms, are the
● Two-part name for each species; broadest units of classification.
part one is the genus name; part
wo is the species epithet Zoology: An Ecological Perspective
● Draco spilopterus or Draco
Ecology is the study of the relationships
spilopterus
between organisms and their environment.

Failure to understand ecological

relationships among animals and their
environment has resulted into detrimental
consequences.

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ZOOLOGY
BIO 11
PSYCH - II | PROF. MICHAEL LAWTON ALCALA

Human global overpopulation is the root

of all other environmental problems.
Population is estimated to be 9.6 billion by
2050.

World resources are stressed by

overpopulation. Also, by climate change,
deforestation, water shortages, and
extinction of species.

Solutions require dealing with

overpopulation.

● Order
● Evolutionary Adaptation
● Response to stimulus
● Reproduction
● Growth & Development
● Energy Utilization
● Regulation

Homeostasis is maintaining internal

balance through feed backing
mechanisms.

What is Life?

Life defies a simple, one-sentence

definition.

Life is recognized by what living things do:

● composed of cells (order)

● contains genetic material (or
DNA)
● regulate metabolic processes
● grow, develop, and reproduce
● respond to stimuli or perform
homeostasis
● evolve and adapt to the
environment

Pristimantis mutabilis
(found in the rainforests of
Ecuador; first discovered in
2009 published March 24,
2015)

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ZOOLOGY
BIO 11
PSYCH - II | PROF. MICHAEL LAWTON ALCALA

Hierarchy of Biological Order

Life is organized in the Hierarchy of

Biological Order.

Living organisms function and interact with

each other at many levels.

These leaves are organized in a hierarchy

of increasing complexity:
● Cellular Level
● Organismal Level
Form and structure are correlated at all
● Ecosystem Level
levels of biological organization.

Scientific Method

Scientists use the

scientific method.

In general, all
scientific inquiry
follows a standard
process to study the
natural world. The
process is known as
the scientific method.

The scientific method is a body of

techniques, steps for investigating
scientific/natural phenomena based on
➔ Atoms
empirical or measurable parameters.
➔ Molecules
➔ Organelles
The scientific method has multiple
➔ Cells
interrelated parts…
➔ Tissues
➔ Organ
➔ Organ System
➔ Multi-celled Organism
➔ Population
➔ Community
➔ Ecosystem
➔ Biosphere

Emergent Properties are new properties

emerge at each level in the biological
hierarchy.

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ZOOLOGY
BIO 11
PSYCH - II | PROF. MICHAEL LAWTON ALCALA

The scientific method begins with An experimental design includes clear

observations and questions. variables.

Observations are the knowledge

amassed before the experiment begins.

The hypothesis and predictions are based

on observations.

Hypotheses are potential explanations for

the observation, which can be supported
An experimental design includes clear
or falsified by the data.
controls.
The experiment is designed to test the
hypothesis.

Data must be objective and quantifiable.

The conclusion is based on the data from

the experiment.

The data can either support or refute the Data are interpreted using statistical
hypothesis. analysis.

The research is subjected to peer review.

Results are evaluated and reviewed by

peers and published.

An experimental design is a careful plan.

A well designed experiment includes:

Sample size, the number of

subjects in a group.
Analyses test the data for statistical
Independent variable, what is significance.
manipulated.
Statistical significance is the probability
Dependent variable, what is that the results arose purely by chance.
measured.

Standardized variable, held

constant for all subjects.

Control, the untreated group used

for comparison.

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ZOOLOGY
BIO 11
PSYCH - II | PROF. MICHAEL LAWTON ALCALA

The Scientific Method applied to our daily

lives…

Limits of Science

➔ Mechanistic nature of science.

➔ Multiple interpretation or
misinterpretation.

➔ Observations and experimental

results must be repeatable.

➔ Scientific approach cannot provide

answers to subjective questions.

➔ Cannot provide moral, aesthetic, or

philosophical standards.

➔ Cannot support or falsify

supernatural explanation.

IMPORTANT INFO

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