DENTAL MATERIALS LECTURE – IMPRESSION 3.

Impression plaster
MATERIALS o Flexible
1. Reversible
Penetration tests – usually used in taking the setting 2. Irreversible
time of plaster; by the use of needle 3. Elastomeric
a. (2) Gilmore needles Potassium sulfate – common accelerator
o Small – determining initial setting
time Wet and Dry Difference
o Big – for final setting time
b. (1) Vicat needle – to take the initial setting  Wet – if there is excess water; weaker
time  Dry – absence of water upon letting it set for
c. Loss of gloss a long time; stronger

Setting expansion Recommended Water-Powder Ratio

 Contact of particles – cause of greater setting  Dental Plaster -

expansion  Dental Stone (Type IV) –
 Lower water-powder ratio – greater
 High water-powder ratio – lesser Optical Property – translucency and transparency
with color, hue….
Signs if deteriorated
Effect of following factors
1. Sets very fast or doesn’t set at all
 Improper mixing – destroys the crystals,
Impression Materials lesser is the setting expansion
 Addition of modifiers – accelerators decrease
1. Impression Plaster setting time, retarders increase setting time
 Truplastic, Soluble Plaster  Large particle size – needs more amount of
 Powder water; weaker
2. Impression Compound
 Modelling Plastic Dental plaster vs. Dental stone
 Cakes
3. Zinc oxide Eugenol (ZoE) Paste 110 – 120 in open air 120 – 130 autoclave
 Paste Bigger particle size Smaller particle size
4. Reversible More water; high Low powder ratio
 Agar powder ratio
Hydrocolloids
 Gel
Calcination – heating process (temperature)
5. Irreversible
 Alginate To prevent air bubbles
 Powder
6. Elastomeric  Allow powder to set in the water
 Rubber Impression  Tapping
 Paste  Use of mechanical spatulation and mixer
 Mixing in one direction
Classification of Impression Materials
ADAS – American Dental Association Specification
A. Manner of hardening
o Chemical reaction Four divisions of Prosthodontics
1. Impression plaster
Supplied in 2. ZoE paste 1. Fixed Partial
powder & paste 3. Irreversible 2. Removable Partial
4. Elastomeric 3. Complete Denture
o Physical change 4. Maxillofacial
1. Impression compound
2. Reversible
B. Use in dentistry Impression Plaster
o Rigid – for edentulous
o Flexible – used for both edentulous  Impression for dental implant
and dentulous  Main component (matrix) is dental plaster
C. State and Condition – when it sets (beta hemihydrate)
o Rigid  Core:
1. Impression compound
2. ZoE paste
 1. Potato starch – renders impression Impression compound is also available in sticks of
plaster soluble in warm water various colors indicating different softening
(soften) temperature ranges.
2. Chemical modifiers – to regulate
setting time Impression compound is used to take a negative
3. Flavoring ingredient - to make it replica or an Impression of the Edentulous Oral Cavity
palatable, will help because the in a process called primary impression
attention of the patient
Impression Compound is a material composed of fatty
4. Coloring ingredient – to identify the
model from impression material acids, shellac, glycerine, and filler used as a primary
impression material When heated in a water bath at
 Initial setting time – evolution of heat
about 65°C (149°F) it becomes plastic and can be
 Setting time - 3 to 5 mins moulded in an impression tray and inserted in the
Impression plaster should be brittle (brittle – presence mouth
of undercut; concavity) The material becomes fairly rigid on cooling to mouth
Properties temperature and has low material flow at room
temperature. It has a low thermal- expansion
 Advantage: all the necessary landmarks can coefficient so that there is minimal dimensional change
be taken if you are going to use a rigid as the impression is cooled from mouth temperature
material like impression plaster, no undercuts and it does not adhere to moist oral tissue
 Disadvantages
1. Type I – true compound (for
1. Does not take areas with undercuts
primary/preliminary impression)
2. Evolves heat
 Only use impression compound
Chemical Modifiers – control setting expansion are 2. Type II – tray compound (to carry another
added impression material to take the
secondary/final impression)
 Accelerator – potassium sulfate  Corrective lining material (for final
 Retarders – borax (others: varnish and impression)
lacquer) 1. Impression plaster
2. ZoE
Individual tray – made up of resin or shellac/base 3. Hydrocolloids (reversible)
plate 4. Hydrocolloids (irreversible)
5. Elastomeric
Steps
Successful dental restoration is mainly dependent on
1. 1 min mixing, put in the tray
the accuracy of dental impression.
2. Take impression of edentulous mouth
3. Apply separating medium to the impression  Negative copy – impression
prior to the construction of model  Positive copy – cast
4. Wait for 3-5 minutes
5. Immerse in hot water – for it to soften Impression compound is one of the oldest dental
impression material.
Why separating medium?
Composition
 Because they are both gypsum product and
there’s adhesion going be hard to separate
Principal ingredients of the matrix:
from each other
Separating medium  Wax – beeswax
 Resin – kauri resin
 Detergents (soap)
Core:
 Varnish
1. French chalk (fillers – refers to strength)
2. Stearic acid (plasticizer – for not sticky)
Impression Compound 3. Palmitic acid (hardener)
4. Oleic acid (lowers the melting point of
Impression compound is usually used for taking impression compound)
primary impressions of the edentulous ridge prior to the 5. Coloring agent
construction of a custom-made impression tray for
complete dentures Shellac, stearic acid, and gutta-percha are
added to improve plasticity and workability.
What do you expect on impression compound Composition
1. It should not contain any poisonous or Tube I: Base (color white)
irritative ingredients
2. It should harden completely or at slightly  Zinc oxide
above that of mouth temperature  Mineral oil/vegetable oil
3. When the compound is soft it should take all
necessary landmarks needed on the Tube II: Catalyst/Accelerator (colored)
construction of dentures
 Oil of cloves or eugenol
4. After the compound has solidified, it should
withstand trimming with a sharp knife without  Gum or polymerized rosin
breaking  Filler
5. It exhibits a smooth and glossy surface after it  Lanolin
has been pass through a flame  Resinous balsam
6. Thermoplastic - it must solidify when cooled  Accelerator solution (CaCl2) and
7. Dimensionally stable at all times color

Properties of impression compound Classification

1. Flow Type 1
 Beneficial – when it is soft to take all
 Hard paste
the necessary landmarks
 Final set: within 10 min
 Source of error – will change the
dimension of impression when the Type II
impression is taken prematurely
there will be continuous flow  Soft paste
2. Thermal property  Final set: 15 min
 Thermal conductivity – transfer of
heat in the material Burning sensation – eugenol
 Thermal conductivity is low (non-
metallic); all metallic substances are Factors Affecting the Setting Time
high Shorten (decrease) setting time
Why do you box the impression?
 Humidity and temperature
 One way of constructing the model  Adding a small amount of zinc
 To preserve border width of impression – get acetate or additional accelerator or a
the depth of impression drop of water in the paste before
 To shape; less polishing and grinding mixing
(minimize trimming of the cast)  Extending the mixing time
 To construct the base of the cast Prolong (increase) setting time
Impression Compound Manipulation  Use of a cool spatula and mixing
1. Kneading slab
2. Filling the stock tray Characteristics
3. Insertion into completely edentulous patient
4. Lower impression after removal  Quite satisfactory dimensional stability
 No significant dimensional change
subsequent to hardening
Zinc oxide Eugenol Paste  Shrinkage less than 0.1%
 Good reproduction of oral structure details
It has a wide range of applications in dentistry. It can  Chief disadvantage – possible stinging or
be used as an impression material, a surgical dressing, burning sensation
bite registration paste, temporary filing material, root
canal filling material, cementing medium and
temporary relining material for dentures

 Best for impression

 Stable among the rigid impression material