SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

➢ INTRODUCTION
A substation is a facility which is used to step-up or step-down the voltage in the utility power
lines, voltage will be stepped up if the power is transmitted through long-distance transmission
lines and it will be stepped down when the power is to enter the local distribution line. In
general, and electrical substation is a place which transmits electricity from one part of the
production system to others.
Generation, transmission, and distribution of the electric power is done by the substation,
substation, substations are entities that integrate the power system
➢ THE DESIGN OBJECTIVE OF A SUBSTATION
The design objective of a substation is to provide maximum reliability, flexibility, and
continuity of service. Substations provide transformation, switching, tie points, sectionalizing,
protection and compensation
➢ EQUIPMENT IN A SUBSTATION
• Bus-bar
• Insulators
• Lightning arrestor
• Circuit braker
• Isolator
• Earthing Switch
• Current transformer
• Voltage transformer
• Power transformer
• Shunt reactor
• Power cables, control cables
• Control and protection panel
• PLCC equipment
• LV AC switchgear
• Dc battery and charging equipment
• Galvanized steel structure for towers

Steel structures are used for towers of incoming and out-going transmission lines, towers are
used to support strain insulators and flexible bus bars. In a substation, bus-bar is used to
interconnect the loads and sources of electrical power. Incoming and outgoing transmission
lines are connected by the bus-bar. It also connects the generator and main transformer in a
power plant. Current carrying parts in a substation are supported by insulators it can provide
mechanical support to the conductors and it is subjected to normal operating voltage and
transient over voltages.
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 SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

Insulator selection must be properly done it must not fail due to mechanical load or
overvoltages, it should have the ability to withstand the maximum wind loading, ice loading.
Surge arrestors are connected between the phase and earth on the incoming side of the
transmission line and it is also connected to the transformer terminal and earth. Surge arrestors
are used in a power system to divert the lightning and switching overvoltage surges to earth
without making any drop in residual voltage

Fig.1 SUBSTATION

➢ Need of Electrical Substation

(A) To satisfy load growth
• At the point when people or business move to another location that has
practically no power supply gracefully framework of new substation it may
present a defense for building a sub-station near the community.
• Providing this new load from distant substation is inefficient because a small
amount of power will be lost as heating on the distribution lines.
(B)To accommodate new generation
• Say you want to build up a new wind farm or a new solar farm. You will need a collector
substation to tie all the generators to connect them to the power grid.
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 SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

(C) To maintain reliability requirements

• At times new transmission lines are structured by developers or public utilities to
address congestion in the power grid.
• Congestion occurs due to different reasons. When structuring new transmission lines,
an effort is made to connecting it to an existing sub-station., A nes substation is built
When that is not possible
(D) To step up or step down AC voltage using transformer
• Remember that higher voltages mean lower currents, Lower currents produce to lower
12R losses (copper losses). Thus more energy can be delivered to do useful work.
Voltages at the receiving end must to be stepped down for utilization by customers.
• Substation need to install a transformer for power transmission and distribution.
(E) To break the power flow
• Quite often a fault (such a tree touching a live wire) requires complete isolation of the
line until the fault is removed. Breaking the power flow by nearly placing some
switches on the line will not work.
• To safely interrupt thousands of amperes you will need circuit breakers that can handle
such high current magnitudes.
• Almost all substations contain circuit breakers in some from that trip and isolate
transmission lines connected to it.
• Frequently an issue (such a tree contacting a live wire) requires total isolation of the
line until the fault will remove. The power flow will Breaks by almost putting a few
switches on the line won't work.
• To securely interfere with a large number of amperes you will require circuit breakers
that can deal with such high current. Practically all substations contain circuit breakers
in some from that trip and disengage transmission lines associated with it.
(F) Provide support to the power flow
• Unlike DC power flow, AC power flow needs to overcome not only the resistive
impedance but also the inductive impedance offered by a various equipment (like motor
loads on transmission lines, reactors etc.) allied to the system.
• All three phases of For this cause, substations have capacitor banks connected to the
lines to simplicity for the power flow.
• Doing this improves the power factor of electrical system.

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 SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

➢ Factors governing the selection of Site of the Sub-station

• Site location must be as far as possible near to load center. ie near the area where
electricity is to be used and distribution lines are of short lengths.
• Sub-station should be easily operateed.
• Maintenance should be easy.
• Capital (initial investment) cost must be minimum.
• Roads, Rails routes be available for transports.
• It should provide safe and reliable arrangements.
• Facilitates to carry out repairs.
• No possibility of explosion of fire.
• Protective gear arrangements must be made.
• No obstructions near to substation for H.T. lines coming to it.
• Away from buildings, big heighted, sense trees.
• For different operations enough land must be vacant for upcoming expansion spare land
be available.
• Land cost be reasonable and easily obtainable.
• Erection of distributions lines must be done easily without major obstacles.

➢ Classification of Substations
1. Based on Voltage Levels
a) AC substation - EHV, HV, MV, LV,
b) DC substation HVDC-bipolar, monopolar and monopolar.
2. Based on Construction
a) Indoor substation
b) Outdoor substation
3. Based on Configuration
a) Conventional air insulated outdoor substation
b) SF6 gas insulated substation
c) Composite substations having combination of the above two.
4. Based on the Application
a) Switch yard in a generating station
b) Switching substation without Power Transformers
c) Sending end substation-transformer substation
d) Receiving substation-transformer substation
e) Distribution substation-transformer substation
f) Factory substation/Industrial substation
g) Compensating substation

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 SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

h) Load substation e.g. Are furnace substation

i) Frequency changing substation
j) Converting substation
k) Traction substation
l) Power factor correction substations

➢ Classification of Sub-station based on Voltage Level

• Substation applications cover a very wide range and voltage ranges.
• A very common method of identifying a substation is by its higher voltage level.
• A substation generally has two or three main voltage levels of bus bars 220 KV. 110
KV, 33 KV
• Power transformers have suitable voltage ratios are connected between following
voltage levels.
• A 220 KV/110 KV/33 KV substation is generally called 220 KV substation.
• Here 220 KV refers to normal rated voltage of 220 k level bus at rms, phase to phase.
Low Voltage (LV) substation-400 V, 600 V
Medium Voltage (MV) substation-1.1 KV, 3.3 KV, 6.6 KV
11 KV, 33 KV, 22 KV
High voltage (HV) substation-66 KV, 110 KV, 132 KV, 220 KV,
(EHV) Extra High Voltage substation-400 KV
HVDC Bipolar terminal substation (HVDC)
HVDC back to back coupling station-Beyond 400 KV
Ultra High Voltage-Beyond 400KV

➢ Classification of Substation based on Design

1) Indoor substation 2) Outdoor substation.

3) Pole mounted substation 4) Plinth/Foundation mounted substation

1) Indoor Sub-stations
• For voltage up to 11 kv, the equipment of sub-station is mounted indoor becaus of
financial considerations.
• When atmosphere is polluted, dirty with impurities the substations can be established
for voltage up to 66 kv.
• Comparatively these sub stations need small size, equipment’s and low capacity
transformer and hence can be installed indoor in closed shades or buildings.

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 SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

ADVANTAGES
• Much less space required.
• Lese maintenance.
• Occurrence of Fault is less.
• Equipment's are safe and no dust, dirt deposition.
• Protected from natural calamities.

DISADVANTAGES
• Not open hence buildings construction cost is more
• As spacing between various components and equipment is much less so enough of
high grade insulation is required.
• Fault finding worrying due to short spaces.
• Installation of high voltage not possible.

APPLICATIONS
In Chemical industries protect equipment's from chemical reactions.

2) Outdoor Sub-stations
• Voltages beyond 66 kv, equipment is consistently installed outdoor.
• It is because for such voltages, the distance between conductors and space required
for switches, circuit breaker and other equipment becomes so more that it is not
economical to install the equipment indoor.

ADVANTAGES
• As space is more, spacing between equipment's can be kept much more and therefore
more safe.
• Installation Cost is less
• Air can be used as insulation Between bus-bars and lines
• As space is more, so maintenance is easily.
• For control gears only housing or closed room is created and other equipment's are-
placed in open air so this reduces cost.

DISADVANTAGES
• No protection from natural calamities like rain, ice fall, heat, heavy storms etc.
• Fault occurrence is more.
• Deposition on dirt dust on equipment's required regular maintenance.

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 SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

3)Pole Mounted Substations

Such Substations are created for distributions of power in the areas. Single stout pole or H-
pole and 4-pole structures with significant stages are operating for transformers of capacity
up to 25 KVA, 125 KVA, and above 125KVA.

4) Foundation Mounted Substations

These types of substations are used for mounting the transformers having capacity 33
kilovolts or above.

➢ Comparison between Outdoor and Indoor Sub-Stations (W-17,S-

18,W-18,W-19,S-20,W-20,S-21,W-22) 4:-MARKS
Sr. No. Particular Outdoor Substation Indoor Substation
1 Space required More Less
2 Time required for Less More
erection
3 Future expansion Easy Difficult
4 Fault Location Equipment is in full view Equipment is
enclosed
5 Capital cost Low High
6 Operation Difficult Easier
7 Possibility of fault Less because greater clearance More
escalation can be provided
8 Cooling arrangement Available Not available,
artificial cooling
arrangement
required,
9 Availability of natural Available Not available, need
light illumination, energy
consumption is
increases charges.
10 Replacement of Easy Difficult
equipment
11 In case of accident Less risk and damage to other More risk and
equipment damage to other
equipment.

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 SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

➢ Various Symbol is used in Single Line Diagram

(S-18,W-18,W-19,S-20,W-20,S-21) 4:-MARKS

Sr. No. Circuit Element Symbol

1 Bus Bar

2 Single Break isolation Switch

3 Double Break isolation switch

4 On load isolation switch

5 Isolation switch with earth Blade

6 Current transformer

7 Potential transformer

8 Capacitive voltage transformer

9 Oil Circuit Breaker

10 Air circuit breaker with over current tripping

device

11 Air blast circuit breaker

12 Lightening arrester (active gap)

13 Lightening arrester (valve type)

14 Power transformer

15 Earthing switch

16 Shunt capacitor
Series Reactor
17 Shunt Reactor

18 Serge-arrester

19 Line trap

20 Line

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 SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

➢ Typical Earth Resistance Valve of various Sub-station and Structures

as per IE rules
(W-17,S-18,W-18,W-19,S-20,W-20,S-21,W-22) 2&4:-MARKS
Sr. No. Particular Maximum Earthing
Resistance Value
1 Distribution transformer (11kv / 400v) 5ohm
2 Small substation (33kv) 2ohm
3 EHT substation (66kv to 132kv) 1ohm
4 Double pole structure 5ohm
5 Power station 0.5ohm
6 Tower foot structure 10ohm
7 Service connection 4ohm
8 Lightening Arrester 4ohm
9 LT Pole 5ohm
10 HT Pole 10ohm
11 220 kv substation 1 to 2ohm
12 400kv substation 0.5ohm

➢ Conductor used in main Bus and Auxiliary for 11 kv substation, 33

kv. 132 kv substation

1 11kv equipment interconnection, overhead bus and droppers.

• Transformer bay-Twin ACSR whra Single ACSR zebra
• Bus coupler-ACSR zebra
2 11 kv Mato bus- Twin ACSR zebra
• 11 kv Auxiliary bus- ACSR zebra
3 33kv Main bus-ACSR zebra
• 33 kv Auxiliary bus: ACSR zebra
4 33 kv equipment interconnection overhead bus and droppers
• Bus coupler and transformer bay ACSR zebra
• Feeder bay ACSR panther
5 132 kv Main Bus- ACSR zebra
• 132 ky Auxiliary Bus-ACSR panther
• 132 kv equipment interconnection ACSR zebra/ACSR panther
• 132 kv overhead bus and droppers in all bays ACSR panther

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 SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

➢ Conductor used in Main Bus and Auxiliary Bus for Sub-station

(A) For 11 kv sub-station

• As per the conductor standards IS-398 (Pt-1) 1976 and IS: 398 (pt-II)-1976
Based on REC specification NO-1/1971 covering
7/2.2 mm (25 mm2 Aluminium area) and
7/3.10 mm 160 mm Aluminium area)
AAC (all aluminium conductor) for use on LT lines and
7/2.59 mm (30 mm³ Aluminium area) and
7/3.35 mm (50 mm² Aluminium area)
ACSR (aluminium conductor steel reinforced) for use on 11 KV and LT lines.
(B) For 33 kv sub-station
• ACSR (aluminum conductor with steel reinforcement) is frequently used in 33
kv lines s/s.
• The cables includes of inner strands of steel wire enclosed by layers of
aluminium conductors.
• The current is carried by the aluminium strands. The steel conductors
underwrites to the tensile strength and prevent creep.
(C) For 132 kv Sub-station
• Zebra ACSR consists of 7-strands of steel wire of 3.18 mm and 54 strand
of Aluminum wire of 3.18 mm current carrying capacity is 720 A has been
standardized for 220 kv.
• While zebra conductor can certainly be used for 132 kv lines sub-station.
• It is heavier and a lot of more costly than the panther conductor.

➢ Properties of material used for Main and Auxiliary Bus

1. Low resistance.
2. High mechanical tensile strength.
3. High compressive and tensile strength.
4. Cutting and bending mobility.
5. High corrosion resistance.
6. The low resistance of the surface film.

-----------------------------------END----------------------------------------

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 SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC,BELHE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NAME OF STAFF:-PROF.ASHISH ANIL ZADOKAR
Subject & Code: Electrical Substation & Practices (22633)
UNIT NO.1 OVERVIEW OF SUB-STATIONS
Marks:-06

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