AP Chemistry Name_____________________________________

Period _____ Date ___/___/___

1•Matter and Measurement
PRACTICE TEST
1. Which physical state of matter exhibits the 5. Which temperature change is the smallest?
greatest change in volume with changes in a) 10°C to 20°C d) 10°F to 20°C
temperature or pressure? b) 10 K to 20°C e) 10°F to 20°F
a) solid b) liquid c) gas c) 10 K to 20 K

2. According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory 6. The number of significant figures in 0.06060 x
particles of a solid 10-5 is
a) are bound in a regular array and do not a) 2 d) 5
move. b) 3 e) 6
b) float freely within an array occupying c) 4
various positions relative to neighbors.
c) have no relationship to the microscopic 7. The number, three hundred and fifty thousand,
structure of the solid. written in scientific notation is best written as
d) vibrate back and forth but do not move past a) 350 d) 3.50 x 105
immediate neighbors. b) 3.5 x 106 e) 3.50 x 10-5
e) float freely in the inside but do not move on c) 3.5 x 105
the surface.
8. The mass of a sample weighted on an electronic
3. What volume of a liquid having a density of balance that is sensitive to ±0.3 mg is 1.2300 g.
1.48 g/cm3 is needed to supply 5.00 grams of The number of significant figures in this
the liquid? measurement is
a) 0.296 cm3 d) 3.38 cm3 a) 1 d) 4
b) 1.48 cm3 e) 7.40 cm3 b) 2 e) 5
c) 2.26 cm3 c) 3

4. The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm3. If a 9. What is the numerical value of:
cube of aluminum weighs 13.5 grams, what is 1.5 cm – 7.222 x 10-1 cm?
the length of the edge of the cube? a) 0.7778 cm d) 0.8 cm
a) 5.00 cm d) 0.312 cm b) 0.778 cm e) 7.072 x 10-1 cm
b) 1.71 cm e) 0.200 cm c) 0.78 cm
c) 1.25 cm
10. Four samples were weighed using three 15. When a pure solid substance was heated, a
different balances. (All are as accurate as the student obtained another solid and a gas, each
precision below indicates.) The masses are of which was a pure substance. From this
0.94 kg, 58.2 g, 1.55 g, and 250 mg. This total information which of the following statements
mass should be reported as is ALWAYS a correct conclusion?
a) 1000.000 g d) 1.00 x 103 g a) The original solid is not an element.
b) 1000.0 g e) 1.0 x 103 g b) Both products are elements.
c) 1.000 x 103 g c) The original solid is a compound and the
gas is an element.
11. The temperature of the room is 75°F. What is d) The original solid is an element and the gas
its temperature in Celsius degrees? is a compound.
a) 24°C d) 43°C e) Both products are compounds.
b) 27°C e) 43°C
c) 30°C 16. Classify each observation as a physical or a
chemical property and tally them.
12. The symbols for a metal, a non-metal and a Observation 1: Bubbles form on a piece of
noble gas in that order are metal when it is dropped into acid.
a) Ag, Ga, Xe d) Ba, P, Ar Observation 2: The color of a crystalline
b) Ce, Ge, Ne e) P, Pb, Kr substance is yellow.
c) Ca, Sn, Ks Observation 3: A shiny metal melts at 650°C.
Observation 4: The density of a solution is 1.84
13. Which of the following elements is a non- g/cm3
metal? a) 2 chemical properties and 2 physical
a) Ca d) Cl properties
b) Cr e) Cs b) 3 chemical properties and 1 physical
c) Co properties.
c) 1 chemical properties and 3 physical
14. A good example of an ionic compound is properties
a) water d) sodium chloride d) 4 chemical properties
b) sugar e) natural gas e) 4 physical properties
c) dry ice
17. To convert a value in kilograms to centigrams
one should
a) multiply by 105 d) divide by 105
b) multiply by 103 e) divide by 10-1
c) multiply by 10-3
18. How many cm2 are in an area of 4.21 in2? 23. The density of a sodium sulfate solution is 1.07
a) 10.7 cm2 d) 1.66 cm2 g/cm3. The solution is 8.00% sodium sulfate
b) 114 cm2 e) 1.14 cm2 by mass. How many cm3 of the solution are
c) 27.2 cm2 needed to supply 4.28 g of sodium sulfate?
a) 30.0 cm3 d) 45.0 cm3
19. When the prefix micro (µ) is used in the metric b) 35.0 cm3 e) 50.0 cm3
system, a fundamental unit of measurement is c) 40.0 cm3
multiplied by a factor of
a) 10-9 d) 103 24. Which of the following is NOT an SI base unit?
b) 10-6 e) 109 a) mass d) time
c) 10-3 b) volume e) temperature
c) length
20. Of the masses 86.30 g, 0.0863 kg and 8.630 x
105 mg, which (if any) is the largest?
a) 86.30 d) they are the same Answers: (Please use CAPITAL letters)
b) 0.0863 kg e) two are the same,
1. 7. 13. 19.
c) 8.630 x 105 mg one is smaller
2. 8. 14. 20.

21. The element chlorine is obtained for 3. 9. 15. 21.

commercial use by the following method: 4. 10. 16. 22.
a) Isolation from gas pockets in the earth’s 5. 11. 17. 23.
crust.
6. 12. 18. 24.
b) Separation from air by a high pressure
technique.
c) Filtration of brine (NaCl) solutions.
d) Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl solutions.
e) Mixing sulfur and argon in equal quantities.

22. Consider a brass alloy which contains 66%

copper and 34% zinc. How many grams of
zinc are present in 125 kg of the alloy?
a) 2.4 g d) 2.4 x 104 g
b) 42 g e) 4.2 x 104 g
c) 83 g
AP Chemistry Name_____________________________________
Period _____ Date ___/___/___

2 • Atoms and Elements

P R A C T I C E T E S T
1. Certain properties are characteristic of metals. 10. In a Millikan oil drop type experiment, the charge
Which property means that you can pound the on four oil drops (in Coulombs) was found to be:
substance into a foil? 3.33 Coulombs
a) ductility c) sectility 8.88 Coulombs
6.66 Coulombs
b) conductivity d) malleability 11.10 Coulombs
What is the charge on the electron according to this
2. Which of the following is a metalloid? experiment?
a) As b) Ag c) S d) Pb e) He a) 1.11 Coulomb c) 4.44 Coulomb
b) 2.22 Coulomb d) 11.10 Coulomb
3. Which of the following is a transition metal?
a) Cl b) Ni c) P d) Ca e) C 11. Pictured below is a schematic of the Rutherford
experiment. Which scattered α-particle gives the
4. Which of the following is an alkali metal? best evidence for the nuclear atom?
a) Mg b) Kr c) K d) Al e) H a b

5. Which of the following is an lanthanide? α c

a) Xe b) Eu c) Cd d) P e) W

e d
6. Which element has the highest melting point?
a) Pb b) Au c) Os d) W e) Hg a) a b) b c) c d) d e) e

7. Cathode rays start at the 12. Which of the following is an isotope of the element

a) negative electrode c) positive electrode with 20 protons (p=20) and 22 neutrons (n=22)?

b) power source d) gas inside the tube a) titanium-22 c) calcium-40

b) zirconium-40 d) titanium-48

8. In a cathode ray tube, electrons are bent toward

a) a positively charged plate. 13. The imaginary element X has the following natural

b) a negatively charged plate. abundances and isotopic masses. What is the atomic
mass of X?
24
9. Listed below are the charges and masses of four 12 X 24.02 amu 40.0%
26
particles. Which one will be deflected the least in a 12 X 26.10 amu 60.0%

mass spectrometer? Show your work:

a) +2, 2 amu c) +1, 1 amu

b) +4, 4 amu d) +1, 4 amu
 220
For questions 14 - 17, use the following key: 23. Consider the following notation: 86 Rn
(each answer may be used once, more than once, Which statement below is correct?
or not at all) a) This particle contains 86 protons
a) alpha b) This particle has a mass number of 86
b) beta c) This particle has an atomic number of 220
c) gamma d) This particle contains 220 neutrons
d) alpha and beta, but not gamma
24. Which elements did Mendeleev leave spaces for in
14. A high energy form of light his periodic table?
15. Two protons & two neutrons _____ _____ _____
16. A high speed electron
17. Used by Ernest Rutherford as a “probe” 25. If copper metal is a mixture two isotopes, Cu-63,
mass = 62.9298 u and Cu-65, mass = 64.9278 u.
For questions 18 - 22, use the following key: The molar mass of copper is 64.546 g/mole.
(each answer may be used once, more than once, Calculate the % abundances of the two isotopes of
or not at all.) copper. Show your work.
a) John Dalton
b) Ernest Rutherford
c) J.J. Thomson
d) Democritus

18. His model of the atom has been called the “plum
pudding” Model. J us t F or F un:
E lement names finis h thes e s entences .
19. His model of the atom has been called the “billiard • A ridiculous inmate is a ___.
ball” model. • I bumped my ___ the car door.
• I am s ad when all the flowers ____.
20. He studied matter in cathode ray tubes. • What the police officer does to the crook. ___
• What the doctor does to the patient. ___
21. His philosophical idea included the term “atomos”. • What the undertaker does if the doctor does n’t
s ucceed. ___
22. He added to the atomic theory the idea that atoms • If your cattle get away, ___.
had positive and negative parts. • A famous London theatre is the ___.
• Demons trations help keep the lectures from
getting ___.
• Linoleum, tile, and hardwood are three types of
___.
AP Chemistry Name______________________________
Period ____ Date ___/___/___
2 • Molecules and Compounds
P R A C T I C E T E S T
1. What is the formula of the ionic compound formed 7. The correct formula for hydrogen telluride
between Mg and Br? is
a) MgBr d) Mg2Br2 a) HTe c) H3Te
b) Mg2Br e) Mg2Br3 b) H2Te d) HTe2
c) MgBr2
8. The correct formula for dinitrogen tetroxide
2. What is the formula of the ionic compound formed is
between Ca and P? a) NO2 d) NO3–
a) Ca2P3 d) Ca2P b) N2O4 e) (N2O)4
b) CaP e) Ca3P2 c) N2O5
c) Ca5P10
9. The correct name for S2Cl2 is
3. What is the name of the SO3 2– ion? a) sulfur dichloride
a) sulfate d) sulfur trioxide b) sulfur(I) chloride
b) nitrate e) hydrogen sulfate c) sulfur(II) chloride
c) sulfite d) disulfur dichloride
e) sulfur chloride
4. What is the correct formula and charge for the
chromate ion? 10. The correct name for H3P is
a) CrO42– d) Cr2O7– a) hydrogen phosphide
b) CrO4– e) Cr3+ b) trihydrogen phosphide
c) Cr2O72– c) hydrogen phosphate
d) phosphorus trihydride
5. Which one of the following elements forms ions e) hydrogen triphosphate
with two different valences?
a) calcium c) iron 11. The molar mass of (NH4)2S is closest to:
b) arsenic d) fluorine a) 50 g/mol c) 68 g/mol
b) 82 g/mol d) 100 g/mol
6. The correct name for CCl4 is
a) carbon(I) chloride
b) carbon chloride 12. How many atoms are in 12 molecules of
c) carbon tetrachloride glucose, C6H12O6?
d) monocarbon chloride(IV) a) 24 c) 2160
e) carbochlorinate b) 288 d) 7.22 x 1024
13. Calculate the number of atoms in 4.0 x 10-5 g of 18. A compound consists of the following
aluminum. elements by weight percent:
a) 8.9 x 1017 c) 6.5 x 1020 carbon - 40.0%
b) 4.6 x 1019 d) 3.8 x 1023 oxygen - 53.3%
hydrogen - 6.7%
The ratio of carbon : oxygen : hydrogen in
the empirical formula is
14. Which of the following samples contains the a) 1:2:1 c) 1:1:2
smallest number of atoms? b) 1:1:1 d) 2:1:2
a) 1 g H2 c) 1 g O3
b) 1 g O2 d) 1 g Cl2

19. An organic compound which has the

15. What is the mass of one molecule of octane, empirical formula CHO has a molar mass
C8H18? of 232. Its molecular formula is:
a) 114 g c) 1.10 x 10-22 g a) CHO c) C4H4O4
b) 1.89 x 10-22 g d) 4.32 x 10-23 g b) C2H2O2 d) C8H8O8

16. What is the percent nitrogen (by mass) in 20. When CaSO4·y H2O is heated, all of the
ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3? water is driven off. If 34.0 g of CaSO4
a) 14.53% c) 29.16% [molar mass = 136] is formed from 43.0 g
b) 27.83% d) 33.34% of CaSO4·y H2O, what is the value of y?
a) 1 c) 3
b) 2 d) 4

17. Of the following, the only empirical formula is

a) N2F2 c) H2C2
b) N2F4 d) HNF2
Answers:
1. c 6. c 11. c 16. c
2. e 7. b 12. b 17. d
3. c 8. b 13. a 18. c
4. a 9. d 14. d 19. d
5. c 10. a 15. b 20. b
AP Chemistry Name______________________________
Period ____ Date ___/___/___
3 • Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
P R A C T I C E T E S T
1. Balance the following equation: 6. Calculate the mass of hydrogen formed
___NH3 + ___O2 → ___NO2 + ___H2O when 25 g of aluminum reacts with excess
The balanced equation shows that 1.00 mole of hydrochloric acid.
NH3 requires ___ mole(s) of O2. 2Al + 6HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2
a) 0.57 c) 1.33 a) 0.41 g c) 1.2 g
b) 1.25 d) 1.75 b) 0.92 g d) 2.8 g

2. Write a balanced equation for the combustion of

acetaldehyde, CH3CHO.
7. How many grams of the mixed oxide,
Fe3O4, are formed when 6.00 g of O2
When properly balanced, the equation indicates react with Fe according to
that ___ mole(s) of O2 are required for each mole 3Fe + 2O2 → Fe3O4
of CH3CHO. a) 43.4 c) 174
b) 86.8 d) 21.7
a) 1 c) 2.5
b) 2 d) 3

3. Balance the following equation with the

8. For the reaction:
SMALLEST WHOLE NUMBER
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 + Cl2 →
COEFFICIENTS possible. Select the number that
is the sum of the coefficients in the balanced 2KMnO4 + 2KCl + 2H2O
equation: there is 100. g of each reactant available.
___KClO3 → ___KCl + ___O2 Which reagent is the limiting reagent?
a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 8 [Molar Masses: MnO2=86.9; KOH=56.1;
O2=32.0; Cl2=70.9]
a) MnO2 c) O2
4. Write a balanced equation for the combustion of b) KOH d) Cl2
propane, C3H8.

When properly balanced, the equation indicates

that ___ moles of O2 are required for each mole
of C3H8. 9. How many grams of nitric acid, HNO3,
a) 3 b) 3.5 c) 5 d) 8 can be prepared from the reaction of 92.0 g
of NO2 with 36.0 g H2O?
3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO
5. What is the total mass of products formed when a) 64 c) 84
16 grams of CH4 is burned with excess oxygen? b) 76 d) 116
a) 80 g c) 36 g
b) 44 g d) 32 g
10. The reaction of 25.0 g benzene, C6H6, with 14. Styrene, the building block of polystyrene,
excess HNO3 resulted in 21.4 g C6H5NO2. What is a hydrocarbon, a compound containing
is the percentage yield? only C and H. A given sample is burned
completely and it produces 1.481 g of CO2
C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O
and 0.303 g of H2O. Determine the
a) 100% c) 54.3%
b) 27.4% d) 85.6% empirical formula of the compound.
a) CH c) C2H3
b) CH2 d) C2H5

11. How many grams of H2O will be formed when

16.0 g H2 is allowed to react with 16.0 g O2
according to
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O?
a) 18.0 g c) 9.00 g
b) 144 g d) 32.0 g

12. When 8.00 g of H2 reacts with 32.0 g of O2 in an

explosion, 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O, the final gas
mixture will contain:
a) H2, H2O, and O2 c) O2 and H2O only
b) H2 and H2O only d) H2 and O2 only

Answers:
1. D 8. B
13. 1.056 g of metal carbonate, containing an 2. C 9. C
unknown metal, M, were heated to give the metal 3. C 10. C
oxide and 0.376 g CO2. 4. C 11. A
5. A 12. B
MCO3(s) + heat → MO(s) + CO2(g)
6. D 13. B
What is the identity of the metal M? 7. D 14. A
a) Mg c) Zn
b) Cu d) Ba
AP Chemistry Name __________________________________
Period ___ Date ___/___/___

5 • Gases and Their Properties

PRACTICE TEST
1. A pressure of 745 mmHg corresponds to ___ kPa. 7. A 31.0 mL sample of gas is collected at a
a) 55.89 kPa c) 99.3 kPa temperature of 37 °C and pressure of 720 mmHg.
b) 0.980 kPa d) 745 kPa What is its volume at 17 °C and 580 mmHg.
a) 23 mL d) 41 mL
2. Liquid nitrogen has a boiling point of -196 °C this b) 27 mL e) 58 mL
corresponds to… c) 36 mL
a) - 469 K c) 153 K
b) 77 K d) 469 K 8. The coldest possible temperature of a gas is:
a) 0 °C b) 273 K c) -273 K d) -273 °C
3. 1.20 atm is the same pressure as:
a) 1.2 mmHg d) 850 mmHg 9. The pressure of 4.0 L of an ideal gas in a flexible
b) 760 mmHg e) 358 mmHg container is decreased to one-third of its original
c) 912 mmHg pressure and its absolute temperature is decreased
by one-half. The volume then is
4. For an ideal gas, which pair of variables are a) 1.0 L b) 4.0 L c) 6.0 L d) 8.0 L e) 24 L
inversely proportional to each other (if all other
factors remain constant)? 10. A given mass of gas in a rigid container is heated
a) P, V c) V, T from 100 °C to 300 °C. Which of the following
b) P, T d) n, P best describes what will happen to the pressure of
the gas? The pressure will…
5. A real gas would act most ideal at a) decrease by a factor of three.
a) 1.0 atm and 273 K b) increase by a factor of three.
b) 10 atm and 546 K c) increase by a factor less than three.
c) 10 atm and 273 K d) decrease by a factor greater than three.
d) 0.5 atm and 546 K
e) 0.5 atm and 273 K 11. What is the pressure exerted by some nitrogen gas
collected in a tube filled with water on a day when
6. One mole of hydrogen, H2, occupies 61.2 L at the room temperature is 18.0 °C and the room
a) 100 °C and 1.00 atm pressure is 750.0 mmHg? [The partial pressure of
b) 200 °C and 1.00 atm water at 18 °C is 15.5 mmHg.]
c) 0 °C and 0.500 atm a) 15.5 mmHg d) 760.0 mmHg
d) 50 °C and 0.500 atm b) 750.0 mmHg e) 732.0 mmHg
e) 100 °C and .500 atm c) 734.5 mmHg
12. As the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a 17. When ammonium nitrite undergoes decomposition,
sample increases, the temperature of the sample only gases are produced according to the equation:
a) decreases c) remains the same NH4NO2(s) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g)
b) increases What is the total volume of gases produced at 819K
and 1.00 atm pressure when 128 g of ammonium
13. If a gas that is confined in a rigid container is nitrite undergoes the above decomposition
heated, the pressure of the gas will… reaction?
a) increase c) remain the same ____________
b) decrease
18. At STP, it was found that 1.12 L of a gas had a
14. A mixture of gases at 810 kPa pressure contains: mass of 2.78 g. Its molar mass is
3.0 moles of oxygen gas, a) 2.78 g/mol c) 55.6 g/mol
2.0 moles of helium gas, and
b) 27.8 g/mol d) 111 g/mol
4.0 moles of carbon dioxide gas.
What is the partial pressure of helium gas, PHe.
19. A mixture of gases, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon
a) 405 kPa d) 81.0 kPa
dioxide at 27 °C and 0.50 atmospheres pressure
b) 1620 kPa e) 180 kPa
occupied a volume of 492 mL. How many moles
c) 810 kPa
of gas are there in this sample?
a) 0.010 c) 7.6
15. If a gas has a pressure of 2.0 atm, which one of the
b) 1/9 d) 10
following equations will express its pressure after...
• the number of moles has been increased to
20. At a given temperature, gaseous ammonia
three times the original amount,
molecules (NH3) have a velocity that is ____
• the absolute temperature (K) has been reduced
gaseous sulfur dioxide molecules (SO2).
to half, and
a) greater than c) equal to
• the volume has been tripled?
1 2 4 b) less than d) more inf. needed
a) P2 = 2.0 atm x 3 x 1 x 1
3 1 1
b) P2 = 2.0 atm x 1 x 2 x 3 21. The ratio of the average velocities of SO2(g) to
3 2 1 CH4(g) at 300 K is
c) P2 = 2.0 atm x 1 x 1 x 3
a) 1:4 c) 4:1
1 1 3
d) P2 = 2.0 atm x 3 x x 1 b) 1:2 d) 2:1
4

22. A sealed flask contains 1 molecule of hydrogen for

16. A sample of gas occupies 30.0 L at 0.800 atm and
every 3 molecules of helium at 20 °C. If the total
298 K. How many moles of gas are in the sample?
pressure is 400 kPa, the partial pressure of the
a) 22.4 b) 0.981 c) 1.02 d) 2.23
hydrogen is…
e) none of these
a) 100 kPa c) 300 kPa
b) 200 kPa d) 400 kPa
23. A given mass of a gas occupies 5.00 L at 65 °C and 24. Which statement best explains why a confined gas
480 mmHg. What is the volume of the gas at 630 exerts pressure?
mmHg and 85 °C? a) the molecules are in random motion
65 480 b) the molecules travel in straight lines
a) 5.00 x x
85 630 c) the molecules attract each other
338 480
b) 5.00 x x d) the molecules collide with the container walls
358 630
358 480
c) 5.00 x x 25. CH4 gas and O2 gas are together in a container.
338 630
358 630 Which statement correctly describes the velocities
d) 5.00 x x
338 480 of the two molecules.
338 630
e) 5.00 x x a) The two molecules have the same average
358 480
velocity.
b) The CH4 is moving twice as fast as the O2.
c) The CH4 is moving faster, but not twice as
fast as the O2.
d) The O2 is moving faster than the CH4.
AP Chemistry Name _______________________________

8 • Electron Configurations & Periodicity

STUDY QUESTIONS
“No human investigation can be called real science if it cannot be demonstrated mathematically.”
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)

1. Write the electron configurations of the following elements using the shorthand notation for the noble
gas cores.
a. phosphorus
b. nickel
c. osmium
d. californium
e. titanium

2. Which orbital is filled following these orbitals?

a. 3d
b. 4s
c. 5p
d. 5f

3. How many electrons can be accommodated in

a. a d subshell
b. a set of f orbitals
c. the n = 4 shell
d. the 7s orbital
e. a px orbital?

4. What is wrong with the following ground state electron configurations?

5. How many unpaired electrons are there in

a. a nitrogen atom
b. an iodine atom
c. a nickel (II) cation
d. an oxide ion?
6. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers describe an impossible situation? Explain why.
a. n = 2, l = 1, ml = 2, ms = +½
b. n = 5, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = −½
c. n = 6, l = 5, ml = 0, ms = 0
d. n = 3, l = 3, ml = 1, ms = −½
e. n = 4, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = +½

7. Arrange the elements S, Ge, P, and Si in order of increasing atomic size.

8. Arrange the ions Na+, K+, Cl−, and Br− in order of increasing size.

9. Arrange the elements Be, Ca, N, and P in order of increasing ionization energy.

10. Which one of each of the following pairs would you expect to have the higher electron affinity?
a. Cl or Cl−
b. Na or K
c. Br or I

12. Which elements fit the following descriptions:

a. the smallest alkaline earth metal
b. has a valence shell configuration 4f14 5d10 6s1
c. the halogen with the lowest ionization energy
d. has 13 more electrons than argon
e. the smallest non metal
f. the Group 4A element with the largest ionization energy
g. its 3+ ion has the electron configuration [Kr] 4d10