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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Prabhu, K. M. M.
Window functions and their applications in signal processing / K. M. M. Prabhu.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4665-1583-3 (hbk. : alk. paper)
1. Signal processing--Digital techniques. I. Title.

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To my parents and teachers
Contents

. oreword . . . . . . .
F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
.Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
.Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
.Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

1. Fourier Analysis Techniques for Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Review of Basic Signals and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Basic Continuous-Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Basic Discrete-Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 System and Its Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.4 LTI Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Continuous-Time Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Properties of the CTFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.2 Examples of CTFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.1 Properties of DTFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.2 Examples of DTFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4 Z-Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.4.1 Examples of z-Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.5 Discrete Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.5.1 Properties of the DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.5.2 Examples of DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.6 Fast Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.6.1 Decimation-in-Time FFT (DIT-FFT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.6.1.1 Computational Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.6.1.2 In-Place Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.6.2 Decimation-in-Frequency FFT (DIF-FFT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.6.3 Inverse DFT from FFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.6.4 Linear Convolution Using DIT-FFT and DIF-FFT . . . . . . 57
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

2. Pitfalls in the Computation of DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

2.1 Sampling, Reconstruction, and Aliasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.1.1 WKS Sampling Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.1.2 Reconstruction of Continuous-Time Signals from
Discrete-Time Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.2 Frequency Leakage Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.2.1 Zero Leakage Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2.2 Maximum Leakage Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

vii
viii Contents

2.3 DFT as a Filter Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

2.4 Picket-Fence Effect or Scalloping Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.5 Zero-Padding and Frequency Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.5.1 Zero-Padding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.5.2 Frequency Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

3. Review of Window Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.2 Characteristics of a Window Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.3 List of Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.3.1 Rectangular (Box Car) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.3.2 Triangular (Bartlett) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.3.3 Cos(x) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.3.4 Hann (Raised-Cosine) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.3.5 Truncated Taylor Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.3.6 Hamming Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3.7 Cos3 (x) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3.8 Sum-Cosine Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.9 Cos4 (x) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.3.10 Raised-Cosine Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.11 Blackman Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.3.12 Optimized Blackman Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.3.13 Blackman–Harris Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3.14 Parabolic Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.3.15 Papoulis Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.3.16 Tukey Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.3.17 Parzen (Jackson) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.3.18 Dolph–Chebyshev Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.3.19 Kaiser’s Modified Zeroth-Order Bessel Window
Function Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.3.20 Kaiser’s Modified First-Order Bessel Window
Function Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.4 Rate of Fall-Off Side-Lobe Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.4.1 Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.4.2 Side-Lobe Fall-Off Rate in the Time-Domain . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.5 Comparison of Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

4. Performance Comparison of Data Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

4.1 Definition of Window Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.2 Computation of Window Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.3 Discussion on Window Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Contents ix

5. Discrete-Time Windows and Their Figures of Merit . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5.1 Different Classes of Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.2 Discrete-Time Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2.1 Rectangular (Box Car) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2.2 Triangular (Bartlett) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2.3 Cosα x Window Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2.4 Hann Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2.5 Truncated Taylor Family of Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.2.6 Hamming Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.2.7 Sum-Cosine Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.2.8 Raised-Cosine Window Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.2.9 Blackman Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.2.10 Optimized Blackman Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.2.11 Tukey Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.2.12 Blackman–Harris Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.2.13 Nuttall Window Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.2.14 Flat-Top Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.2.15 Parabolic Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2.16 Riemann Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2.17 Poisson Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2.18 Gaussian Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2.19 Cauchy Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.2.20 Hann–Poisson Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.2.21 Papoulis (Bohman) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.2.22 Jackson (Parzen) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.2.23 Dolph–Chebyshev Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.2.24 Modified Zeroth-Order Kaiser–Bessel
Window Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.2.25 Modified First-Order Kaiser–Bessel
Window Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.2.26 Saramäki Window Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.2.27 Ultraspherical Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.2.28 Odd and Even-Length Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.3 Figures of Merit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.4 Time–Bandwidth Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.5 Applications of Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.5.1 FIR Filter Design Using Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.5.2 Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.5.3 Window Selection for Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

6. Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Implementations

of Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.1 Time-Domain Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.2 A Programmable Windowing Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
x Contents

6.3 Computational Error in Time and Frequency-Domains . . . . . . . 192

6.4 Canonic Signed Digit Windowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.4.1 Window 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.4.2 Window 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.4.3 Window 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.4.4 Window 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
6.4.5 Window 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
6.4.6 Window 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
6.4.7 Window 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.4.8 Window 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.4.9 Window 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.4.10 Window 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.4.11 Window 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.4.12 Window 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.4.13 Window 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.4.14 Window 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.5 Modified Zeroth-Order Kaiser–Bessel Window Family . . . . . . . 213
6.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

7. FIR Filter Design Using Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

7.1 Ideal Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.1.1 Lowpass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.1.2 Highpass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.1.3 Bandpass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.1.4 Bandstop Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.2 Linear Time Invariant Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
7.3 FIR Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.3.1 Advantages of FIR Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.4 IIR Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.4.1 Properties of IIR Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.5 Structure of an FIR Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.5.1 Filter Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.6 FIR Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
7.6.1 Linear-Phase Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
7.6.2 Types of FIR Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.6.3 Frequency Response of Type 1 FIR Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.6.4 Design Procedure for Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.7 Kaiser–Bessel Windows for FIR Filter Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
7.7.1 Filter Design Using Kaiser–Bessel Zeroth-Order
(I0 –Sinh) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
7.7.2 Filter Design Using Kaiser–Bessel First-Order
(I1 -Cosh) Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.8 Design of Differentiator by Impulse
Response Truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Contents xi

7.9 Design of Hilbert Transformer Using Impulse

Response Truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

8. Application of Windows in Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

8.1 Nonparametric Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
8.1.1 Periodogram PSD Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
8.1.2 Modified Periodogram PSD Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.1.3 Spectral Analysis Using Kaiser–Bessel Window . . . . . . . 271
8.1.4 Bartlett Periodogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
8.1.5 Welch Periodogram Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.1.6 Blackman–Tukey Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8.1.7 Daniel Periodogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
8.1.8 Application of the FFT to the Computation
of a Periodogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
8.1.9 Short-Time Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
8.1.10 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

9. Applications of Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

9.1 Windows in High Range Resolution Radars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
9.1.1 HRR Target Profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
9.1.2 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
9.2 Effect of Range Side Lobe Reduction on SNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
9.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.2.2 Loss Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
9.2.3 Weighting Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
9.2.4 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
9.3 Window Functions in Stretch Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
9.4 Application of Window Functions in Biomedical
Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
9.4.1 Biomedical Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
9.4.2 FIR Filtering of Biomedical Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
9.4.3 Moving Average Filtering of Biomedical Signals . . . . . . . 328
9.4.4 QRS Detection in ECG Based on STFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
9.5 Audio Denoising Using the Time–Frequency Plane . . . . . . . . . . 336
9.5.1 Time–Frequency Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
9.5.2 Audio Denoising Using Time–Frequency Plane . . . . . . . . 340
9.5.3 Block Thresholding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
9.5.4 Effect of Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
9.6 Effect of Windows on Linear Prediction of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . 343
9.6.1 Linear Prediction Coder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
9.6.2 Line Spectral Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
9.6.3 LSF Variation due to Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
9.7 Application of Windows in Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
xii Contents

9.7.1 Windows for ISAR Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

9.7.2 Experimental Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
9.7.3 Results and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
9.8 Windows to Improve Contrast Ratio in Imaging Systems . . . . . . 357
9.8.1 Experimental Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
9.8.2 Results and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Foreword

In the past decades, rapid advances in digital IC (integrated circuit) tech-

nology have caused a “digital revolution” in the field of signal processing.
These days, almost any real-world signal is represented and processed digi-
tally, from physiological vital signs via camera pictures, audio signals, video
signals, and radar signals to the massive four-dimensional datasets pro-
duced by modern medical imaging equipment. The rapid growth of the fixed
and mobile Internet, combined with the insatiable appetite of mankind for
information, will further add fuel to this revolution.
When real-world signals are converted into a digital form, they are com-
monly split into discrete blocks for further processing. To avoid the edge
effects across the blocks, the blocks are often weighted by a window function
that tapers the signal off toward both ends of the block. A window function
is a mathematical function that is zero-valued outside some chosen interval.
When a signal is multiplied by a window function, the product is also zero-
valued outside this interval. Effectively, we are viewing the signal through a
“window,” hence the name of the function.
Window functions are explicitly or implicitly used in many, if not most,
digital signal processing systems, and as such are genuinely important. Even
so, the vast signal processing literature contains a few, if any, of books or
monographs that are dedicated to this topic. This monograph is a welcome
exception. To the best of my knowledge, it provides the most comprehensive
treatment of window functions and their applications available to date. The
author, Professor dr. ir. K.M.M. Prabhu, has been affiliated since the mid-
1970s with the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai,
India. He has made significant contributions to the development of window
functions and their implementation intricacies in the mid-1970s and early
1980s and has maintained an active interest in window functions ever since.
Hence, he is very well placed to provide an authoritative treatment on the
topic.
Window functions have a strong impact on the spectrum of the signal
and essentially permit a trade-off between time and frequency resolu-
tion. Accordingly, the monograph starts with a review of continuous and
discrete-time Fourier analysis techniques and of key artifacts such as spectral
aliasing and leakage. The core of the monograph consists of a survey and
a detailed feature analysis of an extensive set of continuous and discrete-
time window functions. This is supplemented by a treatment of efficient
time- and frequency-domain window implementation approaches. The final
chapters zoom in on the key applications of window functions, such as dig-
ital filter design, spectral analysis, and applications in fields such as radar

xiii
xiv Foreword

signal processing, biomedical engineering, and audio, speech, and image

processing.
I would like to congratulate the author on this valuable addition to the
signal processing literature.

Professor dr. ir. J.W.M. Bergmans

Chairman, Signal Processing Systems Group
Eindhoven University of Technology
The Netherlands
Other documents randomly have
different content
troubles in 1636, out of which may be gathered a perfect historie, yʳ
of—from folio 1 to 94.”
“Item—the Sessions, Actings, and Canons of the 2 Genˡˡ
Assemblies holden att Glasgow & Edinburgh, the one in 1638, yᵉ oyʳ
in 1639, containing att great length everie thinge that past, ather
spoken or done yʳ in: This takes up till folio 312.”
It is from the record thus described that the following report is
extracted.
Before the MS. which we have adopted had come into our hands,
Mr David Laing, librarian of the Writers to the Signet, had kindly
communicated another and similar report, but wanting several
leaves both at the beginning and end; and we were in hopes ere
now to have had also in our possession a third MS. belonging to Mr
Simpson, schoolmaster of Corstorphine, from which Dr Aiton states
he took his account of the Assembly 1638, that is given in his Life of
Henderson. Circumstances, however, have occurred to prevent this;
but we are enabled, on the authority of Professor Fleming, of
Glasgow College, who has collated these MS.S., to say that it
coincides entirely with the Stirling’s Library Copy. Mr Laing’s copy
seems to have at one time belonged to Dr Boog of Paisley: Mr
Simpson’s was found in the repositories of a deceased brother, who
was a preacher of the Secession communion; but we have not been
able to learn any further particulars than those now mentioned, with
respect to the several MS.S. referred to. The one which we subjoin,
however, and the other documents that we have collected, will, we
trust, render the present, on the whole, the most complete account
of the Glasgow Assembly which has ever yet been published.
In addition to the documents contained in the “Large Declaration,”
“Burnet’s Memoires of the House of Hamilton,” and “Balfour’s
Annales,” we have to acknowledge the accession which we have
obtained of some of the earlier edicts of Charles I. and the Scotch
Privy Council, derived from the original record—an obligation which
we owe to Mr A. M‘Donald of the Register House, and which we
prize the more, because these documents have been suppressed in
the various works to which we refer. To the Rev. Mr M‘Crie, too, we
are indebted for the use of a Collection of Documents which
belonged to his distinguished father, from whence we have gleaned
several important writs, the authenticity of which is established by
the duplicates attested under the hand of Archibald Johnston, the
Clerk of the Assembly 1638, still in the repositories of the Church.
 [November 21, 1638.]
The first day, the Commissioners from the King and Kirke being
conveined, after prayer be Mr John Bell, Moderatour, agried upon till
a moderatour was chosen, The King’s Commission to the Marqueis
was [read], next the Commissions from 66 severall presbitries wer
given into the Clerkes sone of the former Assembly, together with
the Commissions from townes and colledges, and the names of the
Commissioners red.
 Sess. 1.136

After in calling vpon the name of God, The Kings Commissioner

requyred that the Commissions might be examined before a
Moderatour should be chosen, least some men should voit in
chooseing a Moderatour, who wer not instructed with a sufficient
Commission.
It was answered be the Earle of Rothes, Lord Loudoun, Mr Alexʳ
Henrysone, Mr David Dick, and Mr Wᵐ Livingstoun, that a
Moderatour behoved first to be chosen, before the Commissions
could be examined, for thir reasons:—A Ecclesiasticall Moderatour
should be chosen by the suffrage of such as have given in their
Commissions for the Kirke and Burghes before particulars can be
tryed—first, becaus this is the order and practise of the Kirke of
Scotland. 2 reason, It is agrieable to reason, that the Assembly
should descend by degries to the constitution from a promiscuous
convention, to a number instructed with commissions from the
severall Kirkes of the kingdome, vnto whose commission that much
respect is due, that they may be presumed to be, for the most pairt,
valide and worthie, at the least [to] have a voice in choyseing of a
Moderator to themselves, by whose meanes everie commission may
be more exactlie tryed. 3 reason, It is one of the poynts of the
freedome of the Assembly, that the Commissioners from the Kirkes
and burghes choyse their owne Moderatour, incontinent after the
exhibition of the Commission, least any thing which concernes them
be done inordourly or without the consent in the meeting where
they are present. 4 reason, The Tryell of the Commissions is one of
the worthiest matters of the Assembly, and never were there any
discussion of the validitie of them before a Moderatour was chosen,
and the judicatorie brought to a frame, so farre as the whole might
judge of everie pairt; nor can they be discussed till the propper
judicatorie be ance sett in a tollerable maner, which be the lawes hes
authoritie to judge thereof. 5 reason, It was required in all the
supplications for a free Assembly, that the questions belonging the
maner and matter of Assemblies, should be referred to the Assembly
it selfe; and, now a free Assembly is granted and indicted, therefore
a formall Assembly must ance be made before any ecclesiastick
question belonging to the Assembly can be rightlie discussed, which
cannot be done till a Moderatour be chosen by common consent of
the Kirke conveened. 6 reason, Seeing it is certaine, that these who
are come doe represent the Kirkes from which they are come, and
are instructed so well as they could be their knowledge, it were
wrong done to the Kirkes conveened, not to suffer them to begin
their owne incorporation, and to draw their oune Members to some
ordourlie frame that at the first entrie they may proceed ordourlie. 7
Reason, Whatsomever reason can be alleadgit why the Commissions
cannot be postponed to the chooseing of the Moderatour, will be
more valide to prove that they cannot be discussed before the
chooseing of a Moderatour. 8 Reason, Progressus erit in infinitum.
My Lord Comʳ his Grace gave way to the chooseing of a
Moderatour, provyding it shall no wayes import his Graces
acknowledgement of the votters, or such as shall be meit, or any of
them, to be lawfull Members of this Assembly. But it shall be lawfull
to his Grace, or any other at convenient tyme, to say they cannot be
lawfull Members thereof; whereupon his Grace took acts and
Instruments, as likewayes protested in name of the Archbishops and
Bishops of this Kingdome, that no nomination or election of a
Moderatour, Commissioner, or other Member of the said Assembly,
made or to be made, nor the receaving, admitting, or allowing of
any pretendit nomination, election, or Commission, before, to, or at
the said Assembly, past or to be past in favours of or in the behalfe
of any Member thereof, shall prejudge them or any of them in their
place, voit, office, jurisdiction, dignitie, or priviliedge belonging to
them or any of them, be whatsomever laufull right or custome, but
that the same shall remaine to them, and everie ane of them, safe
and inviolable, notwithstanding of anything done or to be done at
the said Assembly; whairupon the said Commissioner his Grace
tooke acts and Instruments. Farther craved ane other paper
presented be Doctor Hamilton, in name of the Bishops, to be read
publictlie, quhilk being refuised, the said Commissioners Grace
protested, tooke acts and Instruments: farder, the said
Commissioners Grace declaired that his Majestie had appoynted six
noblemen, his Assessours, to repair to Glasgow, and to have voit in
the said Assembly; and for that effect his Majesties Letters, directed
to them, was produced; and accordinglie his Grace desired that,
before any voting of the Moderatour, it should be condiscended that
the foresaid Assessours should have voit, conforme to his Majesties
Letters, which being refuised, his Grace protested and tooke acts
and Instruments.
Farder protested that the Bishops, who were authorized be act of
Parliament, are called pretendit Bishops.

The Protestation of the Commissioners fra Presbitries, Burghes,

and Universities, and of the Complaints against Prelats.

We Commissioners of Presbitries, Ministers, and Elders,

Commissioners of Burghes, and Universities, in our owne name, and
in the name of the whole Church of Scotland, whom we represent,
That whereas his Majesties Commissioner protested that he gave
way to the chooseing of ane Moderatour, without acknowledging of
the voits of any of them to be lawfull members of this Assembly; but
that it be lawfull to him or any other to say, at convenient tyme, why
they cannot be lawfull members;
We protest that this protestation made be my Lord Commissioner
his Grace, be no wayes prejudiciall to the lawfull commissions
produced be Ministers, Elders, and Commissioners of burghes and
vniversities, qˡᵏ shall be allowed unto this Assembly, nor unto the
freedome thereof, nor be any ground of quarrelling this Assembly
and the proceedings thereof, in any time comeing; but, on the
contrare, seeing we offer to heare all objections in a competent
Assembly, at the discussing of the particular commissions.
 We protest that this Assembly, now fenced in the name of the
Sone of God, be esteemed and reputed a free Generall Assembly in
all tyme comeing, and that it shall be lawfull to us to extend this our
protestation, and insert the reasons thereof, in any tyme before the
dissolving of this Assembly; whereupon we tooke instruments.
Lykeas we Commissioners of Presbitries, Burghes, and Universities
in manner foresaid, That qʳas his Majesties Commissioner, in name
of the Archbishops and bishops of this Kingdome, protested that no
nominatione or election of Moderatour, no allowance of any pretendit
commission in favours of any Members of this Assembly, nothing
done or to be done in this Assembly, past or to be past, shall
prejudge them in their voit, office, jurisdictione or dignitie belonging
to them, be whatsomever law or custome: We Protest against this
protestation of his Majesties Commissioner made in favours of the
pretendit bishops and their pretendit priviledges in this kingdome,
untill they and yʳ rights and priviledges now complained upon be the
most pairt of this Kingdome in yʳ summonds, as usurpations,
contrare to the word of God, Confession of faith, doctrine and
discipline of this Kirke, to be tryed and allowed or disallowed in this
Assembly, and that the determination yʳof therein, according to the
word of God and Confession of faith, be esteemed and observed,
and most just and lawfull; and we protest in favours of the liberties,
priviledges, and discipline of this reformed church, and freedome of
this Assembly in all ecclesiasticall matters, conforme to the
Confession of faith and Covenant of this Kingdome, renued with the
Lord, and for libertie to extend this protestation, and the reasons
thereof, before the dissolving of the Assembly; qʳupon we tooke
Instruments.
Lykeas We Noblemen, barrones, Ministers, burgesses, and
Commouns, subscribers of the Covenant and persuers in the
Commoun Complaints and Summonds against bishops, Protest that
the Commissioner his Graces nomination of them, the Lords of the
Clergie, and protestation in favours of yʳ calling, voits, dignitie,
priviledges, be no wayes prejudiciall to the Covenant subscryved be
us, to the policie of the Kirke, nor to our Summonds and Complaints
against these our pretendit dignities, titles, and callinges, as contrare
to the Confession of faith and word of God, nor to the freedome of
this Assembly in their trying and discussing of our said Complaints;
and we protest for libertie to extend this protestation; qʳupon we
take acts and Instruments.
Lykeas, We Commissioners for Presbitries, burghes, and
Universities, That qʳas his Majesties Commissioner having craved ane
paper, presented be Doctor Hamilton in name of the Bishops, to be
red publictlie, being refuised, did protest and take Instruments, We
protest that before ane Assembly was constitut, and the Moderatour
chosen, we would heare no supplications, billes, nor protestationes,
but after the constitutione of the Assembly we should heare the
same and give them an answer, and protested that they might be
there personallie present for to answer to the Summonds and
Complaints against them, with libertie to adde yʳupon and tooke
Instruments.
Lykeas, quhensoever his Majesties Commissioner protested
against our protestations, both the Commissioners from burghes and
universities on the ane pairt, and the persewars and the Complainers
on this, have renued their protestation against the Commissioners
protestations: We Commissioners from Presbitries, Burghes, and
Universities, That quhereas his Majesties Commissioner produced his
Majesties Letter to Six Noblemen for to be his Assessours, and
accordinglie desired that the foresaid assessours should have voit
according to his Majesties Letter, and protested upon the present
refusall of it before the election of a Moderatour, we protested, that
seeing his Grace was his Majesties sole Comʳ, that none should have
voit but the Commissioners from Presbitries, Burghes, and
Universities, for thir reasons, qˡᵏˢ we are readie to shaw, for thir
reasons to the Assembly being constitut after the election of a
Moderatour, and protested for libertie to extend their owne
protestation, and insert the reasons thereof any tyme before the
dissolution of this Assembly: qʳupon we tooke Instruments, and
yʳafter gave in the reasons following.
 Concerning the voiting of his Majesties Assessours in the Generall
Assembly.

With that respect which we ought to his Majesties Commission,

and to the persons and places of the pryme Noblemen and
Counsellours, his Grace his Assessours, for the preservation of the
libertie of the Kirke of Jesus Christ, in this his Majesties Kingdome of
Scotland, we the Commissioners from particular Presbitries,
Universities, and burghes, here solemnlie assembled, in all humilitie,
doe remonstrat that his Majesties Commissioner and Assessours can
have but ane voit, in all matters treated and reasoned in the
Assembly, for the reasons following:
1. Becaus the Generall Assemblies, in the matter of it, is ane
ecclesiasticall meeting of persons ecclesiasticall, Ministers and
Elders, representing the whole particular persons and presbitries
quhilk collectivelie cannot convenientlie or possiblie conveine, and
the Christian Magistrat doth not so much multiply voits for himselfe,
as by his power, auctoritie, and command, and provyde that every
particular Commissioners voit be asked and heard in order and
quyetnes, that thereby the judgement of the Assembly, in everie
poynt presented to their consideration, may be knowne.
2. We have had 39 Assemblies of this Kirke, without the presence
of the Kings Majestie or any Commissioner sitting in the Assembly in
his Majesties place.
3. It is not to be supposed that his Majesties Comʳ should have
moe voits in his Ma. personall absence, then if he were in sacred
persone present, since, jure representationis, they are all but ane,
and ought to voit as ane.
4. This might prove contrare to his Ma. graceous intention, very
prejudiciall to the libertie of the Kirke, there being no determination
of the number of voits, for thus his M. affirmative voice might be
turned in a negative; neither doth this Kirke want experience of this
great danger.
 5. As assessours sent from particular presbitries for assisting, thir
Commissioners have no place to voit, so it is to be supposed that
these assessours, appointed to attend his Majesties Comʳ, are only
to give their advice and assistance unto his Grace in the great
affaires of the Assembly, that all matters may be orderlie and
peaceablie disposed. 6. Although we doe not pry narrowlie into his
Majesties Commission, yet since we perceave it is granted to the
Marqueis of Hamiltoun as his Majesties sole Commissioner, we
cannot admitt that any be equall to his Grace in voiting in the
Assembly.
7. As the Ecclesiasticall Moderatour, be the Acts and practise of
this Kirke, hath some Members of the Assembly joyned to him to be
assessours, who yet thereby have no further power granted to them
than they had before be their Commission, so it is with preses
politicus.
And whereas, his Majesties Commissioner protested that the
bishops who were authorised be Acts of Parliament were called
pretendit bishops, the complainers against bishops protested that
such they were and such they should be esteemed and called,
conforme to the summonds; and the Commissioners from
presbitries, burghes, and universities, protested, that they should be
so called till the complaints against them for the samen should be
discussed, with libertie to adde; whereupon they tooke instruments.

The Moderatour for the tyme having declaired that the constitution
of a Moderatour must be the first act, and goe before the act of
examination of the Commissions, he puts upon the leitts Mr John
Ker, Mr John Row, Mr James Bonar, Mr Wᵐ Livingston, and Mr Alexʳ
Hendersone: the leitts being approven, and Mr Alexander
Hendersone was chosen Moderatour be the voits of all the voits, not
ane contrare except his oune.
 Sess. 2.
[November 22.]

After in calling upon the name of God,

The Moderatour craved that a list might be given for chuseing of a
Clerk.
The Comʳ asked why a clerk should be elected, seeing there was a
clerk there present, and what could be said against him why he
should not execut the office in his fathers lifetyme?
The Moderatour answered—Please your Grace, the clerks sone
could not be called the clerk.
The Commissioner required that the young man might have
libertie to speake for himselfe, who, being permitted to speak,
alledgit that his father was provydit to the office by the dimission of
Mr Thomas Nicolsone, and hath served in the office after his
dimission, and hath keeped the Registers, and hath given out
extracts of the Acts and conclusions of the Assembly; and now being
infirme and sicke, and not able to serve at the tyme, has surrogat
me his sone in his place.
The Moderatour answered—Albeit Mr Thomas Nicolsone had the
office and had demitted to his father, yet was not his Father elected
by the Assembly; albeit, he had now possessed the office by the
space of 20 yeares, yet I see not how the office can goe by
deputation.
The young man answered—That beside the office of Mr Thomas
Nicolsone, his father had the office by election in anno 1616.
The Moderatour answered—That he was not chosen by the voits
of a free Assembly; and whether it was so or not, it matters not
now, seeing he was become old, infirm, and sicke, and so unable to
attend frequent Assemblies, which now we expect be the mercie of
God, and with his Majesties favour and allowance; yet if there be
any question in the matter, I shall ask the voits of the brether; but in
my judgement, Edinburgh being the centure of the Kingdome,
quhereunto all subjects have greatest resort, it is expedient, yea
necessar and good, that the clerk should reside att Edinburgh. I
grant the Clerk received no detriment be his fathers function, becaus
his employment was but small.
The Earle of Rothes answered—Albeit his father had undoubted
right to the office, yet the office is not transmissible: whereupon the
young man remitted his interest in the office to the consideration of
the Assembly.
The Commissioner answered—By what power the young man
could demitt his ffathers right?
The young man answered—That he did not demitt his Fathers
office, but onlie submitted his interest in it to the Assembly.
The Commissioner said—That he did not call in question the power
of the Assembly concerning the election of a Clerk, but he desired to
know how Mr Thomas Nicolsone having demitted his right in favours
of the young man his father, and how his Father having enjoyed the
office to this day, how ane other clerk should be elected, he being
yet alive?
My Lord Lowdoun answered—That his father being absent, old,
and sicke, could not now supplie the place, and yʳ the Assembly,
now conveened, behooved to see to it, and surrogat ane other in his
place—a man of skill and judgement—seeing he was civiliter
mortuus—unable to come hither; yet I speake not this to prejudge
his sones benefice, for the Assembly may consider of it; but if he hes
a power from his father, he may submitt that to the judgement of
the Assembly, and the Assembly may choose ane other without
doing wrong to the young man.
The Commissioner answered—If, by reason of Gods hand on the
man, they would yet macke [him] further to be a sufferer and a
loaser, seeing he hath done the pairt of ane honest man, and his gift
of office here doeth bear deputation, why will ye not suffer him to
depute his sone in his place as others have done before? For albeit
he be old, infirme, and sicke, that may not take away his place, if
sicknes be on him by Gods hand, and againe throw time he shall be
frustrat of the meanes to mentaine his life in his old age.
Lord Lowdoun answered—It is charitablie and justlie pleaded, and
I think he should not be prejudgit the meanes of his life in his old
age; but seeing there are here two prejudices in hand—ane to the
Generall Assembly and other personall to the man—the lateis
prejudice must yield to the former, and the Assembly must be
served, and the man in his age and sicknesse supplied ane other
way. As for deputation ane other in his place, we know he hes no
power of it.
My Lord Rothes said—That the strenth of his fathers right to the
office was not from Mr Thomas Nicolsones admission, but of that
which the Assembly gave unto him; and what right the young man
craved by deputation, he hath now put it in the hands of the
Assembly.
The Moderatour asked—If the clerks place was not vacant for the
tyme, and if it be not vacant, how shall the Assembly be provydit for
a clerk for the tyme?
My Lord Rothes said—The Assembly calls for a clerk, and his
father compeirs not; how is it furnished?
My Lord Lowdoun answered—Let the young man who craves the
right adhere to it, and let it be decydit by the Assembly, or els
submitted to the Assembly, or els choose your oune Clerk.
Whereupon the young man submitted himselfe to the Assembly.
The Moderatour craved that a lite might be given in for chooseing
of a Clerk, and so a lite of four was given in: Mr Thomas Sandilands,
sone to the clerk, Alexʳ Blair, John Nicoll, and Mr Archibald
Johnstone; and it was requyred that these men that shall be elected
shall be obliged to reside at Edinʳ.
 The Moderatour asked the Comʳ which of these four his Grace
would voit into?
The Comʳ answered—That he knew not any of them, neither
would he voit to any of them, becaus he had not as yet seene a
lawfull dimission of the present Clerk.
The Moderatour replyed—Then your Grace will be a non liquet.
The Comʳ answered—I desire that the voits of the Assessours
nominat by his Majestie might be asked in a nomination of a Clerk.
The Moderatour said—Seeing your Graces assessours get no voit
in chooseing a Moderatour, being a superiour office, it was not fitt to
trouble them with asking their voit anent the election of a Clerk,
being an inferiour office.
The Comʳ craved that the protestation made yesterday might be
read over againe the day, anent the Kings power in appointing of
assessours; which protestation being red,
The Comʳ craved that my Lord Argyle, Traquair, Southesk,
Lauderdaill, might voit according to his Majesties command, given in
severall letters; which Letters being sein and red,
Traquair craved that these assessours appoynted be his Majestie
might have voit, as the custome was in King James, of worthie
memorie, his tyme; and declaired, according to his Majesties
command, he was readie to assist and give his voit.
The Moderatour answered—That it was not want of due respect to
their Lordships that moved them to refuise your Lordships voits in
this, but onlie to mentaine the Kings libertie—quherfor your Lordship
had als goed reason to be als zealous as any in the house.
Traquair replyed—The imployment of this particular was of such
small moment, that except it were in obedience to his Majesties
command, he would never clame it. As to the Kirks liberties, that
they should be preserved; yet why should any in the Kirk debarr the
Kings Majestie from that libertie which to this day he never wanted
in any Assembly? If the Kings Majestie be standing in a particular
possession of assessours to treat, reason, and voit, who should his
Majestie be dispossessed now?
The Moderatour answered—That they should either condiscend to
that his Lordship craved, or else satisffie him in reason; and said, he
would not deny but his Majestie had, in sundrie late Assemblies,
moe asseasours then his one Commissioner, and yet there were also
many Assemblies that neither King, Commissioner, nor assessours
were present: which late Assemblies he wished this present
Assembly had no reason to put them to the tryall.
Traquair asked—If, becaus the King is not present now, as he was
not present in ane other Assembly, if they would exclude him and
these nominat be him to voit in this Assembly?
Moderatour answered—There was no intention to exclude his
Majestie, but rather wished his Majestie were present to be ane eye
witnesse to all thir proceedings, and that he hoped for great favour
from his Majestie if he were present, and that full satisfaction should
be given to his Majestie, by Gods grace, to everie thing.
Sir Lues Stewart said—Seeing it hath beene in use that his
Majestie hath appoynted assessours, Commissioners, and all
perteining to the Generall Assembly, why not now also?
Lowdoun answered—There were sufficient reasons why it should
not be so, and these reasons were put in the hand of the
Moderatour to be red.
Thir reasons being red, why the King only should have ane voit,
Traquair said—Not out of any affection of imployment, but of love
to the obedience of so gracious a prince, doe I take upon me to
answer these reasons; neither yet am I of such sharpness, capacitie,
and quickness of witt, to make answer to everie ane of these
particular reasons; yet seeing we are tryed to make answer, we
crave ane copie thereof that we may give our answer thereto, and
desires that this matter of election of a Clerk may not be put to
voiting till our reasons be heard.
 The Moderatour said—It is good reason to be so, and all of us hes
alse good reason to be zealous of the Kings honour, authoritie, and
priviledge, as any, yet his Lordship had alse good reason to see to
the Kirkes weill and libertie—the Mother of us all; and when we
perceave that the Kings Majestie, or any in his name, would urge
that which may encroach upon the liberties of the Kirke, they would
labour to satisfie them in reason.
Traquair said—If I knew any thing would conduce more to the
preservation and priviledge of the Kirkes liberties, then that his
Majesties wonted authoritie should continue in the former vigour, I
would condiscend unto it.
The Commissioner said—I render my protestation, made in name
of my assessours appoynted be his Majestie.
My Lord Rothes said—And we also adhere to the protestation
made be us.
Traquair craved that his assessours might eik to his Graces
protestation, which was granted.
Then the Voits of the whole Assembly wer craved anent the
election of a Clerk ad vitam, and Mr Archbald Johnston was chosen
and admitted unto all the rights, fies, and priviledges, perteining to
ane Clerk of before, to be extractit at large; who, after the
acknowledgement of the weightiness of the charge, and his
insufficiencie for it, embraced it as having a calling from God, and
the honourable Assembly.
The Moderatour desired to be informed if any more was requisite
for his admission but a solemne oath of his fidelitie and diligence?
Mr John Row answered—Nothing further, but that he should bring
foorth, keepe, and preserve the Registers of the Church; at least so
many as shall come in his hands, seeing pitifull experience could
show how these Registers had been marred in former tymes.
Then Mr Archbald gave ane solemne oath of his fidelitie and
diligence, and conscious keeping, and use making of all Registers
and documents, was taken of his acceptance and admission.
The Moderatour said—The Bookes and Acts of all former
Assemblies should be produced, and put in Mr Archbalds hands.
Mr Thomas Sandilands answered—That he had receaved no
Registers from his father, but only two books, conteining some acts
from the yeare 1590, till the Assemblie at Aberdein, holden 1616.
which therein is only begunne with the Minuts of the Acts of the said
Assembly of Aberdein, in a paper-apairt with the Minuts of St
Androwes following 1617, with the acts of the Assembly at Perth,
subscribed be Mr James Sandilands, and delivered the samen to the
Assembly: And, being posed for the rest of the registers, answered,
in his fathers name, that he had gotten these two from the Bishop of
St Androwes, and had never receaved any moe, neither from him,
nor from the Assembly, nor from any uther.
The Moderatour craved that all the Registers might be had and
brought foorth from the hand of any Clerk or haver of them,
affirming that these bookes had in them matters of greater weight
then all uther evidents of land; for they wer the Kirke of Scotlands
Magna Carta, contayning all her priviledges since the reformation. He
wished also that this Assembly should not be deprived of so
powerfull a meane of information for proceeding in matters to be
handled there.
The former Clerks sone affirmed that he had destroyed none of
these bookes.
The Moderatour urged the production of these bookes, and
desired the Commissoner to take course for it.
The Commissioner answered—That he was willing to use any good
meane that could be used for production of these bookes, if any
could show in whose hands they were; for (said he) I desire not that
any register should be absent, but, above all, the Kirkes Registers.
My Lord Rothes said—That, by a warrant from King James, the
bookes wer taken from Mr Thomas Nicolsone and the last Clerk, and
put in the hands of the pretendit bishop of St Androwes, and so of
neid, force and course must be taken for getting of these bookes
from the Bishop.
Mr Archbald Johnston said—That, by Gods providence, als many
bookes were come in his hands, as should be able to make up a
perfite register of the whole affaires of the Kirke, from the
Reformation until this day, which Bookes he produced on the table,
and declared by whom and what meanes they wer come to his
hands—To witt, Mr Robert Winrahame, Depute-clerk under Mr
Thomas Nicolsone, and from him to Alexʳ Blair; of quhich bookes
there are fyve volumes in folio. But Mr Patrick Adamsone, Bishop of
St Androwes, rent ane of them, and yet there are four to the foir of
them, written be Mr James Richie and Mr Thomas Nicolsone, qʳof the
first two containes the acts of Assembly from the year 1560 to 1572,
subscribed by John Gray, Clerk to the Assembly; and the third
volume, fra 1586, till 1590, written and subscrived in the margine be
Mr James Richie, Clerk to the said Assembly—the first Booke being
ane great volume of the Acts of the Assembly, fra the year 1560 to
1590, (whereof he had but ane len from ane minister,) whereof, the
first four volumes the said Mr Archbald declared he had receaved
them from Alexʳ Blair, wreater, who was servant, and succedit in the
place of modifications of Stipends to Mr Robert Winrahame, who had
a deputation from Mr Thomas Nicolsone, Clerk to the Generall
Assembly.
The Moderatour said—These are good and comfortable newis unto
the Church of Scotland—that a perfect Register of the Acts of the
Assemblies are yet to the foir, and that it was neidfull that course be
taken for tryell of these bookes, whether they be these same bookes
written be the Clerks, or be their deputs, or Copies only of these
bookes.
It was answered be the Clerk, That they are the same, written and
subscryved be the Clerkis oune hand, and the leaves riven out of
ane of them be the bishop from the 22 to the 27 leafe, may yet be
knewen be the marked number of the leafes. The first Clerk, Mr
John Gray, who subscribed everie Assembly with his hand. The next
is also subscribed; and ane Memorandum on the first leaf of it,
where Mr Archbald Huntar past to the Chancelour Maitland and
receavet that Volume, and this uther, and the halfe of that which
was rent by Bishop Adamsone, is marked in the next booke. The
third booke, and the first act of it, is the election of Mr James Richie,
Clerk; which booke is all of ane hand write. The ane booke is from
the 60 to the 70 year; the next from the 79 wherein the bishop of St
Androwes is censured and excommunicat; and now, in God’s
Providence, there is now in the present Clerks hands a perfyte
Register from the 70 year to this last Assembly, for which all of us
have reason to praise God.
The Commissioner said—See that we build on ane suir foundation,
and try weill that these bookes be authenticks.
The Moderatour craved that some judicious men, and skilled in
dignoscing hand writtes, might be nominat for tryell of these
bookes; and intreated the Earles Lawderdaill, Southesk, and Argyle
to take inspection of the Bookes.
Argyle objected his youth and unskilfulness for so weightie a
charge, yet, at command of the Commissioner, declaired his
willingnes to assist the work.
The Comʳ said, that if his aune paines could contribute any thing
to the furtherance of the worke, he would be readie to sit up day
and night, but would not lay the burthen on his assessours; for, he
said, seeing it is refuised that they should be Members of the
Assembly, he said he saw not how they could be appoynted for
trying of these Registers.
The Moderatour answered—We are hopefull that their Lordships
will not refuse to further the good of this Assembly, seeing it is said
heir, it is not for want of due respect we owe to their Lordships, but
only for preservation of the Kirkes liberties, as said is.
The Comʳ said—I cannot see how these that are not granted to be
Members of the Assembly, can cognosce bookes containing matters
of so great weight.
 The Moderatour answered, that they can best judge.
The Commissioner said—But I cannot consent unto it. Therefor
The Moderatour said—Let the skilfullest of the Clerks of Session,
Counsell, and burrow Clerks, with the Ministers, such as the Laird of
Durie, the Clerk of Dundie, Mr Alexʳ Pearsone, with their Assessours
to help them of the Ministrie.

Mr James Bonar. Mr John Row.

Mr John Livingstone. Mr Andrew Ramsay.

[The Moderator called upon] Mr John Row.

Mr John Row answered—That he had yett in his hands the booke
of the Kirke Policie subscribed be Mr James Richie, Clerk, which will
serve to dignosce the hand writt.
Mr Archbald Johnston said he had the principall Booke of Policie,
written in lumbard paper, in his hand, which also would conduce to
that end.
This being judged to be the fittest way for tryell of the Registers of
the Kirk, and makeing them to be authentick,
The Moderatour desyred that the Commissioner would proceed to
try the Members of the Assembly and the Commissions, that soe the
Assembly might be fullie constitut.
The Commissioner answered—That he who yesterday presentit a
written paper from the Lords of the Clergie, desires that his bill or
paper might be first read for information giving, anent the Members
of the Assembly to be constitut; and becaus the reading of it
yesterday was denyit before a Moderatour was chosen; now ane
Moderatour and Clerk also being chosen, I desire this paper to be
read; seeing the objections qᶜʰ were proponed yesterday are now
removed, and that Doctor Robert Hamilton may be called to produce
the paper, written in name of the Lords of the Clergie and their
adherents; who being called, compeired and presented his paper to
the Commissioner, desiring he would give charge to read it.
The Moderatour said—Some parte of the Impediments of reading
it in publict are removed, but not all; for the Assembly is not as yet
constitut fullie. But, so soone as the Assembly is constitut, it shall be
read before any other bill or paper qwhatsoever.
The Commissioner urged still the reading of it before the Members
of the Assembly were agried upon and constitut, becaus the paper
contained many thinges neidfull to be knowen before the Members
of the Assembly be constitut.
My Lord Lowdoun answered—That the reasons proponed
yesterday for not reading of it, are yet standing in force; and as it
was inexpedient yesterday that it should not be read till a
Moderatour was chosen, so it is yet inexpedient till all the Members
of the Assembly be fullie constitut; for, (said he,) there is no
Assembly constitut till the Commissions of the Commissioners to the
Assembly be tryed.
The Commissioner replyed—It is a hard cause, that a man cited
before the Assembly should not be heard to object against the
Members of the Assembly who were to be there judges. Who ever
heard that a man accused as guiltie of a fault, was refused to be
heard to object against his judge?
My Lord Lowdoun answered—If the objection wer now against the
whole Assembly, it could not be read before the Assembly wer
constitut to be judges. But if the objections wer against any
particular Member of the Assembly, it were only fitt tyme to object
when that mans Commission were in reading.
My Lord Rothes said—Let objections be given in against a
particular Member and it may be heard, but cannot be heard against
the whole Assembly before it be constitut; and
The Moderatour eiked—If that paper should open your eyes to
give further light after constitution of the Assembly, that the errour
of not reading it before shall be repented in dew time; for no sooner
shall the Assembly be constitut but it shall be first read.
My Lord Commissioner said—I take instruments of your refusall to
read it.
My Lord Lowdoun answered—It cannot be said that the Assembly
hes refuised till it be ane Assembly constitut. Neither yet is the paper
presented to the Assembly, but to your Grace.
The Commissioner replied—Because ye have refuised I took it;
and I crave it might be read.
My Lord Lowdoun answered—So soon as it is an Assembly, it shall
be read.
The Moderatour said—Then let us proceed to the tryell of the
Commissions, that the Assembly might be constitut, and then it shall
be read.
The Commissioner said—I am content, so be my Lords of Clergie
receave no hurt nor prejudice; and before yee proceed, 1 ask
documents that nothing be done in tryell of Commissions, and
constituting the said Members of Assembly, to the prejudice of the
said Lords of Clergie; and I desyre that the newlie constitut Clerk
may pen ane act for this effect and give out ane extract of it.
The Clerk answered—I can neither make nor give out Acts without
a warrand from the Assembly; and the Assembly cannot give
warrand till it be constitut.
Then (said the Commissioner) I will take instruments in the hands
of the Lord Register, seeing the Clerk of the Assembly refuses to
write.
The Clerk said—I shall write it quhen the Moderatour gives
direction; yea, I shall write it presentlie, but cannot give ane extract
of it till the Assembly be constitut.
The Commissioner said—If ye be Clerk to all, why not to me? Shall
I make a Clerk for myselfe? I did protest before, that niother the
Lords of Clergie nor their adherents should be prejudged in their
dignities or priviledges, by their refuseing to read their paper,
presented by Dr Robert Hamiltoun; which paper containes reasones
against election of the Members of Assembly.
My Lord Traquair said—It is very hard that these reasons against
the election of such and such Members of the Assembly should not
be heard.
The Moderatour said—When the Assembly is fullie constitut, then
the Member complained of shall be removed.
The Commissioner said—I still will protest in name of the Lords of
Clergie and their adherents, that they receave no prejudice by your
not reading of their paper before the Assembly proceed to the
examination of Commissions.
My Lord Traquair said—The protestation is upon your refusall to
read it.
My Lord Lowdoun answered—Their refusall is no longer then till
the Assembly be constitut; their reading of it is only deleyed till then.
The Commissioner said—But for my securitie I will take
instruments of all in my Lord Registers hand, till that promise he
performed; for, albeit I be his Majesties Commissioner, yet am I a
poor subject, and must answer for my service.
The Moderatour said—I will judge reverentlie of your Graces
proceedings; yet I may say there is a too too burning haste in these
men for whom your Grace pleads, that they will have their bill read
before the Assembly be constitut.
The Comʳ answered—They have reason to look to themselves,
seeing it stands them now on their reputation, dearer to them nor
their life; and, therefore, thinkes it only now fitt tyme to use their
best defences: for what weight will their reasons have when their
parties are constitut their judges? If myselfe were to be constitut
judge, I would not refuise to heare reasons why I shᵈ not be such a
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