ETHICS REVIEWER 1ST SEMESTER f.

Moral standards are associated with

special emotions and vocabulary.
➢​ ETHICS VS. MORALITY

ETHICS is the branch of philosophy that 3. DILEMMA AND MORAL

studies morality or the rightness or DILEMMA
wrongness of human conduct.
DILEMMA refers to a situation in which
MORALITY speaks of a code or system a tough choice has to be made between
of behavior in regards to standards of two or more options, especially more or
right or wrong behavior. less equally undesirable ones.

MORAL DILEMMA are situations in

1.THE IMPORTANCE OF which a difficult choice has to be made
RULES TO SOCIAL BEINGS between two courses of action, either of
which entails transgressing a moral
a. Rules protect social beings by principle.
regulating behavior.
b. Rules help to guarantee each person
certain rights and freedom. 4. THREE LEVELS OF MORAL
c. Rules produce a sense of justice DILEMMAS
among social beings.
d. Rules are essential for a healthy a. Personal Dilemmas are those
economic system. experienced and resolve on personal
level.
b. Organizational Dilemmas refer to
2. MORAL VS. NON-MORAL ethical cases encountered and resolved
STANDARDS by social organizations.
c. Structural Dilemmas refer to cases
MORAL STANDARDS involve the rules involving networks of institutions and
people have about the kinds of actions operative theoretical paradigms.
they believe are morally right and
wrong, as well as the values they place
on the kinds of objects they believe are 5. ONLY HUMAN BEINGS CAN
morally good and morally bad. BE ETHICAL

NON-MORAL STANDARDS - refer to Human beings possess some traits that

rules that are unrelated to moral or make it possible for them to be moral:
ethical considerations
a. Only human beings are rational,
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL autonomous, and self-conscious.
STANDARDS b. Only human beings can act morally or
immorally.
a. Moral standards involve serious c. Only human beings are part of the
wrongs or significant benefits. moral community.
b. Moral standards ought to be preferred
to other values.
c. Moral standards are not established 6. FREEDOM AS FOUNDATION
by authority figures. OF MORALITY
d. Moral standards have the trait of
universalizability. Morality is choosing ethical codes,
e. Moral standards are based on values, or standards to guide us in our
impartial considerations. daily lives. Philosophically, choosing is
impossible without freedom.
 3. Deep down, we can find basic moral
7. MINIMUM REQUIREMENT truths.
FOR MORALITY: REASON AND ●​ People of different cultures can
IMPARTIALITY still agree on certain moral
principles.
Reason as requirement for morality ●​ Soft universalism.
entails that human feelings may be
important in ethical decisions, but they 4. There is one universal moral truth.
ought to be guided by reason. ●​ One moral code that everybody
must follow for this moral code is
Impartiality involves the idea that each universal and objective.
individual's interest and point of view are ●​ Moral absolutism.
equally important.

➢​ THE CONCEPT OF MORAL

➢​ ETHICAL RELATIVISM RESPONSIBILITY

A philosophy or thinking that holds the ●​ Assumption: man is a rational

differences of moral beliefs and being and free being
practices from the point of view of ●​ provide the bases for giving
culture. praise, blame, reward and
punishment for his actions.
●​ What I know good others would ●​ provide the reasons why he is
know it wrong or indifferent. held responsible for his actions.
●​ What I know wrong others would
know it indifferent or good.
➢​ MORAL RESPONSIBILITY
➢​ SITUATIONAL ETHICS
➢​ ●​ Refers to holding to people
Moral Subjectivism morally accountable for some
●​ It emphasizes moral differences past actions.
based on personal beliefs and ●​ Means care, welfare or treatment
convictions of others as derived from specific
social role that one plays in the
society.
➢​ APPROCHES TO MORAL ●​ Refers to one's capacity for
DIFFERENCES making moral or rational
decisions on his own.
1. There is NO moral truth.
●​ no ultimate right and wrong.
Moral nihilism. ➢​ HUMAN ACTS AND ACTS OF
●​ Related to moral skepticism. We MAN
cannot know whether or not there
are moral truths. ●​ To investigate the nature or
●​ Result: subjective morality quality of human conducts, it is
important to clearly understand
2. There is NO UNIVERSAL moral truth. the difference between acts of
●​ Each culture has its own set of man and human = acts.
rules.
●​ Moral truths are relative and
dependent on culture.
 ➢​ ACTS OF MAN and consent is partial. Imperfect
voluntariness him
●​ Actions that are naturally ●​ Actions that are intended for its
exhibited by man. own sake, either as a means or
●​ These actions are performed as an end. DIRECT
involuntarily. VOLUNTARY e.g. murder,
●​ Metabolism, perspiration, stealing
circulation, blinking of the eye, ●​ Actions that are not intended for
beating of the heart. its own sake but which merely
●​ actions are within the control of follows as a regrettable
man but only for some period of consequence of an action
time. INDIRECT VOLUNTARY e.g. the
●​ Sleeping, eating, walking. killing of innocent people from
bombing.
➢​ HUMAN ACTS
PRINCIPLE
●​ Actions that proceed from ●​ A person is accountable for his
deliberate free will of man. actions directly intended.
●​ Done with knowledge, consent ●​ Ex. He knows that camcording is
and free will. wrong. Yet, he does it everytime
he goes to see new movie.
➢​ HUMAN ACTS AND ACTS OF
MAN PRINCIPLE
●​ Understanding the ●​ A person is accountable for
difference between acts of indirectly intended acts when:
man (involuntary actions ●​ He is able to foresee the evil
like breathing, sleeping) result or consequence in a
and human acts (actions general way.
done with knowledge, ●​ He is free to refrain from doing
consent, and free will). the actions.He has the moral
obligation not to do it.

PRINCIPLE: Action with Double

➢​ QUALITIES OF HUMAN ACTS Effect:
●​ A person is held responsible for
●​ MORAL- actions in conformity any evil effect which flows from
with the universal absolute the action directly willed though
standards of morality. the evil effect is not directly
●​ IMMORAL- actions in intended.
contradicting universal standards
of morality. PRINCIPLE: Action with Double
●​ AMORAL- actions that are Effect:
neither good nor evil. Question:
Is it permissible when an action has
double effect, one is good and the other
is evil?
VOLUNTARINESS OF HUMAN ACTS Answer:
●​ An act is voluntary when it is YES, only under four conditions.
done under the control of the will.
●​ Actions performed with full PRINCIPLE: Action with Double
knowledge and with full consent. Effect:
Perfect voluntariness 1. The action must be morally good in
●​ No perfect knowledge or consent itself or at least morally indifferent.
or when both of the knowledge
2. The good effect of the act must not ●​ CIRCUMSTANCE
come from the evil effect.
3. The purpose of the doer is the -How. The manner or mode by which
attainment of the good effect. the act is performed
4. The good effect must outweigh in -When. The circumstance of the time
importance the evil effect. -Why. The intention of the act.

PRINCIPLE: Action with Double

Effect: ➢​ THE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN
1. The action must be morally good in THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE
itself or at least morally indifferent. ACTION
2. The good effect of the act must not
come from the evil effect. ●​ The indifferent act can become
3. The purpose of the doer is the good or evil through
attainment of the good effect. circumstances.
4. The good effect must outweigh in ●​ A good act can become evil
importance the evil effect. through circumstances.
●​ An intrinsically good act can
become better or an intrinsically
➢​ DETERMINANTS OF evil act can become worse
MORALITY through circumstances.
The determinants of morality serve as ●​ An evil act can never become
the measure of the goodness and the good through circumstance.
evilness of the human act.

END THE MODIFIERS

INTENTION
CIRCUMSTANCE ●​ factors that may influence the
intellect and will so that actions
●​ END are not perfectly voluntary.
The natural purpose of the act or that in ●​ They may reduce or increase
which that act in its very nature accountability.
terminates.
Ex. Studying - Learning Reading - The greater the knowledge and freedom
Acquiring new knowledge is the greater voluntariness therefore the
greater accountability.
●​ INTENTION
The intention of the agent in doing the ●​ IGNORANCE
act. ●​ PASSION
"makatulong sa kapwa" ●​ FEAR
"makapasa sa exam” ●​ VIOLENCE
●​ HABITS
●​ CIRCUMSTANCE
conditions that surround the act ➢​ THE MODIFIERS: IGNORANCE

-Who. The person to whom the act is • the absence of knowledge which a
ascribed. person ought to have.
-What. The quality or the quantity of the • Ex. The manager ought to know his
object of the act. business operations.
-Where. The place where the act is
performed • VINCIBLE, INVINCIBLE, AFFECTED
Principles:
• Invincible ignorance renders an act
involuntary.
• Vincible ignorance does not destroy Principle:
voluntariness but lessens it and the • External acts performed by a person
corresponding accountability subjected to violence are involuntary
• Affected ignorance increases and not accountable.
accountability of an act.
• Internal acts those done by the will
➢​ THE MODIFIERS: PASSIONS alone are not subject to violence are
voluntary.
• Psychic responses.
• They are tendencies towards desirable ➢​ THE MODIFIERS: HABIT
objects or tendencies away from
undesirable objects. • The readiness for acting in a certain
• Love, desire, delight, hope, bravery, manner and acquired through repetition
hatred, horror, sadness, despair, = and of an act.
anger.
• In themselves passions are not evil. Principles:
• Actions done by force of habit are
• Antecedent, Consequent voluntary unless a reasonable effort is
Principles: made to counteract the inclination.
•Antecedent passions do not always
destroy voluntariness but they diminish
accountability over an act. 1. CULTURE: SOME
• Consequent passions do not lessen DEFINITIONS
voluntariness and may even increase it.
The following are definitions of culture:
➢​ THE MODIFIERS: FEAR
a. Culture refers to cumulative deposit of
• disturbance of the mind of a person knowledge experience, beliefs, values,
who is confronted by a danger attitudes, meanings, hierarchie religions,
• Acting with fear, Acting out of fear notions of time, roles, spatial relations,
etc. acquired by a group of people in the
Principles: course of generations through individual
• Acts done with fear are voluntary and and group striving.
are accountable.
• Acts done out of fear is invalid acts. b. Culture consists of patterns, explicit
• disturbance of the mind of a person and implicit, of and or behavior acquired
who is confronted by a danger and transmitted by symbols.
• Acting with fear, Acting out of fear
2. CULTURE'S ROLE IN MORAL
Principles: BEHAVIOR
• Acts done with fear are voluntary and
are accountable. People learn moral aspects of right or
• Acts done out of fear is invalid acts. wrong from transmitters of culture:
respective parent, teachers, novels,
➢​ THE MODIFIERS: VIOLENCE films, and television. Observing or
watching them, people develop a set
• Any physical force exerted on a person idea of what is right and wrong, and
by a free agent for the purpose of what is acceptable and not.
compelling said person to act against
his will.
• Insults, torture, isolation, starvation
and mutilation are examples of violence.
 3. MORAL STANDARDS AS 6. ASIAN MORAL
SOCIAL CONVENTION AND UNDERSTANDING
THE SOCIAL CONDITIONING
THEORY Eastern Ethics
1. Focus - Protocol and Respect
Social Convention Refers to the usual 2. Basis - Religious Teachings
or customary ways through which things 3. Emphasis - Respect Towards Family
are done within a group. 4. Roots in Hinduism, Buddhism,
Confucianism, and Taoism
Social Conditioning It can be observed 5. Approach - Holistic and Cultural
that when one says that a particular 6.Conflict and Harmony - Good and
action 'ought' or 'ought not to be done, Bad, Light and Dark all exist in
he/she is not simply echoing social equilibirum.
approval or disapproval.
7. FILIPINO MORAL
4. CULTURAL RELATIVISM IN CHARACTER: STRENGHT AND
ETHICS WEAKNESSES

Cultural Relativism, the most dominant 1. Pakikisama

form of moral relativism, defines 'moral' 2. Hiya
as what is 'socially approved by the 3. Amor Propio
majority in a particular culture. 4. Utang na Loob
5. Filipino Hospitality
Cultural Relativists base their moral 6.Respect for Elders.
theory on the observation that societies
fundamentally disagree about ethical 8. UNIVERSAL VALUES
issues.
Universal values are generally shared
5. CULTURAL RELATIVISM: AN by cultures.
ANALYSIS
The following are some of the universal
5.1 Valuable lessons from ethical values:
relativism.
5.2 The theory's ethical faults. 1. Truth Telling
5.3 Rachel's evaluation of cultural 2. Respecting Life
relativism.
5.4 The bad consequences of cultural
relativism. 1. MORAL CHARACTER AND VIRTUE

6. ASIAN MORAL Moral Virtue (Excellence of Moral

UNDERSTANDING Character) highlighting the blend of
qualities that make a person the sort of
Western Ethics ethically admirable individual he/she is.
1. Focus - Finding Truth
2. Basis Rational Thought Moral Character refers to having or
3. Emphasis - Logic, Cause, and Effect lacking of moral virtue. If one lacks
4. Roots in - Athens, Rome and Judeo virtue, he/she may have and of the
Christianity moral vices, or he/she may be marked
5. Approach - Rational by a condition somewhere in between
6.Conflict and Harmony - Good must virtue and vice, such as continence or
triumph over evil, incontinence.
2. THE CIRCULAR RELATION OF 5. GETTING TO THE HIGHEST LEVEL,
ACTS AND CHARACTER CONSCIENCE-BASED MORAL
DECISIONS
In the process of moral development,
there is the circular relation between Stage 1. Respect for Power and
acts that build character and moral Punishment
character itself. Not all acts help to build Stage 2. Looking out for #1
moral character, but those acts which Stage 3. Being a "Good Boy" or "Nice
emanate from moral characters certainly Girl"
matter in moral development. Hence, Stage 4. Law and Order Thinking
there appears the apparent circular Stage 5. Justice through Democracy
relationship between individual acts and Stage 6. Deciding on basic moral
moral character. A person's actions principles by which you will live your life
determine his/her moral character, but and relate to everyone fairly.
moral character itself generates acts
that helps in developing either virtue or 6. PROBLEMS WITH KOLHBERG'S
vice. THEORY

3. MORAL CHARACTERS AS Some say that Kolhberg's sample is

DISPOSITIONS biased because Kohlberg's theory was
based on all-male sample, and thus the
A good moral character is practically a stages reflect an androcentric or male
disposition to do virtuous acts. definition of morality. It is argued that
Oppositely, a bad moral character is, in men's morality is basically based on
effect, a disposition to do vicious deeds. abstract principle of law and justice,
whereas women's is based on principle
4. SIX STAGES OF MORAL of compassion and care.
DEVELOPMENT

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)

American psychologist who is best
known for his theory of stages of moral
development.

3 Levels of Moral Reasoning:

Level 1: Pre-Conventional Morality
Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment
Orientation
Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange

3 Levels of Moral Reasoning:

Level 2: Conventional Morality
Stage 3. Good Interpersonal
Relationships
Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order

3 Levels of Moral Reasoning:

Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual
Rights
Stage 6. Universal Principles
Tab 1
CONTEMPORARY WORLD 1st Spread of Technology - rapid
Semester dispersion of the means and methods of
producing goods and services.
GLOBALIZATION

According to Dicken (1998) "we now TRENDS IN GLOBALIZATION:

live in the borderless world, in which the
national boundaries is no longer Population Trends -increasing
relevant." population in developing countries while
decreasing in developed countries.
●​ Increase the interdependence,
connectivity and integration on Science and Technology -includes the
global level on the social, cultural, internet and other computer
political, technological, economic, componetnts as well as GPS and
and ecological levels. Genetically modified food.
●​ process of interaction and
integration among people, Increasing integration and
companies and governments of interdependence - increasing
different nations exchange of product and services
●​ breaking town of national barriers across national borders.
so that nations can interact freely
with one another. Governance - national and international
laws govern economic activity and
transnational institutions.
GLOBAL POLICY FORUM (GPF):

1.Globalization of Economy IDEOLOGIES IN GLOBALIZATION:

Allows the flow Goods, Services
and capitals. 1.​ GLOBALIZATION IS ABOUT
2. Globalization of Politics THE LIBERALIZATION AND
National government has been GLOBAL INTEGRATION OF
ultimately responsible for MARKETS
maintening the security and 2.​ GLOBALIZATION IS
welfare of the citizens. INEVITABLE AND
3. Globalization of Culture IRREVERSIBLE
Adopting other cultures. 3.​ NOBODY IS IN CHARGE OF
4. Globalization of Law GLOBALIZATION
Internation court of justice 4.​ GLOBALIZATION BENEFITS
Intergovernmental cooperation EVERYONE
5.​ GLOBALIZATION FURTHERS
THE SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY
IN THE WORLD
ELEMENTS OF GLOBALIZATION: 6.​ GLOBALIZATION REQUIRES A
WAR ON TERROR
Trade Agreement - Bilateral, regional or
multilateral economic arrangement to According to Dally (1999) "Globalization
reduce or eliminate the trade barriers. is considered by many to be inevitable
Capital Flow - Increase or decrease in wave of the future, is frequently
a nation's domestic or foreign assets. confused with internationalization, but it
Migration Pattern - Impact of labor is in fact something totally different."
market.
Information Transfer - helps to mitigate
the asymmetric functioning of markets
and economies.
INTERNATIONALIZATION ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
-refers to increasing importance of ●​ Historical process that results to
international trade, international human innovation and
relations, treaties, alliances, etc. technological progress.
●​ MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
GLOBALIZATION (LABOR) AND KNOWLEDGE
-refers to global economic integration of (TECHNOLOGY) ACROSS
many formerly national economies into INTERNATIONAL BORDERS
one global economy, mainly by free (IMF,2008).
trade and capital mobility but also by
easy and uncontrolled migration. INTERCONNECTED DIMESIONS
(BENCZES, 2014)
GLOBALISM
Keohane and Nye, Jr. (2000) defined 1. Globalization of Trade of Goods and
globalism as a state pf the world Services
involving networks of independence at 2. Globalization of Financial and Capital
multicomponental distances. Market
3. Globalization of Technology and
DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALISM Communication
4. Globalization of Production
●​ ECONOMIC GLOBALISM
●​ MILITARY GLOBALISM COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
●​ ENVIRONMENTAL GLOBALISM (David Ricardo)
●​ SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
"ONE WITH THE BEST PACKAGE HAS
THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE."
According to Gereffi (2005) One country's ability to produce good or
"Policy-makers, managers, worker service more efficiently and
social activists, and many other inexpensively than another, aims to give
stakeholders in developed as well as both nations involved in a trade a
developing nations need a firm win-win situation.
understanding of how the contemporary
global economy works if they hope to GLOBAL STRATIFICATION
improve their position in it, or forestall an
• Measures of well-being, life
The global economy can be traced by to expectancy, infant mortality, and access
the expansion of long-distance trade to health services.
during the period of 1450-1640. • RICH OR POOR

Wallerstein labeled, "long sixteenth CLASSIFYING GLOBAL

century" trading companies emerged in STRATIFCATION
Europe, such us East India Company SOCIOLOGY: BRIEF EDITION (v1.1,
and Hudson Bay Company which 2012)
created international trade empire.
• World is composed of three categories
According to Dicken, the development of of nations, based on their degree of
the world trading system over a period wealth and poverty
of several centuries helped to create
tripartite, Core, Semiperipheral, and
Peripheral economic areas.
DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF MODERNIZATION THEORY
GLOBAL STRATIFICATIONS individual explanation for global
stratification.
1. FIRST TYPOLOGY
a. First World - Western RICH NATIONS BECAME
capitalist democracies of North WEALTHY because early on they
America and Europe. were able to develop the correct,
Ex. Australia, New Zealand and beliefs, values and practices -in
Japan) short, the correct culture for trade
b. Second World - belonging to industrialization and rapid
Soviet Union.
Ex. Russia, Tajikistan, ➢​ MODERNIZATION THEORY
Turkmenistan.
c. Third World - Central and • According to the theory, Western
South America, Africa and Asia. European nations began to emerge
several centuries ago as economic
2. REPLACEMENT TYPOLOGY powers because their populations
a. Developed adopted the kinds of values and
b. Developing practices just listed.
c. Undeveloped
According to Max Weber (1864-192 one
3. POPULAR TYPOLOGY of the founders of sociology. Western
Europe was able to do this because the
a. Wealthy- wealthy nations are Protestant Reformation diminished the
most industrialized nations, and they traditional distrust of the Catholic
consist primarily of the nations of North Church for material success and social
America and Western Europe; Australia, and economic change
Japan, and New Zealand and certain
other nations in Middle East and Asia. MODERNIZATION HAS MUCH IN
COMMON WITH CULTURE POVERTY
b. Middle-income - consist THEORY
primarily nations in Central and South
America, Eastern Europe, and parts of It attributes the poverty of poor nations
Africa and Asia and constitute about to their failure to develop the proper
one-third of the world's population. beliefs, values and practices necessary
for economic
c. Poor or Low Income - least
industrialized and most agricultural of all ➢​ DEPENDENCY THEORY
the world's countries. Living in a
desperate existence in the most a structural explanation for global
miserable conditions possible. stratification.

The poor nations never got the chance

THEORIES ON GLOBAL to pursue economic growth because
STRATIFICATION early on they were conquered and
colonized by European ones.
Cultural diffusion between them creates
common ground, while cultural In our today's world, huge multination
differences may become more important corporations continue to exploit the
as the relationships among nations labor and resources of the poorest
become intimate. nations, say dependency theorists.
WEALTHY NATIONS AND FIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE MODERN
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS WORLD SYSTEM (WALLERSTEIN,
MUST STOP EXPLOITING THE 2006)
RESOURCES OF POOR NATIONS.
1.Market - where individuals and firms
FORMS OF DEPENDENCE can sell products and buy goods.

a. DOMINANT COUNTRIES OR 2. Firms - who produces goods and

METROPOL can expand itself provide services in the market.
and can be self-sustaining. a. Core-like Process - group
b. DEPENDENT OR themselves in a few states and
SATELLITES constitute the bulk of the
can expand and self-sustain as a production activity in this state.
b. Peripheral Process -
➢​ WORLD SYSTEM THEORY scattered in a large numbers of
states and constitute the bulk of
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY the production activity in these
(Immanuel Wallerstein) some become states.
modernized because of exploiting other C. Semi-periphery - mix or
nations. core-like and peripheral.

The continuing exploitation prevents 3. States are related to the geographical

less developed nations from becoming division of labor. The geographical
fully modernized (Ferrer, et al.) division of labor was discussed in the
World System Theory of Wallerstein.

GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION OF LABOR 4. Household - According to

(Wallerstein) Wallersteins (2006) household consist of
three to 10 persons who, over a long
a. Core Nations - most modernized period of time, pool multiple source of
nations, having diversified economies income in order to survive collectively.
and stable internal politics that
dominates the world system. Five kinds of income in the
household:
b. Peripheral Nations - forced to A. Wage Income - payment in
specialize in the export of unprocessed the form of money by persons outside
raw materials and food to the core the household for work of a member of
nations and that must import the household that is performed outside
manufactured goods. the household in some production
process.
B. Subsistence activity - Not
➢​ THE MODERN WORLD limited to the work of rural persons who
SYSTEM grow food and produce necessities for
(Wallerstein) It started in the 16th their own consumption without passing
century primarily in Europe and America through a market.
which has been a Capitalist Modern Ex. Cooking Meals, Washing Dishes,
World. C. Petty Commodity
Production - product produced within
WORLD ECONOMY as a large the confines of the household but sold
geographic zone with which there is a for cash on a wider market.
division of labor and significant internal Ex. OFW
exchange of basic or essential goods as D. Rent - Can be drawn from
well as flows of capital goods or labors. some major capital investment or form
capital ownership
Ex. Apartment, Dormitories, Private Lots trade as a main tool for
E. Transfer payments - An integrating markets.
income that comes to an individual by ●​ Positive Integration, adjusts
virtue of a defined obligation of domestic policies and institutions
someone else to provide this income. through the creation of
Ex. Inheritance, Dowry, Pen-sion, supranational arrangements.
Maturity Insurance
The integration come in five forms:
5. Classes - classes have something to
do with the placement of the household 1. Preferential agreement involves
or individual in the capitalist economic lower trade barriers between those
system. countries, which have signed the
agreement

➢​ UNIVERSALISM: 2. The free trade area (FTA) reduces

barriers to trade among member
Universalism is a theme prominently countries to zero, but each member
associated with the modern system. country still has autonomy in deciding
on the external rate of tariff for its trade
It means the priority to general rules with non-member countries. European
apply equally to all persons and the Free Trade
rejection of particularistic preferences in
the most sphere. 3. Customs union represents a higher
stage of economic integration. In this
Believed to ensure relatively competent form, countries agree to abolish tariff
performance and thus make for a more and non-tariff barriers to trade in goods f
efficient world -economy, which in turn bwing between them.
improves the ability to accumulate
capital. Hence, normally those who 4. The common market allows for free
control production processes push for movement of labor and capital withinthe
such universalistic criteria member-countries.

➢​ ANTI-UNIVERSALISM 5. The Economic Union is the highest

form of economic integration. in addition
It is linked with racism and sexism to the conditions of a common market,
member countries also agree to
➢​ RACISM AND SEXISM integrate monetary, fiscal, and other
policies.
are norms, but they are negative norms,
in that most people deny their belief in
them. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTION
●​ WORLD TRADE
MARKET INTEGRATION Integration as ORGANIZATION
defined by Koester (2000), is a state of ●​ INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
affairs or a process involving attempts to FUND
combine separate national economies ●​ WORLD BANK
into larger economic regions
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Two types of integration: ●​ Formerly known as General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
●​ Negative Integration reduces (GATT)
non tariff and tariff barriers to
 ●​ Only global international GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
organization dealing with the
rules of trade between nations. Types of Global Corporation:

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND ●​ International Companies

●​ Provide such an institution as ●​ Multinational Companies
would exert control on ●​ Global Companies
international exchange rates as ●​ Transnational Companies
well as act as reserve base
bailing out BOP deficit countries POWER OF GLOBAL
●​ it is autonomus organization CORPORATIONS:
affiliated to the UNIO. From initial
strength of 31 members it 1.Economic Control -Global
became 125 membership. corporations have on world trade,
financial markets.
Function of IMF: 2. Political Influence - Global
●​ Works as a short-term credit corporations have on national
institutions; governments and regional governance
●​ Provides for the orderly structures.
adjustment of exchange rates; 3. Social and Cultural Influence - Global
●​ Acts as a reserve base for corporations have on people's, attitudes,
member countries to borrow values, and lifestyle choices through,
from; media control, advertising.
●​ provides foreign exchange loans 4. Environmental Impact -Global
●​ Provides international financial corporations have on the natural
consultancy services. environment.

WORLD BANK
●​ International Bank for MULTINATIONAL
reconstructions and development CORPORATION
●​ intergovernmental institutions for
providing long-term loans on ROLE OF MULTINATIONAL
easy terms for specific COMPANIES
developmental projects.
Lapko (2015) discussed the differet role
Function of World Bank: of multinational companies:
●​ Provides loans services to
member Governments. 1. MNC's act as modernizer of the
●​ Provides development loans on world's economy
soft terms to poor member 2. Promote efficiency and growth of the
nations. world economy
●​ Provide support to private or joint 3. Promote regional agreements and
sector projects. alliances
●​ Provides insurance guarantees 4. Increase of money circulation in the
●​ Setting investment - related economy
disputes among member nation
through concillation or arbitration CHALLENGES OF MULTINATIONAL
COMPANIES:

1. Public Relations.
2. Ethics
3. Organizational Structure
4. Leadership
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM improvement in the quality of the
people's lives.
One cannot deny the fact that many
facets of the lives that we live now are The promise of good profit and
an off-shoot of globalization. The system influence made the global financial
of education at present is a good community happy to lend to these
example. developing countries (Dave, 2007).

The Department of Education ➢​ The Electronic Herd

implemented the K-12 program, and the
Commission on Higher Education is Friedman (2000) referred to it as the
implementing the new curriculum in electronic herd. He defined the
tertiary education as a result of the K electronic herd as a group made up of
-12 program. Later on in this chapter, we all the faceless stock, bond, and
will understand why changes in the currency traders sitting behind a
educational system happened as a computer screens all over the globe,
result of globalization. moving their money around from mutual
funds to pension funds to emerging
"But whether we want it or not, change market funds, or trading on the Internet
is bound to happen and it will definitely from their basements.
happen”
➢​ The Golden Straitjacket
ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE
According to Dave (2007), the herd is
Globalization changed the relationships powerful because it has lots of money
and interactions of countries all over the that it is willing to lend to others. Once
world. Just like the opening of the Suez invested, it has the ability to sell off its
Canal in the 19th century, investments if conditions in the country
globalization also opened many are no longer favorable for them. To get
opportunities and possibilities. her money, you have to make yourself
look attractive to it.
Surugiu and Surugiu (2015) define
economic interdependence as To fit into the Golden Straitjacket, a
relationships between countries in which country must either adapt or be seen as
each country is dependent on another moving toward, the following golden
for necessary goods or services. rules (Friedman, 2000):

According to Davis (study.com), Friedman (2000) said that the Golden

companies become part of the trading Straitjacket is pretty much "one size fits
network, when they depend on other all." So it pinches certain groups,
companies to supply the products that squeezes others, and keeps a society
they cannot produce themselves under pressure to constantly streamline
its economic institutions and upgrade its
➢​ THE ELECTRONIC HERD AND performance.
THE GOLDEN STRAITJACKET
But on the political front, the Golden
In the latter 1980s and the early Straitjacket narrows the political and
1990s, loan in the United States had a economic policy choices of those in
boom. This boom in the lending industry power to relatively tight parameters
and the improvements in communication (Friedman, 2000).
technology made lending in different
parts of the world possible. Developing
countries want a piece of this new
money too because it promises
 ➢​ ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL Brunei Darussalam (1984), Vietnam
INTEGRATION (1995) Lao PDR and Myanmar on
(1997), and Cambodia (1999) makes up
Madeira (2014) explained regional what is today the 10 member-states of
integration as a process of increasing ASEAN (sean.org)
political and economic cooperation
among states in close geographic The ASEAN Community Is comprised of
proximity to each other. Scholars often three pillars, namely the ASEAN
conceptualize. conceptualize regional Political- Security Community,
integration as two broadly conceived ASEAN Economic Community and
processes: economic integration and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.
political integration Each pillar has its own Blueprint, and,
together with the Initiative for ASEAN
Economic integration is a more Integration (IAI) Strategic Framework
informal, societal-driven process that and IAI Work Plan Phase II (2009-2015),
removes trade and investment barriers. they form the Roadmap for an ASEAN
This type of integration has been Community 2009 -2015 (asean.org).
occurring at significant levels around the
world. ●​ EUROPEAN UNION

Political integration is a more The EU was not always as big as it is

top-down, state driven process of today. When European countries
institutional creation at the regional started to cooperate economically in
level. It is a policy project motivated by 1951, only Belgium, Germany, France,
interests by identity and ideological Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands
factors. Political integration, including participated. Over time, more and more
the creation of regional political countries decided to join. The Union
institutions, is a process that has reached its current size of 28 EU
developed much more slowly outside of countries.
Europe, although recent developments
in Southeast Asia and South THE EU IN THE WORLD:

1. Trade. The European Union is

➢​ REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC the Largest trade block in the world. It Is
PARTNERSHIPS/INSTITUTIONS the world's biggest exporter of
Manufactured goods and services, And
The following are some of the the biggest import market for Over 100
regional/economic countries. Free trade among Its
partnerships/institutions that foster members was one of the EU's Founding
development and growth of member principles.
countries: ASEAN, European Union, 2. Humanitarian aid. The EU is
APEC, NAFTA, OECD, OPEC. committed to helping victims of
man-made and natural disasters
●​ ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST worldwide and supports over 120 million
ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) people each year. Collectively, the EU
and its constituent countries are the
The Association of Southeast Asian world's leading donor of humanitarian
Nation, or ASEAN was established on 8 aid.
August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, 3. Diplomacy and security. The
with the signing of the ASEAN EU plays an important role in diplomacy
Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by and works to foster stability, security and
the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, prosperity, democracy, fundamental
namely Indonesia, Malaysia, freedoms and the Rule of law at
Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. international level.
 ●​ ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC ●​ NORTH AMERICAN FREE
COOPERATION TRADE AGREEMENT

The idea of APEC was first broached by In 1994) the North American Free Trade
former Prime Minister of Australia Bob Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect,
Hawke during a speech in Seoul, Creating one of the world's largest free
Korea, On 31 January 1989. Between trade zones and laying the foundations
1989 and 1992, APEC met as an for strong economic growth and rising
Informal senior official- and prosperity for Canada, the United
ministerial-level Dialogue. In (1993) States, and Mexico.
former US President Bill Clinton
established the practice of an annual NAFTA WAS SUPPLEMENTED BY
APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting to TWO OTHER REGULATIONS:
provide Greater strategic vision and
direction for Cooperation in the region the North American Agreement on
(apec.org). Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC)
and the North American Agreement on
The ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC Labor Cooperation (NAALC). These
COOPERATION(APEC) operates as a side agreements were intended to
cooperative, multilateral economic and prevent businesses from relocating to
trade forum. It is the only international other countries to exploit lower wages,
intergovernmental grouping in the world lenient worker health and safety
committed to reducing harriers to trade regulations, and looser environmental
and investment without requiring its regulations (investopedia.com).
members to enter into legally binding
obligations. APEC achieves its goals by ●​ ORGANIZATION FOR
promoting dialogue and arriving at ECONOMIC COOPERATION
decisions on a consensus basis, giving AND DEVELOPMENT
equal weight to the views of all
members. Funding APEC is not a donor The ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
Organization. APEC activities are COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
centrally Funded by annual contributions (OECD) trace back its roots to the
from APEC Member economies rubble of Europe after World War II.
presently totaling USD5 million. Determined to avoid the mistakes of
their predecessors in the wake of World
APEC'S TRADE AND INVESTMENT War I, European leaders realized that
LIBERALIZATION AND FACILITATION the best way to ensure lasting peace
GOALS AND TO MEET was to encourage cooperation and
CAPACITY-BUILDING NEEDS, reconstruction, rather than punish the
ESPECIALLY FOR APEC defeated. Today, 35 OECD member
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES. IN countries Worldwide regularly turn to
GENERAL, PROJECTS DO one another To identify problems,
discuss and analyze Them, and
1. Relate to the profitfe&onomic Leaders promote policies to solve them.
and APEC ministers
2. Cover the interest of at least several TODAY, OECD FOCUSED ON
APEC member economies HELPING GOVERNMENTS AROUND
3. Build capacity THE WORLD TO (OECD ORG)
4. Improve economic efficiency
5. Encourage the participation of the 1. Restore confidence in market and the
Business sector, nongovernmental make them Function. the institutions that
institutions and women 2. Re-establish healthy public finances
as a basis for future sustainable
Economic growth.
3. Foster and support new sources of discussed in the latter part of the
growth through innovation, chapter). The limitations of the United
environmentally friendly 'green Growth' Nations in solving the pressing problems
strategies and the development of (e.g., apartheid and genocide) of the
emerging economies. international community finally led to the
establishment of the International
4. Ensure that people of all ages Can Criminal Court in 2002 As states rise
develop the skills to work Productively and draft or revise their own
and satisfyingly in the Jobs of tomorrow. constitutions,

●​ ORGANIZATION OF THE TRANSGOVERNMENTAL NETWORKS

PETROLEUM EXPORTING
Slaughter and Hale (2010)
is a permanent intergovernmental transgovernmental networks as informal
organization of 15 oil-exporting Institutions linking regulators, legislators,
developing Nations that coordinates and Judges, and other actors
unifies the Petroleum policies of its across_national Boundaries to carry out
Member Countries. It is created at the various aspects of Global governance.
Baghdad Conference on September Interactions between Domestic officials
10 -14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and foreign counterparts Are direct and
Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. supervision from foreign Offices or
ministries are minimal. Schattle (2014)
The Declaration of cooperation states that transgovern- Mental
constitutes an unprecedented milestone networks improve the competence and
in the history of The Organization of the regulatory effectiveness of governments
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). and also bring governments around the
For the first time ever, the Member world into greater harmony with
Countries of OPEC coordinated with 11 international norms And treaties.
non-OPEC oil producing countries in a
Concerted effort to accelerate the TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM
stabilization Of the global oil market
through voluntary Production Transnational activism gained momen-
adjustments, which amounted to tum on the the latter part of the 90's.
Approximately 1.8 million barrels per Awareness, responsibility, participation
day. and cultural empathy are usually the
driving force of transnational activists.
Caoutte (2006) defined transnational
THE RISE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW activism as social movements and other
AND UNIVERSAL civil society organizations and
individuals_operating across borders.
The World War II opened the eyes of Transnational collective action on the
many States that no one is exempted other hand is the coordinated
from War and all the devastating effects international campaigns on the part of
it can bring. At the end of the most networks of activists against
destructive war of all time, the League of international actors, other states, or
Nations was established, but failed. The international institutions. Included in the
failure of the League of Nations led to transnational activists are nonstate
the desire of world leaders to form actors who may not have political
international organizations that will influence but can gain moral support
serve as a venue for global concerns, from the public through persuasion and
promotion of human rights and
fundamental freedom. The United
Nations was formed in (1945 as an
answer to this call. (This topic will be
The Greenpeace Global governance can play a
facilitative and constraining role, but it
is a non-governmental organization that scarcely plays a determinant and
aims towards having a greener, predominant role.
healthier environment. It protects the
forests and the seas. If for example, the The authority and capacity of the latter
Philippines lack programs and policies is vested almost exclusively in domestic
for environmental protection, the public authorities (Weiss & Thakur,
Greenpeace as a transnational 2010).
advocacy network may pressure the
state to come up with rules and Facilitative and constraining role.
regulations that will protect the Example: European Union's stand on
environment. President Duterte's war against drugs.

THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF

TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISTS What is global governance?
ORGANIZATIONS (CAOUTTE, 2006): Weiss and Thakur (2010)
defined global governance as the sum
1. Transnational social movements are of laws, norms, policies and institutions
socially mobilized groups with that def ne, constitute and mediate
constituents in at least two states, relations among citizens, society,
engaged in sustained contentious markets and state in the international
interaction with power holders in at least arena the wielders and objects of
one state other that their own, or against
an international institutions, or ➢​ THE UNITED NATIONS
multinational economic actors;
2. International NGOs are organizations United Nations
that operate independently of ●​ an international organization
governments, are composed of founded in 1945
members from two or more countries ●​ made up of 193 Member States
and are organized to advance their ●​ The mission and work of UN is
members internationally or provide guided by the purposes and
services to citizens of other states principles contained in its
through routine transactions with states, founding
private actors, and international ●​ The main organs of the UN are:
institutions. the General Assembly, the
3. Transnational advocacy networks Security Council, the
(TANS) include those relevant actors Economic and Social Council,
working internationally on an issue, who the Trusteeship Council, the
are bound together by shared values, a International Court of Justice,
common discourse, and dense and the UN
exchanges of information and services.
THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS

➢​ GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 1. Maintain International Peace and

Order
"The government is imperfect." ●​ The UN Security Council
●​ The General Assembly
Crises in domestic government cannot ●​ The Secretary-General
be avoided. When crises cannot be
resolved within the state, global 2. Protect Human Rights
governance may help. ●​ Human Rights
●​ Universal Declaration of Human
Rights
3. Deliver Humanitarian Aid 3-Stage Life Cycle of Norms:
●​ Coordinate humanitarian relief a. A new norm emerges and a
operations. norm entrepreneur advocates it;
b. Enough actors agree on an
4. Promote Sustainable Development emerging norm to create a tipping
●​ Sustainable Development point, or norm cascade:
c.The civic society,
5. Uphold International Law non-governmental organizations
●​ UN Charter an international or committed citizens can be the
treaty. main source in f Iling up
normative gaps.

➢​ GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND 3. Policy Gaps

THE UNITED NATIONS
Two challenges in analyzing policy
Globalization promotes development in gaps
all aspects of human life through
interdependence and integration. But it First: Who are the actors and relevant
also creates "governance gaps". policy makers? Who made and
implemented international policy?
5 GAPS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Second: What are the types of actors
who play an expanding role in the
1. Knowledge Gap various sectors of the nation?
●​ Too little empirical data and
information on the origin, causes, ●​ State actors as policymakers
the gravity of the phenomenon ●​ UN cannot make foreign policy
and the solutions that may be ●​ On domestic front,
applied. representatives and the senate
●​ The UN can provide platform may be able to do so.
wherein such phenomenon (i.e.,
climate change) may be To put things in balance, the
discussed, studied, and policymakers at the UN are actually the
confronted. world body's principal political organs,
the Security Council and General
2. Normative Gaps Assembly these are intergovernmental
●​ Collective norms are shared forums.
patterns of behavior.
●​ A norm can be def ned as the The United Nations Environment
pattern of behavior that is most Programme (UN Environment)
common or usual that is ●​ Leading global environmental
prevalent pattern of behavior. authority.
●​ A norm can be a pattern of ●​ Sets the global environmental
behavior that should be followed agenda.
in accordance with a given value ●​ Promotes coherent
system the moral code of a implementation of environmental
society, a generally accepted dimension of sustainable
standard of proper behavior development within the UN
(Weiss and Thakur 2010) system.
●​ Serves as an authoritative
advocate for the global
environment (unenvironment
org.)
●​ Promotion of biodiversity.
 4. Institutional Gaps

Policies created, whether

international or national, must be
housed in an institution that has
resources and autonomy.

Powerful global institutions like

Security Council, World Bank, and
International Monetary Fund often lack
appropriate resources of authority or
even both.

●​ Institutional gaps exist because

resources allocated are not
proportionate to the problem.
●​ International institutions are
important to deal primarily on
specific problems without any

Programs of international institutions are

handed down to member-states.

●​ United Nations Children's Fund

(UNICEF)
●​ Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD)

5. Compliance Gaps

Compliance measures must

include mechanisms to identify
defections and defectors from agreed
upon norms and commitments in the
realm of international governance.
Giving incentives and disincentives.

3 Facets in Analyzing Compliance

Gaps

●​ Implementation
●​ Monitoring
●​ Enforcement

One of the most difficult and challenging

in filling up global governance gap is
compliance gap
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE architecture that extend from the roof's
edge and project beyond the building's
Is renowned for its minimalism, exterior wall. They are designed to
harmony with nature, and intricate provide shade and shelter from the sun
craftsmanship. It blends traditional and and rain, and to create a transition
modern design principles, reflecting between indoor and outdoor space
Japan's cultural, historical, and natural
influences. ●​ 5.Integration with Nature:
Homes often incorporate
gardens, courtyards, or views
of natural surroundings.
Traditional Japanese Architecture
Often integrates natural elements into
➢​ Key Features: built environments, creating a sense of
harmony between indoor and outdoor
●​ 1.Wooden Structures: Most spaces. This is achieved through the
traditional buildings are made of use of natural materials, open spaces,
wood, with natural materials like and sliding doors and screens.
bamboo, paper (shoji screens),
and straw (tatami mats).

What makes Japanese architecture ➢​ Styles:

homes different is how its dominated by
wood. Due to the humidity, the risk of ●​ 1. Minka: Traditional rural
earthquakes, and the possibility of houses, designed for farmers or
typhoons merchants, with steep thatched
roofs.
●​ 2.Open Interiors: Interiors often
feature open floor plans with Traditional Japanese houses that are
flexible spaces using sliding built with local materials and adapted to
doors (fusuma) and screens. the local climate and geography. The
word minka literally translates to
●​ 3.Raised Floors: Elevated floors "people's house".
protect structures from
moisture and floods. Materials: Minka are made from local
materials such as wood, bamboo,
Refer to a traditional design feature straw, and earth.
where the living area of a house is built
slightly above ground level, allowing for Features:
better air circulation and preventing
dampness, often seen in conjunction ●​ Thatched roofs
with a dedicated entryway (genkan) ●​ Wooden structures that are
where shoes are removed before assembled without nails.
stepping up onto the raised floor, this ●​ Open-air spaces: Minka have
design is particularly useful in Japan's open-air spaces called doma that
humid climate and can also provide were used for work.
stability during earthquakes ●​ Engawa: an overhanging wood f
bor that acts as a buffer space
●​ 4.Overhanging Eaves: Roofs between the inside and outside.
with wide, sloping eaves help ●​ Kura: a separate structure that is
with weather protection. used as a storeroom or vault

Overhanging eaves, or nokishita, are a

traditional feature of Japanese

●​
 Examples:
●​ 2. Shinden-zukuri: Aristocratic
mansions from the Heian 1. Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion): A Zen
period, characterized by a Buddhist temple in Kyoto covered in
central hall surrounded by open gold leaf, set amidst a serene pond and
verandas. garden.

Characterized by a central main building 2. Himeji Castle: A 17th-century feudal

called a "shinden" with surrounding castle known for its white exterior and
subsidiary structures connected by complex defensive design.
corridors, all arranged symmetrically on
a plot of land, with the main building
typically facing south towards an open
courtyard; essentially, it describes the Modern Japanese Architecture
design of a noble estate with a central
"sleeping hall" as the focal point. Key Characteristics:

●​ 3. Shoin-zukuri: Evolved during 1. Minimalism: Clean lines, uncluttered

the Muromachi period, focusing spaces, and a focus on functionality.
on study rooms, tatami flooring,
and alcoves (tokonoma) for art 2. Innovative Use of Space: Solutions
displays. for small or irregular plots in concrete.

Refers to a style of Japanese 4. Sustainability: Emphasis on

architecture characterized by a specific eco-friendly designs, energy efficiency,
type of room called a shoin," which is and green roofs.
essentially a study or reception area,
and is known for its modest scale,
asymmetry, and the use of sliding Features Modern Japanese
screens, often featuring intricate Architecture
wooden latticework, making it a key
element in traditional Japanese homes; ➤ Space
the name literally translates to "study Modem Japanese homes are often at
room architecture.". least two stories tall, with space
extending upwards instead of outwards.
●​ 4. Sukiya-zukuri: A tea house
style emphasizing simplicity, ➤ Sliding doors
natural materials, and asymmetry. Sliding glass doors, or fusama, are a
common feature in modern Japanese
A traditional Japanese architectural style homes.
that emphasizes simplicity and harmony
with nature, typically characterized by ➤ Tatami mats
small, modest spaces built with natural Modular tatami floor mats are a
materials like wood, often associated traditional Japanese architectural
with tea houses and featuring elements element that's incorporated into modern
like sliding doors. and tatami mats, ref Japanese homes.
lecting the aesthetics of the Japanese
tea ceremony;

➤ Balconies
RAYMOND POGI Many modern Japanese homes have
balconies on the second floor for drying
Clothes.

●​
➤ Central entrance

Many modern Japanese homes have a

central entrance that leads to a living
room, dining room, and kitchen on one
side and a master bedroom on the
other.

Notable examples

➤ Tokyo Skytree: This 634-meter-tall

tower is shaped like a pagoda and a
samurai sword.

➤ 21st Century Museum of

Contemporary Art, Kanazawa: This
circular building is made of smooth
glass and sits atop a grass field.

➤ Benesse House museums: These

museums on Naoshima Island were
designed by Tadao Ando.

➤ Tane Garden House: This immersive

garden structure was created by
Japanese architect Tsuyoshi Tane.

Cultural Significance

Japanese architecture embodies the

principles of wabi-sabi (finding beauty
in imperfection) and ma (appreciation of
space). These values influence not only
the physical structures but also how
people interact with the spaces.

YUNOH TAPOS NA, LARO MUNA

●​
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE ●​ Courtyards
Individual buildings are grouped to form
Chinese architecture reflects the courtyards, which are then combined to
country's cultural values and aesthetic create complex building ensembles
ideals, which are deeply rooted in its
history. These values include harmony ●​ Three-gateway entrances
with nature, bilateral symmetry, and The central gateway is for important
Feng Shui. people, while the smaller gateways on
either side are for less important people
Use of enclosed open spaces, a
horizontal emphasis, and an allusion
to various cosmological, mythological
or in general symbolic elements ➢​ Examples of Chinese
hierarchical palace layouts

●​ The Forbidden City

➢​ Features of Chinese Located in Beijing, this palace
architecture: compound is a model of ancient
Chinese palace construction. It features
●​ Courtyards Siheyuan were a key a central axis, symmetrical design, and
part of official and clan walled enclosures.
compounds.
●​ Hierarchical layouts: ●​ Qianqinggong
Hierarchical layouts were used in The Palace of Heavenly Purity, which
palaces to reflect the emperor's was the emperor's living quarters and
power and authority. office

●​ Kunninggong
The Palace of Female Tranquility,
➢​ Chinese hierarchical palace which was the empress's apartments
layouts

●​ Central axis
The main buildings and subsidiary ➢​ Features of Chinese
buildings are arranged along east-west architecture:
lines, with the central axis running
north-south ●​ Wooden construction: Wood
was often used in Chinese
●​ Symmetrical design architecture, but it is a relatively
The layout of the outer court is perishable material.
symmetrical, with the inner court at the ●​ Wood was chosen for its
rear flexibility, light weight, and
abundance in the region's thick
●​ Zoomorphic ornaments forests.
The number and size of the animals on
the roofs of buildings indicate the Why was wood used?
status of the owner
➤ Flexibility: to create spacious
●​ Walled enclosures interiors.
The buildings are enclosed by walls and ➤ Earthquake resistance
corridors to create a closed structure ➤ Cost

●​
How was wood used?

➤ Wooden posts and beams ●​ Curved roofs

➤ Dougong structure: The dougong
structure is a system of wooden ●​ Temple roofs:
brackets that transfer the weight of the Curved roofs were used on temples to
roof to the columns. ward off evil spirits.
➤ Clay foundation: Buildings were
often built on a clay foundation. ●​ Eave tiles:
➤ Glazed tiles: The roofs were covered Curved tiles were used at the eaves of
with glazed tiles, often in a traditional roofs to help water drain.
Chinese yellow color

➢​ Features of Chinese ➢​ Features of Chinese

architecture architecture

Rooflines: Rooflines are an essential ●​ Gardens:

component of China's architectural Chinese gardens were meticulously
legacy. designed and were an important part of
clan and official compounds.
Chinese architecture uses a variety of
rooflines, Including hip roofs, gable A traditional Chinese garden utilizes
roofs, and curved roofs.The rooflines elements like water and rock to reflect
are often used in combination with other the natural landscape, along with plants
features, such as eaves, rafters, and and other structures. Gardens were
tiles used for both recreation and
contemplation.
Roofs in Chinese architecture are
important because they protect buildings ●​ Intricate carvings:
from the elements and can have deeper Palaces were designed with intricate
meanings. carvings.

●​ Hip roofs Intricate carvings in Chinese art include

wood carvings, hardstone carvings,
Five-ridged hip roof: Also known as and stone carvings.
the wŭdiàn dĩng or fudian roof, this
roof has five ridges. ●​ Majestic halls:
Palaces were designed with majestic
Nine-ridged xieshan roof: Also known halls.
as the xiēshān dĩng, this roof has nine
ridges. Majestic halls in Chinese architecture
are large halls in palaces that are used
●​ Gable roofs for ceremonies and official business.
The Forbidden City in Beijing, China
Overhanging gable roof: A variation on is an example of a Chinese palace with
the traditional gable roof. majestic halls.

Double-eaved gable roof: A variation ●​ Expansive courtyards:

on the traditional gable roof. Palaces were designed with expansive
courtyards.
●​ Gable-hip roof:
A combination of a gable roof and a hip HABA JUSQQ
roof.

●​
 ➢​ Influences on Chinese Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
architecture ●​ Flourishing of Buddhist
architecture; large temples and
●​ Confucianism, Taoism, and pagodas.
Buddhism influenced ancient ●​ Use of dougong (interlocking
Chinese architecture. wooden brackets).
●​ Influence of Silk Road cultures on
Philosophical beliefs: Philosophical design and ornamentation.
beliefs influenced ancient Chinese
architecture. The influence of Silk Road trade on
architecture is evident in the
Taoist philosophy influenced the use monumental structures found along the
of feng shui, which is still used today. route, which showcase a unique blend
of Eastern and Western architectural
Confucianism: Influenced ancient styles.
Chinese architecture to reflect the
principle of "unity between man and A dougong is a system of wooden
nature brackets used in Chinese architecture to
support overhanging roofs. The word
Yin and Yang: A concept that dougong translates to "cap (and)
emphasizes balance and harmony block"
with nature
Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
●​ Codification of architectural styles
in manuals like Yingzao Fashi.
➢​ Historical Development The Yingzao Fashi is a technical
treatise on architecture and
Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE) craftsmanship written by the
●​ Introduction of palatial structures ancient Chinese author Li Jie (李
and city planning. 誠:1065-1110)
●​ Wooden frameworks became ●​ Development of elegant bridges
prominent. and smaller, refined structures
●​ Confucian ideals influenced
symmetry and hierarchy Ming (1368-1644 CE) and Qing
(1644-1912 CE) Dynasties
Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) ●​ Expansion of palaces and
●​ Widespread use of tile roofing imperial architecture (e.g.,
and decorative elements like Forbidden City).
dragons. ●​ Use of vibrant colors, intricate
●​ Expansion of city planning, with carvings, and glazed tiles.
emphasis on walled cities. ●​ Preservation of traditional styles
●​ Early examples of pagodas for while incorporating influences
Buddhist worship. from the West.

A pagoda is a tiered tower with multiple

eaves common to Thailand, Cambodia, ➢​ Principles of Chinese
Nepal, China, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Architecture
Vietnam, and other parts of Asia.
Key Philosophical Influences
1. Confucianism: Emphasizes order,
hierarchy, and symmetry in structures.

●​
 ●​ The Confucian Temple in Qufu, shelter from the weather but also
●​ The Temple of Heaven, and the prosperity and good fortune.
Forbidden City.
Curved Roofs and the Upturned
2. Daoism: Harmonizes architecture Eaves at the Temple of Confucius,
with nature, emphasizing balance and Qufu
tranquility. Daoism is a Chinese
philosophy and religion that emphasizes The temple honours Confucius by
living in harmony with the universe. It's displaying these distinctive architectural
also known as Taoism. elements, emphasizing the highest
respect and admiration for his
3. Buddhism: Inspired the creation of teachings. These rooflines are an
pagodas, temples, and monasteries essential component of China's
architectural legacy since they not only
serve to preserve the holy space within
but also serve to represent the yearning
➢​ Characteristics of Chinese for wealth and the flourishing of wisdom.
architecture
3. Feng Shui Principles
1. Balance and Harmony ➤ Feng Shui principles, which are
➤ The main characteristic of traditional fundamental to Chinese architecture
Chinese architecture is a strong serve as a design inspiration.
emphasis on balance and harmony. ➤ They are seen as necessary for
➤ This idea is inspired by nature and establishing peaceful environments that
seeks to mimic the balance found in promote a good energy flow.
nature within the built environment. ➤ In actuality, this frequently entails
➤ It is accomplished by skillfully placing structures in relation to
blending structures into their surrounding natural features, such as
surroundings and by using natural mountains and rivers, in order to
elements like wood, stone, and clay. capitalise on their beauty and maintain
harmony.
The layout of this palace complex is
carefully planned, with symmetrical Feng Shui Principles at the Summer
structure and careful alignment with Palace, Beijing
Feng Shui principles. Its ageless
beauty is enhanced by the use of Its setting, orientation, and use of
naturally occurring materials like wood, elements from nature have all been
stone, and clay, which also highlight the thoughtfully designed to promote
idea of harmony with nature. This harmony and improve the flow of good
building is a stunning example of energy. The palace's placement in
Chinese architectural genius. relation to Kunming Lake and the
nearby hills illustrates not just an
2. Curved Roofs and Upturned Eaves appreciation of nature but also the
➤ The prominence of curving roofs and significant effect of Feng Shui on ancient
upturned eaves, is a distinguishing Chinese architectural designers by
feature of Chinese architecture, is both fostering a serene and uplifting setting.
distinctive and profoundly symbolic.
➤ These rooflines, which resemble the 4. Wooden Joinery
soaring wings of a bird in flight, have ➤ Known for their complexity and
more than just aesthetic value. tenacity, hardwood joinery methods are
➤ They emphasize the spiritual link an integral component of Chinese
between building and the well-being of architectural workmanship.
its occupants by symbolising not just ➤ These methods allow buildings to be
built without the use of nails or glue,

●​
depending only on the accuracy of convey significant cultural and religious
interlocking wooden components. purpose.
➤ Along with ensuring the structures'
sturdiness, this precise work also Decorative Elements of the Mogao
exemplifies the skill of traditional Caves, Dunhuang
Chinese carpentry.
These caves have a large collection of
Wood Joinery Detailing at the Buddhist sculptures, frescoes, and
Yingxian Wooden Pagoda, Shanxi paintings that reflect the creativity and
commitment of Chinese artisans. Each
Dating back over a millennium, it is a artwork within these caves tells a tale
testament to the enduring strength and with significant religious and cultural
ingenuity of this construction method. connotations, and collectively they
The complex wooden joints that hold the demonstrate the profound impact of
pagoda's high structure together decorative elements in transmitting the
demonstrate the precision and skill of spiritual core of Chinese architecture.
Chinese artisans of the period.
7. Integration of Gardens
5. Courtyards ➤ A frequent characteristic of Chinese
➤ Courtyards act as peaceful escapes architecture is the seamless integration
amidst busy surroundings. of gardens and natural elements.
➤ These open areas, which frequently ➤ These intricately planned gardens,
include meticulously designed gardens, which include water features, carefully
ponds, and artistic features, offer a placed rocks, and an abundance of
sense of isolation and peace. cultivated plants, are evidence of
➤ Courtyards are fundamentally a thorough planning.
balance between habitation and the ➤ This integration improves the overall
natural environment. appearance and ambience of the area.

Courtyards of the Hutongs of Beijing The Suzhou Classical Gardens

These old residential neighbourhoods These gardens are carefully designed

are known by their courtyard homes, havens that blend with the architectural
which give an escape from the city's elements, resulting in quiet and
hustle and bustle. These tranquil interior meditative areas. The presence of the
courtyards encourage a sense of flowing water, elegantly placed rocks,
seclusion and connection while and lush vegetation inside these
highlighting the incorporation of gardens shows the profound connection
vegetation and traditional decorating between nature and architecture in
features. They serve as a live example Chinese design, resulting in serene and
of the importance that courtyards have visually appealing landscapes.
always been to maintaining tranquilly in
cities.

6. Decorative Elements ➢​ Architectural Styles

➤ Decorative Elements: Chinese
architecture is famous for its lavish Religious Architecture
decorations, which include complex ●​ Buddhist: Pagodas, stupas, and
carvings, bright painted murals, and large temple complexes.
motifs such as as dragons, phoenixes, ●​ Daoist: Temples integrated with
and lotus flowers. natural landscapes.
➤ These adornments not only add to ●​ Confucian: Ancestral halls and
the aesthetics, but they also frequently academies.

●​
 MALAPIT NA!! ➢​ Influences and Legacy

➢​ Architectural Styles Global Influences

➤ Spread of Chinese architectural
●​ Residential Architecture styles to Korea, Japan, and Southeast
Asia.
Siheyuan in the north; ➤ Interaction with Western styles during
Tulou (earth buildings) in the south. the late Qing dynasty.

Siheyuan Modern Chinese Architecture

Description: A courtyard house with ➤ Integration of traditional forms with
four buildings arranged in a square contemporary materials and techniques.
Location: Common in northern China, ➤ Preservation of heritage structures
especially Beijing Features: Enclosed, alongside urban development.
inward-facing, and shaded by
overhanging roofs
Purpose: Designed to protect from
harsh weather and to reflect Confucian Key Examples of Chinese
values Architecture
Layout: The main house, two wing
houses, and the opposite house 1. Great Wall of China: Iconic
History: Has been the template for most defensive structure spanning multiple
Chinese architecture Tulou dynasties.
Description: A circular, fortified
structure divided into many rings or 2. Forbidden City (Beijing): Symbol of
layers imperial power.
Location: Primarily found in Fujian
Province, China 3. Temple of Heaven: A religious site
Features: Built with defensive features showcasing symmetry and cosmic
and communal living spaces alignment.
Purpose: Built by the Hakka people to
escape frequent wars 4. Lingyin Temple (Hangzhou):
Material: Built largely out of brick and Example of Buddhist temple
earth architecture.

Siheyuan and Tulou are both traditional 5. Tulou (Fujian Province): Unique
Chinese residential buildings. Siheyuan communal housing for Hakka
are courtyard houses common in communities.
northern China, while Tulou are
communal residences in Fujian and
Guangdong.
Conclusion
●​ Military Architecture
●​ Fortifications like the Great Wall Chinese architecture embodies
of China. harmony, hierarchy, and deep
●​ Watchtowers and city walls for philosophical meaning. It bridges
defense. tradition and modernity, remaining a
profound cultural treasure.
The design of structures and spaces to
meet military defense needs. It focuses YARI NA FINALLY
on functionality, safety, and security,
rather than aesthetics

●​
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