Physical and Combustion Characteristics of Briquettes Made from Cacao (Theobroma

cacao) Bean Husks and Pili (Canarium ovatum) Shells

Jhoellie Rose D. Brizo and Angel Ann T. Toledana

Catanduanes National High School, Catanduanes, Region V

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Abstract

With the irreversible degradation in our environment linked to the excessive use of non-renewable

energy, the need to implement alternative energy technologies is highly motivated, and biomass

briquettes meet these sustainability standards. This study aimed to create biomass briquettes made

of cacao bean husks, carbonized pili shells, and cacao bean husks-carbonized pili shells with a

biomass mixing ratio of 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 where its physical, combustion characteristics,

and carbon dioxide emissions were investigated. An experimental research design was

incorporated as the study involves manipulating the variables: the ratio of components and size.

The mass, volume, compressed density, relaxed density, relaxation ratio, ignition time, burning

time, burning rate, specific fuel consumption, smoke production, and carbon dioxide emissions

were all tested to determine the physical and combustion characteristics of the briquettes. The

study also covered the greatest temperature achieved in the water boiling test. The Briquette set-

up that exhibits positive results on all the parameters tested was set-up 3-B, a small sized

carbonized pili shell briquette. On the other hand, the set-up that has the least satisfactory outcome

on all the parameters tested is Briquette 2-A and 2-E, a medium-sized cacao bean husk sample and

one with a mixing ratio of 75:25.

Keywords: Briquettes, Cacao Bean Hus, Pili Shells, Binder, Mixing Ratio
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Table of Contents

Title Page................................................................................................................................... 1

Abstract… .................................................................................................................................2

Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... 3

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ 4

List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................5

Introduction ..............................................................................................................................6

Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................22

Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................ 32

Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 48

References ............................................................................................................................... 50

Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 52

Curriculum Vitae ................................................................................................................... 67

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List of Tables

Page 33 Table 1: Initial mass of briquettes after compression and after sun-drying

Page 35 Table 2: Initial volume of the briquettes after compression and after sun-drying

Page 37 Table 3: Compressed density, relaxed density, and relaxation ratio of briquettes

Page 39 Table 4: Specific fuel consumption of the briquettes

Page 41 Table 5: Ignition time, burning time, and burning rate

Page 43 Table 6: Smoke production of briquettes

Page 44 Table 7: Limewater testing of briquettes

Page 45 Table 8: Highest temperature reached during water boiling test

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List of Figures

Page 24 Figure 1: The process of sun-drying the materials

Page 25 Figure 2: The process of carbonization and pulverization of pili shells

Page 26 Figure 3: The process of developing the improvised briquette molder

Page 26 Figure 4: The process of developing the improvised briquette ejector

Page 27 Figure 5: Visual presentation of improvised briquette molder and ejector

Page 27 Figure 6: The process of preparing the binder

Page 28 Figure 7: The process of producing briquettes

Page 30 Figure 8: The process of testing the briquettes’ physical and combustion

characteristics, and carbon dioxide emission

Page 32 Figure 9: Determining the carbon dioxide emission of briquette through

limewater testing

Page 46 Figure 10: The results of the rank aggregation technique

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Introduction

Fossil fuels, which serve as the primary energy source for 80% of the world's energy,

generate massive amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas when burned (Kpalo et al., 2020).

These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, thus contributing to global warming (Client Earth, 2022).

Oil, used to propel vehicles and generate electricity, is expected to deplete in 53 years, while coal

is expected to deplete in 70 years (Kuo, 2019). The necessity to address irreversible environmental

degradation associated with the scarcity of energy motivates the implementation of

comprehensive alternative energy technologies.

Although non-renewable sources produce a large amount of energy, they have more

drawbacks as they take millions of years to form and produce more greenhouse gases than

renewable sources (Rachelson, 2019). Renewable sources, when compared with non-renewable

sources, show better sustainability. A fuel briquette is an energy source that meets these

sustainability standards (Kpalo, 2020).

As agricultural wastes have been continuously deposited and left rotting in landfills, the

carbon emitted during decomposition contributes to greenhouse gas emissions (Benavides et al.,

2020). Using biomass wastes to form briquettes is a sustainable way to generate energy (Onukak

et al., 2017) where its conversion to briquettes does not involve huge energy losses.

Briquettes are compressed blocks of coal dust or other ignitable material, such as charcoal,

sawdust, wood chips, peat, or paper, used as fuel and to start a fire (Speight, 2020). They have the

advantage of an abundant supply of raw materials (Chen, 2015). Briquettes produce more intense

heat than other fuels and contain less ash. Traditionally, coals are used by
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many Filipino households as they are accessible. However, charcoal production emits high carbon

emissions and incomplete combustion substances that are detrimental to the environment and

contribute to global warming (Toan et al., 2023). Charcoal production is also significantly

contributing to the degradation of forest areas, especially with the given escalating demand of

wood charcoal due to the dramatically rising prices of liquified petroleum gas (LPG). This urged

the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to impose stricter regulations on the

production and trade of charcoal (Marcello, 2022). Compared to charcoal, briquettes burn more

efficiently and cleanly, limiting the production of extra greenhouse gases that contribute to climate

change (Dobson et al., 2015).

Cacao, also known as Theobroma cacao, is a tropical cash crop usually known for its rich

antioxidant content. Numerous residues are created during the post-harvest processing of the cacao

fruit into chocolates, which are typically thrown away as waste (Kilama et al., 2019).

Among these wastes, the cacao bean husks are left unattended, as the cacao beans are the only

cacao fruit product to be commercialized. According to a study by Pirade et al. (2022) on the use

of cacao pod husk as a source of energy, cacao husk waste is suitable for industrial usage due to

their high level of efficiency, economic value, and effectiveness. The calorific value of the

briquette made from cacao pod husk, which refers to the energy contained by fuel or wood, is

276.45 kh/hour, or 4,146,355.17 kJ/hour, and the amount of ash produced during combustion—a

non-combustible material that reduces calorific value and obstructs air and heat flow—is below

the required level, demonstrating the briquette's high quality.

The High-Value Crops Development Program (HVCDP) holds workshops and distributes

cacao planting supplies to increase cacao production throughout the Bicol Region. 3,319 hectares

of land were planted with 1,659,560 cocoa seedlings that were delivered to farmers in Bicol by

the Department of Agriculture Bicol. Previously, 6,500 old cacao plants were fertilized and

restored at three demo sites for cacao rehabilitation using fertilization.

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These sites also hosted batches of hands-on training (GAP) sessions on sustainable cacao

cultivation (Sembrano, 2021). Recently, the DTI Catanduanes Provincial Office convened a

meeting last February 2023 to establish and elect the Provincial Cacao Industry Council in

Catanduanes.

Canarium ovatum, locally known as Pili is a tropical tree that is native to the Philippines,

specifically in the Bicol Region, and is cultivated for its edible seeds known as pili nuts. The pili

nutshell that makes up 25% of the fruit’s weight is usually a waste material in Pili food processing

that can be turned into charcoal and is typically used as a fuel (Gallegos, 2013). The fixed carbon

content of charred Pili nutshell was determined to be high (86.81%) making it an ideal carbon

precursor to produce activated carbon (Yao, 2012). A fuel with higher fixed carbon content also

has a greater calorific value which evaluates a coal capacity for heating and is needed to calculate

how much coal is required to generate a given amount of heat (Kentucky Geological Survey, n.d),

thus the better the quality of the coal.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (2021), the Bicol Region is the biggest

producer of pili in the county, accounting for almost 90%, or 1,796.38 hectares of the pili

production area and 84 % or 4,932.60 metric tons, of the entire volume of production. Through

Science and Technology Interventions, the Pili Research and Development Center under the Niche

Centers in the Regions R&D of the Department of Science and Technology continues to improve

pili production in different provinces of the Bicol Region. In 2021, Farmers from Catanduanes,

Albay, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, and Masbate were trained by Bicol University College of

Agriculture and Forestry for the Pili Plant Propagation by Pili R&D Center. The tremendous

benefits of pili in different fields are being explored and developed by government agencies, civil

society organizations, universities, and stakeholders (Matic PH, n.d.).

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Utilizing cacao and pili production will empower existing local growers to be responsive

to the growing demand for cacao and pili while helping raise livelihood opportunities and promote

the use of both products in the province of Catanduanes.

For a briquette to be of good quality, it must have a high density, just enough moisture

content, resistance to humidity, low carbon emission, and a long time to burn into ashes.

Briquettes with high density tend to have longer burning times and release more heat (Huang,

2014).

Density is an essential parameter that defines the briquetting process. Higher density

compaction results in higher energy and volume ratios (Davies and Davies, 2013). The density of

briquettes determines their quality since it is necessary for transportation, combustion speed,

briquette stability, and other briquette-related functions. Briquettes must also be cohesive to avoid

breaking, developing cracks, and separating into tiny pieces, all of which are unacceptable

(Lisowski et al. 2010). The briquette’s ignition and burning time also affected its density.

The burning time of briquettes increased with an increase in density and briquettes with lower

density tended to have quicker ignition but had a shorter burning time. Higher-density briquettes

release more heat and post reverse results (Aguko et al., 2018). Pili has high-density shells suitable

for compaction processing and briquette production (DOST FPRDI, 2022).

The biomass mixing ratio also greatly affects the stability and the calorific or the heating

value of a briquette (Arellano et al. 2015). Ajimotokan et. al (2019) also highlighted that all the

properties investigated on the combustion characteristics of fuel briquette were significantly

impacted by the different bio-residue mixing ratios.

Ajimotokan et al. (2019) examined the result of using Kut (Terminalia ivorensis) charcoal

particles, pinewood (Pinus caribaea) sawdust and agglomerates using gelatinized cassava peels
 10
with the mixing ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 with a 5 % incorporated binder to

the briquette’s overall weight. The outcome showed that the variationsexamined were

significantly impacted by changes in the bio-residue mixing ratios. The briquette with the highest

heating value (24.9 MJ/kg) and ash content (6.0%) was formed from only pure charcoal particles.

In comparison to raw charcoal, pine dust, and cassava peel, the manufactured fuel briquettes have

improved combustion qualities, based on the results of the testing procedures. The result of the

research study shows that each of the bio-residues and the variations of the mixing ratios used

greatly influence the briquette's overall quality.

In the study conducted by Carnajae et al. (2018), a coal briquette with a 30%–70% ratio

exhibits a desirable calorific value with the highest high heating value of 16.6 MJ/kg, an ignition

time of 133 seconds, and a maximum tolerable load of 19.1 kg/cm2, which shows that it has great

resistance to breaking. The optimal biomass-to-coal blending ratio in terms of energy output and

pollutant emissions is also 1:3, based on the preliminary research of Saptoadi (2008).

In the production of briquettes from paper pulp and Mesua ferrea mixture of Kpalo (2018),

the 50:50 briquettes had the highest calorific value in comparison to all other factors, ranging

between 18.84 and 18.88 MJ/kg, indicating a high energy source.

By combining 3:1 parts of the paper to biomass briquettes, one can get a more efficient

thermal output with a greater surface area, which enables bio briquettes to compete with

conventional fuel sources that may have higher calorific contents in terms of energy production

(McDougal et al., 2010). The results of the research studies indicate that using 1:3, 2:2, and 3:1

biomass mixing ratios will display great results on the briquette’s heating value and combustion

characteristics.

On the other hand, Waweru and Chirchir (2016) examined the impact of briquette sizes and

moisture content on the combustion properties of composite briquettes made of rice husk and
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bagasse. The components were grounded, sieved, and then combined with charcoal dust at various

mixture ratios after being carbonized in a muffle furnace. The mixtures were then bonded with

several types of binder in varying amounts before being compressed into different sizes,

particularly 20 mm, 40 mm, and 60 mm using a hydraulic press. The correlation between density,

ignition, and burning times increased with moisture content at all sizes. The calorific value, on

the other hand, was unaffected by the briquette size. Furthermore, it was concluded that briquette's

combustion properties improved upon mixing carbonized agricultural residues with charcoal dust.

With regards to briquette size, Saptoadi (2008) highlighted that small briquettes burn more

quickly and have better combustion characteristics because of their bigger surface area that is

accessible for the reaction, which allows for more oxygen to bind with carbon that speeds up the

burning process. However, as briquette sizes increase, the activation energy for combustion grows

as well, resulting in a longer ignition time (Waweru and Chirchir, 2016). Although the larger

briquette has a slower ignition time, it burns longer and more slowly than the smaller briquettes

(Living Fires, 2020). Nevertheless, as long as briquettes have higher density, they tend to have

longer burning time and release more heat (Aguko et al., 2018). Larger briquette sizes are also

harder to compact and have a more difficult carbon conversion rate. The smaller briquettes, on the

other hand, have an easier pressing process which helps to increase the forming pressure and the

strength of the briquettes (Damas Machienery Co., 2018).

Binder plays a key role in the process of briquette production and affects the quality and

performance of the briquette. A binder must be economically feasible and not interfere with the

briquette's ability to release heat or burn (Zhang et al., 2018). With binders, there is enhanced

binding between particles, resulting in a stronger briquette (Srinivasan et al., 2022). Binders also
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increases the overall calorific value of the briquettes, which is the ability of coal to have an

increased burning rate. Biomass with high lignin content only requires a small amount of binder

as its lignin content, which is released when high loads are applied to the biomass, acts as the

material's binding agent (Kaliyan and Morey, 2009). Cacao bean husk contain 30.7% of lignin

(Reis et al., 2018) while lignin content for nutshell is generally reported for being high,

varying from 20% up to 57% (De Pra Andrade et.al, 2021) which is significant in briquette making

as it serves as an adhesive, making it one of the best raw materials for creating biomass briquettes

(Magalhães et al., 2021).

The type of binder is also another factor to be considered. Cornstarch is widely used as a

binder in briquetting due to its high adhesive power, accessibility, and power generation to

produce briquettes with high strength (Zanella et al., 2016). Research by Han et al. (2014) states

that when water is added, the corn starch granules expand and the viscosity increases giving the

briquettes high strength at room temperature. Briquettes with cornstarch binder also

showed higher bulk density value and compressive strength compared to tapioca starch with the

same binder percentage (Adam et al., 2021) and increased calorific value in comparison to other

tested binders in a study conducted by Altun et al. (2001).

Aside from the type of binder used, binder concentration was also seen to influence a

briquette’s performance. The higher the binder concentration and compacting pressure, the better

the briquettes which results in higher quality briquettes for both storage and transportation.

Aransiola et al. (2019) tested and compared briquette binders with three different concentrations

of 10%, 20%, and 30% on the physical properties of carbonized corncob briquette. The results

show that 30% binder concentration exhibits positive results on all physical parameters, namely

compressed density, relaxed density, compaction ratio, relaxation ratio, and compressive strength,
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followed by 20% then 10%. However, the 30% binder concentration also had the highest moisture

content of 6.58%, while the 10% concentration had the lowest content of 5.29%.

Research by Ige et al. (2020) on the effect of binder ratio on the physical and combustion

characteristics of carbonized rice stalk briquettes shows that rice stalk briquettes produced with

high concentration of the binder had a better performance based on their combustion profile. The

30% concentration showed great results on all parameters examined like the ash, moisture,

volatile, and fixed carbon content, density, compressional strength, ignition propagation, calorific

value, and combustibility test, except for the after-glow test where the time of 341 s, 323 s, 244 s,

200 s, and 144 s was recorded for the briquettes produced with 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%

concentration of binder respectively. The briquettes with long afterglow time will ignite more

easily and burn with intensity for a long time.

In the study conducted by Gbabo et al. (2019), five different binder concentrations of 10,

20, 30, 40, and 50% were prepared and mixed uniformly with the briquette sample, and the

combustible properties were investigated. The results show that 30% concentration has better heat

energy releasing ability when combusted as the heating value 33.37±0.01 MJ/kg of sawdust

briquettes with 30% concentration is the highest while the lowest value of 27.02±0.00 MJ/kg is

obtained for having 50% starch concentration. The result from different studies suggests that using

30% binder concentration in briquette production will exhibit great quality briquette with positive

results on the physical and combustion properties.

Dalimunthe et al. (2021), Davis and Davis (2013), and Arachige (2021) examined the

physical and combustion properties of briquettes made from different biomass materials

incorporated with binder.

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Dalimunthe et al. (2021) studied the briquette production where coconut and peanut shells

were combined. Both materials were cut into smaller pieces and dried. Afterward, it was

carbonized, grounded, and sifted to obtain the coconut and peanut shell powder. Then, gel-shaped

starch adhesive was mixed with coconut shell charcoal and peanut shell charcoal. As stated in the

results, 30% more biomass resulted in a shorter ignition time and a 68.68% reduction in bottom

ash or unburned briquettes.

In the study conducted by Davies and Davies (2013), the physical and combustion

properties of the briquettes made from water hyacinths with phytoplankton as a binder were

evaluated. The water hyacinths were manually harvested and sun-dried. Afterward, it was milled

into different particle sizes and fed into a cylindrical die of dimension. Furthermore, the impact

of binder proportions on the durability of the briquettes was studied. The results displayed a

substantial difference between compressed and relaxed densities of water hyacinth briquettes at

various binder percent. The durability of the briquettes also improved with increased binder

proportion.

Arachige (2021) designed fuel briquettes from agricultural wastes such as coconut fronds

and fiber, cassava and corn stalks, rice straw, palm oil fronds, sugar cane leaves, and industrial

waste like water treatment sludge, cotton flocks, sewage, sawdust, and paper waste. Other

materials from industrial and agricultural residues were added. Binders were used in this study.

Amongst other factors mentioned, shape is also an important parameter to be considered in

briquette processing and production. Shape significantly affects the combustion properties and

performance characteristics of biomass briquettes (Aguko et al., 2018). In the study conducted by

Kongo (2019), cylindrical briquettes had a less ignition time, a higher burning rate, and took less
 15

time to boil a half liter of water compared to rectangular briquettes. The results also show that

cylindrical briquettes had lower specific fuel consumption than rectangular briquettes. Sari et al.

(2020) on the Design of Biomass Briquette Stoves: Performance Based on a mix of Durian Bark,

Coconut Shell, and Palm Shells as Materials of Bio Briquette also recommended the use of

cylindrical bio briquette among other shapes as the flame on the briquette lasts longer compared

to others. On the other hand, a research survey conducted by Kiobia et.al (2022) shows that based

on the Likert scale of "Agree"; cylindrical shapes were among the leading shapes in briquette

production with 46.1% votes. The results were based on the interest of the respondents and the

shape was chosen because of the resemblance to charcoal and firewood. They may also release

energy more quickly, are consistent in size, and have an excellent combustion frame over their

surface area.

The review of related literature and studies generally focuses on the several factors that

influence the physical and combustion characteristics of briquettes. These factors include burning

time, carbon emission, moisture content, and resistance to dampness. High-density briquettes burn

more slowly and produce more heat. Density also impacts the transportation of briquettes, burning

time, stability, and other tasks. The cohesiveness of briquettes is crucial in preventing cracks and

breaking. The stability and calorific value of briquettes are significantly influenced by the biomass

mixture ratio and the chosen binder. Different mixture ratios and binders produce varied heating

values and combustion properties. Briquette size affects compacting difficulties, burning time,

and ignition time. Larger briquettes burn more slowly whereas smaller ones burn more quickly

and with greater combustion properties. The selection and concentration of binders, which

determine binding strength, calorific value, and physical qualities, are critical factors in the

manufacturing of briquettes. Due to its strength as an

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adhesive, corn starch is frequently utilized, and higher binder concentrations typically result

in superior briquette quality. Briquette shapes significantly influence the characteristics and

performance of combustion, with cylindrical shapes frequently selected for their quicker

ignition and faster burning rates.

This study's major goal is to create biomass briquettes that are cacao bean husk-

based, carbonized pili shell-based, and cacao bean husk-carbonized pili shell-based.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How efficient are CBH briquettes, CPH briquettes, and CBH-CPS briquettes in terms of

its:

a. Physical Characteristics (Mass, Volume, Compressed Density, Relaxed

Density, Relaxation Ratio)

b. Combustion Characteristics (Specific Fuel Consumption, Ignition Time,

Burning Time, Burning Rate, Smoke Production)

c. Carbon Dioxide Emissions

2. In which set-up will the water reach its highest temperature at a staple 100g mixing ratio

during the water boiling test?

3. What is the effect of ratio of materials to the overall quality of the briquette?

4. Which among the briquettes made (CBH briquettes, CPS briquettes, CBH-PS 25:75,

CBH-PS 50:50, CBH-PS 75:25 briquettes) posts the most positive results in terms of

physical and combustion characteristics, and carbon dioxide emission?

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This study focused on developing three types of briquettes - one made of cacao bean

husks, one with carbonized pili shells, and one using both materials with different ratios. The study

determined the briquette's physical characteristics (mass, volume, compressed density, relaxed

density, and relaxation ratio) and its combustion characteristics (specific fuel consumption,

ignition time, burning time, burning rate, and smoke production). Furthermore, this study

investigated the highest temperature that water can reach during the water boiling test, if the ratio

of the materials affects the quality of the briquette and its carbon dioxide emission. The study,

however, did not include the proximate and ultimate analysis due to the lack of laboratory facilities.

Cacao bean husks were acquired from Aroma Tablea, a chocolate-producing business in

Quezon City. Pili shells were collected from a pili seller in San Isidro, Virac, Catanduanes. The

experimentation and testing took two whole months in Tacorda’s Residence as factors like weather

and limited testing apparatus interfered with the development of the study.

The success of this research study will lead to the formulation of a biodegradable and

sustainable fuel briquette made from discarded cacao bean husks and pili shells that emit less

carbon when in use. Furthermore, the result of this research is highly beneficial and

significant, specifically for the following:

Environment. The success of this study will help minimize the disposal of biomass

wastes and propose a healthier alternative to the usage of traditional charcoal.

Cacao Product Producers. The success of this study will propose an alternative use for

the husks from the cacao beans that are usually discarded during the chocolate production

process, hence opening more livelihood opportunities for cacao product producers.

Cacao Growers. The methodology employed in this study will develop a product infused

with cacao bean husks, which will help raise livelihood opportunities and promote the use of cacao
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in the province of Catanduanes.

Pili Growers. Pili growers, particularly those in Catanduanes, will have expanded

opportunities as a result of the success of the production of briquettes infused with pili shells.

Bolo Makers. The success of this study will provide the bolo makers with an alternative

to the traditional coal they use when producing their bolo, whose use is now highly discouraged

and stricter rules are enforced upon its production and commerce.

Consumers. The attainment of this study will provide a renewable alternative to wood and

charcoal, especially for households that still practice a traditional method of cooking.

Briquette Business Owners. The methods used in this study will provide manufacturers

with a new formula for creating biomass briquettes and will promote livelihood opportunities.

Barbeque and Grilling Houses. The accomplishment of this study will propose a healthier

alternative to wood and charcoal that barbeque and grilling houses traditionally use in their

business.

Future researchers. The proposed techniques can be used as a guide or as a starting point

for a new study, as well as to evaluate the validity of other findings.

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms were either operationally or

conceptually defined:

Briquette. It is a compressed block made of biomass that serves as an alternative to fuel

(Briquette, n.d). This is the product that the researchers intended to develop in this study. There

are different briquette set-ups formulated with different sizes and ratio. These are the Cacao bean

husk Briquette, Cacao bean husk-pili Shell Briquette, and the Carbonized Pili Shell Briquette

Cacao Bean Husk Briquette. It is a briquette made mainly out of cacao bean husks.
 19

Cacao Bean Husk-Pili Shell Briquette. It is a briquette made from a mixture of cacao

bean husks and pili shell.

Carbonized Pili Shell Briquette. It is a briquette made mainly out of pili shells.

Effect. To achieve something from the impact and cause of a circumstance (Effect

definition and meaning, n.d), In this study, the effect is the outcome of the briquette produced from

different ratios of materials, binder use, and sizes.

Binder. An adhesive is used to stick materials together (Binder, n.d.). In this research, the

binder is used as an agent that binds the biomass materials together for it to be able to hold and

form shape.

CBH Briquette. It is the abbreviation of Cacao Bean Husk Briquette.

CPS Briquette. It is the abbreviation of Carbonized Pili Shell Briquette.

CBH-CPS Briquette. It is the abbreviation of Cacao Bean Husk-Carbonized Pili Shell

Briquette.

Mass. The amount of matter in an object (Mass Definition & Meaning, n.d). Within this

study, the mass refers to the quantity of how the briquette weighs after being measured on a

weighing scale.

Volume. The quantity of three-dimensional space a material takes up (Kumar & Kumar,

2023). In the context of this research, the term “volume” is the amount of briquette that occupies

a certain size.
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Compressed Density. The initial density is determined immediately after compression

(Aransiola et al., 2019). The term "compressed density" is utilized in this research as the calculated

density determined by dividing the mass and its volume right after the compaction and molding of

the briquette.

Relaxed Density. The density of the material is measured after a certain time of production

(Gilvary et al. 2019). In this study, relaxed density refers to the stable density calculated by

dividing the weight by the volume of the dried briquette after sun-drying it for three days.

Relaxation Ratio. It is the stability or how much a material expands right after

compression and after some time after relaxation (Ujjinappa and Sreepathi, 2018). The term

“Relaxation ratio” is interpreted in this research as the ratio of the compressed density to the

relaxed density; calculated to determine which briquette samples are the most stable.

Specific Fuel Consumption. The amount of briquette utilized as a fuel when a given

volume of water is heated to a certain temperature (Ukpaka et al., 2019). It is the ratio of briquette

fuel used at a boiling point to the water's volume in this study.

Ignition Time. The time it took for a material to light up (Suryaningsih et al., 2019). The

ignition time is interpreted as the recorded time that the briquette first catches fire in this research.

Burning Time. The time required for a material to burn completely (Burn Time Explained:

How They Work & How to Maximize Yours, 2023) The burning rate in this study refers to the

amount of time the briquette took for it to burn down to ash after being lit until the water boiled.

Burning Rate. The amount of fuel lost when a material, usually in wood or charcoal, is

combusted (Mohammed & Olugbalde, 2015). In this study, the burning rate is the amount of
 21

briquette used while it produces heat. This is calculated by dividing the weight of the briquette by

the time it took to burn.

Smoke Determination. It is the assessment of how a material produces smoke when

burned (Fecko et al., 2013). The smoke is determined by its physical characteristics while

combusting the briquette in this research.

Limewater Test. It is a method to determine the presence of carbon dioxide in exhaled air

(The Limewater Carbon Dioxide Test, n.d). The limewater test is utilized in this study to test the

briquette by igniting it and using calcium hydroxide diluted in water to test its carbon dioxide

content on the smoke produced.

Carbon Dioxide Emission It is the presence of carbon dioxide when fossil fuels like oil,

coal, natural gas, and garbage are burned for energy (International Energy Agency, 2015). In this

study, the Carbon Dioxide Emission is the carbon dioxide content produced by the briquette

samples when burning, which is measured using limewater testing.

Highest Temperature. The utmost level of heat recorded on a specific period or

circumstance (NOAA’s National Weather Service - Glossary, n.d.). The highest temperature within

this research refers to the maximum temperature that the water reached during the water boiling

test where a certain amount of water was brought to boil using the briquette set-ups.
 22

Methods

This study involved the utilization of cacao bean husks and carbonized pili shells as the

key ingredients in producing biomass briquettes. The investigator used an experimental research

design for this study involved manipulation or control of the independent variables – the presence

of binder, ratio of materials, and size, and measurement of the dependent variables. All the data

used was collected from the experiment. A ranking aggregation technique was used by the

researchers to determine the most efficient briquette in terms of physical and combustion

characteristics. The collected results from each parameter were ranked from best performing to

least and were once again categorized by combining different rank orderings to determine a

comprehensive rate that exhibits the overall performance of the briquette set-ups.

Sun-drying of Pili Shells and Cacao Bean Husks

Figure 1

The process of sun-drying the materials

Sun-dry the cacao Storage of the cacao

Collection of
bean husk and pili bean husk and pili
materials
shells shells

A total of 26 ¼ kilograms of pili shells were collected from San Isidro Village, Virac,

Catanduanes. The collected pili shells were sun-dried for at least 6 hours for three continuous days

to ensure that it was completely dry and that there was no moisture left. After the sun-drying

process, it was stored in a sack for later use.

10 kilograms of cacao bean husks were acquired from Aroma Tablea in Quezon City,

Manila. The 10 kilograms of cacao bean husks were separated into two batches and were sun-

dried for at least 6 hours for three continuous days to ensure that it was completely dry. After the

sun-drying process, it was stored in a sack for later use.

 23
Carbonization and Pulverization of Pili Shells

Figure 2

The process of the carbonization and pulverization of pili shells

Separate the Pulverize the

pili shells into Carbonize the pili shells in a carbonized pili
four different used oil container shells using a
batches sledgehammer

The sun-dried pili shells were separated into four batches, each containing 6.5 kilograms

of pili shells. The first batch of pili shells was poured into an old oil container where it was

carbonized for 8 hours. It was roasted for 8 hours to ensure that even the inner portion of the pili

shells had turned black and so that it would be easier to pulverize. The same process was observed

with the remaining three batches of pili shells. After carbonizing the pili shells, it was crushed

using a sledgehammer. 1.65 kilograms of crushed pili shells were collected with every batch. A

total of 6.5 kilograms of crushed pili shells were collected out of the initial 26 ¼ carbonized pili

shells.

The crushed pili shells, however, had a grain-like texture which is why the researchers

further pulverized it using a blender. The 6.5 kg of pili shells were separated into different batches,

each containing 500 g of crushed pili shells. Each batch was pulverized for 1 minute and 45

seconds with level 4 power of a blender until it reached a powder-like texture. The pulverized pili

shells were stored in an airtight container afterwards.

Pulverization of Cacao Bean Husk

Only 4 kilograms of cacao bean husk were pulverized by 250 grams using a blender with

level 4 power for 1 minute and 45 seconds. The same process was repeated until all the cacao bean

husks had been pulverized.

 24
Improvision of Cylindrical Briquette Molder and Ejector

Figure 3

The process of developing the improvised briquette molder

Cut the metal sheet Fuse both endings using a welding rod

For the large molder, both endings of a used cut metal sheet that is 0.2 cm thick, 4.3 cm

tall, and 25 cm long were sealed using a welding rod. The large cylindrical molder has a

circumference of 7.5 cm and a radius of 3. 75 cm.

For the medium molder, both endings of a used cut metal sheet that is 0.1 cm thick, 2 cm

tall, and 16.7 cm long were sealed using a welding rod. The medium cylindrical molder has a

circumference of 5 cm and a radius of 2.5 cm.

For the small molder, a polvoron molder was used that is 0.05 cm thick, 1.1 cm tall, and

15.4 cm long was used. The polvoron molder has a circumference of 4.4 cm and a radius of 2.2

cm.

Figure 4

The process of developing the improvised briquette ejector

Cut two circle
Glue a barbeque stick to
disks from the Glue both disks
serve as a handle
metal sheet

Unlike the small molder, the medium and large molder has no built-in ejector. The

researchers improvised a briquette ejector with a used cut metal sheet that is 0.5 cm thick. Each

briquette ejector was constructed corresponding to the briquette molder size.

For the large briquette ejector, the researchers cut out two circle-shaped disks from the

metal sheet that has a 7.2 cm circumference. The two circle disks were glued to each other using

shoe glue to make it sturdier as its initial thickness was too thin to be able to perform its job. A

barbeque stick, which serves as a handle, was glued to the surface of the circle disk.
 25
The same process was carried out with the development of the medium briquette ejector.

The medium briquette ejector has a circumference of 4.7 cm.

The circumference of the briquette ejector is slightly smaller than the briquette molder to

ensure that the ejector can move through the molder while still measuring similarly.

Figure 5

Visual presentation of the improvised briquette molder and ejector.

Preparation of the Binder

Figure 6

The process of preparing the binder

Add water and stir until

Pour cornstarch into smooth. Heat until it Store in a container
a bowl reaches gel-like
consistency

The binder was prepared following a 20% solution concentration. 60 grams of cornstarch

was diluted in 300 ml of tap water. After diluting, the mixture was poured into a pan that was pre-

heated for 45 seconds using medium heat. After pouring, it was stirred continuously for 1 minute

and 45 seconds. After heating, the mixture has reached a gel-like consistency suitable for briquette

binding. The process was repeated until all set-ups were provided with enough binder.
 26
Production of Briquettes

Figure 7

The process of producing briquettes

Mold the briquette

Mix all the materials
using the briquette Air-dry the briquette
in a bowl
press

The pulverized cacao bean husks that were set aside in a container were poured into a bowl.

After pouring, the cornstarch binder was added. The two materials were stirred together until the

mixture was suitable to be molded. The mixture of cacao bean husks and cornstarch was then

poured into the improvised briquette molder. It was left for a minute in the briquette molder until

it was compact enough to be holed in the middle using a tube with a circumference of 0.7 cm.

After being holed in the middle, the briquette was removed from the molder using the ejector. It

was sun-dried for three days. The same process was observed in producing the carbonized pili

shell-based briquettes and the cacao bean husk-carbonized pili shell-based briquettes. The

measurements, size, and ratio of materials to each other depended on the set-up being studied. The

tables below show the guides for the measurements of the materials.

Set-up 1-Large sized briquette materials

Materials

Set-up 1 Cacao Bean Carbonized Cornstarch Size

Husks Pili Shells Binder (Molder dimension)

1-A 100 g 0g 50 ml 7.5 cm x 4.3 cm

1-B 0g 100 g 50 ml 7.5 cm x 4.3 cm

1-C 25 g 75 g 50 ml 7.5 cm x 4.3 cm

1-D 50 g 50 g 50 ml 7.5 cm x 4.3 cm

1-E 75 g 25 g 50 ml 7.5 cm x 4.3 cm

 27

Set-up 2-Medium sized briquette materials

Materials

Set-up 2 Cacao Bean Carbonized Cornstarch Size

Husks Pili Shells Binder (Molder dimension)

2-A 100 g 0g 50 ml 5 cm x 2 cm

2-B 0g 100 g 50 ml 5 cm x 2 cm

2-C 25 g 75 g 50 ml 5 cm x 2 cm

2-D 50 g 50 g 50 ml 5 cm x 2 cm

2-E 75 g 25 g 50 ml 5 cm x 2 cm

Set-up 3-Small sized briquette materials

Materials

Set-up 3 Cacao Carbonized Cornstarch Size

Bean Husks Pili Shells Binder (Molder dimension)

3-A 100 g 0g 50 ml 4.4 cm x 1.1 cm

3-B 0g 100 g 50 ml 4.4 cm x 1.1 cm

3-C 25 g 75 g 50 ml 4.4 cm x 1.1 cm

3-D 50 g 50 g 50 ml 4.4 cm x 1.1 cm

3-E 75 g 25 g 50 ml 4.4 cm x 1.1 cm

Different studies were conducted on the effect of material ratio on the quality of briquettes.

In the study of Saptoadi (2008), the optimal biomass-to-coal blending ratio is 1:3. Kpalo's (2018)

research study demonstrated a different outcome where briquettes with a 50:50 combining ratio

had the highest calorific value in comparison to all other factors. Lastly, McDougal et al., (2010)’s
 28
study illustrated that a 3:1 combining ratio will result in greater surface area, and higher calorific

contents in terms of energy production.

The three best combining ratios: 1:3, 50:50, and 3:1 from the three studies served as the

researcher's basis for the briquette formulation ratio.

Testing the Briquettes’ Physical and Combustion Characteristics

Figure 8

The process of testing the briquettes’ physical and combustion characteristics

Test the Briquettes’ Specific Fuel

Mass, Volume, Consumption, Ignition Carbon Dioxide
Compressed Density, Time, Burning Time, Emission Determination
Relaxed Density, and Burning Rate, Smoke
Relaxation Ratio Determination

Testing the briquettes’ mass, volume, compressed density, relaxed density, and relaxation ratio

Mass. The mass of the briquette after compression and after sun drying was obtained using

a laboratory weighing scale as the drying process of briquettes is linked to shrinkage or expansion

(Stanford, 2013).

Volume. The volume of the after-compression and after-sun-drying briquettes was

calculated using the formula below:

V1-V2
Where:
V = π r2 h
V1 = The volume of the whole cylinder
V2 = The volume of the cylindrical hole in the middle

Compressed Density. The compressed density (density after compression) was

determined by dividing the average mass of the briquette by its volume.

 29
Compressed Density = mass
volume

Relaxed Density. The relaxed density (density determined when dried) was calculated as

the ratio of the briquette weight (g) to the new volume (cm 3). The formula is as follows:

Relaxed Density = weight (g) of the dried briquette

volume of the dried briquette cm3

Relaxation Ratio. The obtained values of relaxation ratio signify that briquettes of low

relaxation ratio are more compact and have higher stability that will not be prone to crumbling

and breakage than those with higher values. Relaxation ratios were calculated as the ratio of

compressed density to relaxed density according to Davies and Davies (2013) using the formula:

Relaxation Ratio = compressed density

relaxed density cm3

Specific fuel consumption, ignition time, burning time, burning rate, smoke production

Specific Fuel Consumption. By combusting the briquettes made from the 100g mixing

ratio of each set-up using a charcoal stove, a water boiling test was conducted to compare the fuel

combustibility and to determine which of the samples could boil water faster. 250 mL of water

was used for the test. The temperature was observed every minute until the water started to boil

using a glass thermometer. The specific fuel consumption is a parameter that determines the

efficiency of the briquette where its relationship to briquette efficiency is inverse (Moro, 2020).

The specific fuel consumption during the water boiling test was calculated using the equation

(Onuegbu et al., 2011):

Specific fuel consumption = mass of fuel consumed (kg)

total mass of boiling water (liter)

Ignition Time. The ignition time is the average time taken to light the briquettes. It was

recorded using a stopwatch.

Burning Time. The average time taken for the briquettes to burn into ash after ignition

until the water boiled was determined using a stopwatch.

 30

Burning Rate Determination. By recording the briquette's weight before combustion and

after the briquettes were completely burned, the burning rates were determined. The rate at which

fire consumed the briquette samples was calculated using the equation below (Onuegbu et al.,

2011).

Burning rate = mass of total fuel consumed (g)

total time taken (min)

Smoke Determination. The smoke produced by the briquette samples was determined

through visual evaluation.

Determining the carbon dioxide emission of the briquettes through limewater test

Figure 9

The process of limewater test

Ignite 1g of Pour 25 mL of Observe the

reaction in the
briquette in a beaker limewater solution

Small-sized briquettes, each weighing 10 g, were ignited in their respective glasses enough

to produce smoke. It was then covered with a lid to ensure that the smoke wouldn’t escape. 50 ml

of limewater, derived from 1g of calcium hydroxide in 650 ml of water solution (National Library

of Medicine, n.d.) was poured into the same container and stirred occasionally until the reaction

occurred. As the carbon dioxide reacted with carbon hydroxide, calcium carbonate was formed

and turned the solution cloudy. The same procedure was observed with all the set-ups at the same

time to compare the reaction.

 31
Disposal of Limewater

When disposing of the calcium hydroxide solution, it can only be washed down the drain if

there are only very small quantities, and water is added to it beforehand for it to be neutralized

(Chemical storage: Calcium Hydroxide, 2021).

Cost of Materials

Material Pieces/Packs/Kilograms Cost Per Piece/Kilogram Cost (Php)

(Php)

Cacao Bean Husk 10 kg 130 1,300

Cornstarch 2 packs 38 76

Polvoron Molder 1 piece 25 25

Total Cost (Php) 1,401

 32

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Analysis of the Physical Characteristics of Briquettes

After production, the mass, volume, compressed density, relaxed density, and relaxation

ratio of briquettes were determined.

Table 1. The initial mass of the briquettes after compression and after sun-drying

Set-up Briquette Type Initial Mass After Initial Mass After

Compression (g) Sun-drying (g)

1-A Large CBH 110 g 70 g

1-B Large CPS 150 g 95 g

1-C Large CBH-CPS 130 g 90 g

(25:75)

1-D Large CBH-CPS 115 g 80 g

(50:50)

1-E Large CBH-CPS 125 g 85 g

(75:25)

2-A Medium CBH 40 g 25 g

2-B Medium CPS 40 g 30 g

2-C Medium CBH-CPS 40 g 30 g

(25:75)

2-D Medium CBH-CPS 40 g 25 g

(50:50)
 33

2-E Medium CBH-CPS 40 g 25 g

(75:25)

3-A Small CBH 15 g 10 g

3-B Small CPS 15 g 10 g

3-C Small CBH-CPS 20 g 10 g

(25:75)

3-D Small CBH-CPS 20 g 10 g

(50:50)

3-E Small CBH-CPS 20 g 10 g

(75:25)

Table 1 demonstrates the loss of briquette mass after sun-drying where the range of

shrinkage for large briquettes is around 35 to 55 grams. The large briquette with the highest loss

in mass was set up 1-B shrinking from 150 g to 95 g. Despite it having the highest loss in mass,

it still obtained the highest mass for large briquettes after sun-drying.

The loss in mass for medium briquettes ranges from about 10 to 15 grams where set-ups 2-

A, 2-D, 2-E shrunk from 40 g to 25 g while set-ups 2-B, 2-C shrunk from 40 g to 30 g.

The loss in mass for small ranges from 5 to 10 g where set-ups 3-A and 3-B shrunk from

15 g to 10 g whereas set-ups 3-C, 3-D, and 3-E had 50% shrinkage lowering to 10 g from 20 g.

The loss in mass of briquettes is seen as a natural phenomenon in briquette production as

its drying process is linked with the possibility of either shrinkage or expansion according to

Stanford (2013).
 34

Table 2. The initial volume of the briquettes after compression and after sun-drying

Set-up Briquette Type Initial Volume After Initial Volume After

Compression (cm3) Sun-drying (cm3)

1-A Large CBH 66.45 cm3 34.49 cm3

1-B Large CPS 97.38 cm3 74.31 cm3

1-C Large CBH-CPS 75.29 cm3 56.77 cm3

(25:75)

1-D Large CBH-CPS 79.71 cm3 52.93 cm3

(50:50)

1-E Large CBH-CPS 79.71 cm3 48.35 cm3

(75:25)

2-A Medium CBH 30.68 cm3 14.31 cm3

2-B Medium CPS 26.72 cm3 17.71 cm3

2-C Medium CBH-CPS 26.72 cm3 16.66 cm3

(25:75)

2-D Medium CBH-CPS 30.65 cm3 15.96 cm3

(50:50)

2-E Medium CBH-CPS 24.76 cm3 13.08 cm3

(75:25)

3-A Small CBH 13.21 cm3 4.34 cm3

3-B Small CPS 8.63 cm3 2.42 cm3

3-C Small CBH-CPS 10.17 cm3 4.34 cm3

(25:75)
 35

3-D Small CBH-CPS 13.21 cm3 4.34 cm3

(50:50)

3-E Small CBH-CPS 11.69 cm3 4.34 cm3

(75:25)

Table 2 exhibits the volume of the set-ups after compression and after the sun drying

process. The volume of the samples was calculated per piece. The initial and final volume of

large briquettes ranges from 8.63 cm3 to 97.38 cm3 and 2.42 cm3 to 74.31 cm3 respectively.

The decline in volume for medium briquettes ranges from about 9 to 16 cm 3 whereas the

highest volume loss is from set-up 2-A which shrunk from 30.68 cm3 to 14.31 cm3. The sample 2-

B exhibits the lowest decrease in volume from 26.72 cm 3 to 17.71 cm3.

The loss in volume for small briquettes ranges from 5.83 cm 3 to 8.87 cm3 where set-ups

3-A and 3-D obtained the highest and the same volume loss of 8.87 cm3 from 13. 21 cm3 to 4.34

cm3. The set-up 3-C on the other hand, shows the lowest loss of volume from 10.17 cm3 to 4.34

cm3.

The loss in volume of briquettes is seen as also linked with the possibility of either

shrinkage or expansion according to Stanford (2013).

 36
Table 3. Compressed density, relaxed density, and relaxation ratio of briquettes

Set-up Briquette Type Compressed Relaxed Density Relaxation

Density (g/ cm3) (g/ cm3) Ratio (g/ cm3)

1-A Large CBH 1.66 g/ cm3 3.19 g/ cm3 0.52 g/ cm3

1-B Large CPS 1.54 g/ cm3 2.02 g/ cm3 0.76 g/ cm3

1-C Large CBH-CPS 1.73 g/ cm3 2.29 g/ cm3 0.76 g/ cm3

(25:75)

1-D Large CBH-CPS 1.45 g/ cm3 2.17 g/ cm3 0.67 g/ cm3

(50:50)

1-E Large CBH-CPS 1.58 g/ cm3 2.59 g/ cm3 0.61 g/ cm3

(75:25)

2-A Medium CBH 1.50 g/ cm3 2.79 g/ cm3 0.54 g/ cm3

2-B Medium CPS 1.50 g/ cm3 2.26 g/ cm3 0.66 g/ cm3

2-C Medium CBH- 1.50 g/ cm3 2.40 g/ cm3 0.63 g/ cm3

CPS (25:75)

2-D Medium CBH- 1.30 g/ cm3 2.50 g/ cm3 0.52 g/ cm3

CPS (50:50)

2-E Medium CBH- 1.62 g/ cm3 3.06 g/ cm3 0.53 g/ cm3

CPS (75:25)
 37
3 3
3-A Small CBH 1.74 g/ cm 3.46 g/ cm 0.50 g/ cm3

3-B Small CPS 1.43 g/ cm3 6.20 g/ cm3 0.23 g/ cm3

3-C Small CBH-CPS 1.97 g/ cm3 4.61 g/ cm3 0.43 g/ cm3

(25:75)

3-D Small CBH-CPS 1.52 g/ cm3 2.83 g/ cm3 0.54 g/ cm3

(50:50)

3-E Small CBH-CPS 1.71 g/ cm3 4.61 g/ cm3 0.37 g/ cm3

(75:25)

Table 3 shows the compressed density, relaxed density, and relaxation ratio of the tested

briquette set-ups. The average compressed density and relaxed density of the briquettes varied

from 1.30 to 1.97 kg/m3 and 0.23 g/ cm3 to 0.76 g/cm3 respectively. Set-up 3-B obtained the highest

relaxed density of 6.20 g/cm3 and the highest difference between the compressed density and the

relaxed density which equals 1.43 g/cm3.

The highest relaxation ratio of 0.76 g/cm3 was observed in samples 1-B and 1-C, while the

lowest is 0.23 g/cm3 of set-up 3-B. The obtained values of relaxation ratio signify that briquettes

of low relaxation ratio are more compact and have higher stability that will not be prone to

crumbling and breakage than those with higher values (Davies and Davies, 2013) indicating that

sample 3-B and 3-E are the most satisfactory in terms of relaxation ratio.
 38
Analysis of the Combustion Characteristics of Briquettes

After determining the physical properties of the briquettes, they were burned using a

charcoal stove to determine their specific fuel consumption, ignition time, burning time, burning

rate, and smoke production.

Table 4. Specific fuel consumption of the briquettes

Set-up Briquette Type Specific Fuel Consumption

(kg/L)

1-A Large CBH 0.28 kg/L

1-B Large CPS 0.38 kg/L

1-C Large CBH-CPS 0.36 kg/L

(25:75)

1-D Large CBH-CPS 0.32 kg/L

(50:50)

1-E Large CBH-CPS 0.34 kg/L

(75:25)

2-A Medium CBH 0.36 kg/L

2-B Medium CPS 0.30 kg/L

2-C Medium CBH-CPS 0.30 kg/L

(25:75)

2-D Medium CBH-CPS 0.36 kg/L

(50:50)
 39
2-E Medium CBH-CPS 0.30 kg/L

(75:25)

3-A Small CBH 0.28 kg/L

3-B Small CPS 0.28 kg/L

3-C Small CBH-CPS 0.28 kg/L

(25:75)

3-D Small CBH-CPS 0.28 kg/L

(50:50)

3-E Small CBH-CPS 0.28 kg/L

(75:25)

Table 4 displays the specific fuel consumption of the various briquette setups. The lowest

specific fuel consumption was obtained by Set-ups 1-A, 3-A, 3-B, 3-C, 3-D, 3-E, with 0.28 kg/L,

followed by Set-ups 2-B, 2-C, and 2-E at 0.30 kg/L. Set-ups 1-D, 1-E, 1-C, 2-A, 2-D obtained 0.30

kg/L, 0.34 kg/L, and 0.36 kg/L respectively. The highest specific fuel consumption was obtained

by Set-up by 1-B with 0.38 kg/L. Specific fuel consumption determines how much briquette is

needed to boil a given amount of water. The efficiency of the briquette increases with reduced

specific fuel consumption, reducing the amount of fuel required to scald water (Moro, 2020)

indicating that Set-ups 1-A, 3-A, 3-B, 3-C, 3-D, 3-E are the most efficient in terms of fuel

consumption.
 40

Table 5. Ignition time, burning time, and burning rate of briquettes

Set-up Briquette Type Ignition Time Burning Time Burning Rate

(min) (min) (g/min)

1-A Large CBH 9 min and 32 sec 1 hr, 37 min and 0.72 g/min

21 sec

1-B Large CPS 8 min and 8 sec 2 hrs, 6 min and 0.75 g/min

59 sec

1-C Large CBH-CPS 7 min and 36 sec 1 hr and 59 min 0.76 g/min

(25:75)

1-D Large CBH-CPS 4 min and 57 sec 41 min and 15 1.94 g/min

(50:50) Sec

1-E Large CBH-CPS 5 min and 45 sec 2 hrs and 45 min 0.52 g/min

(75:25)

2-A Medium CBH 6 min and 6 sec 1 hr, 4 min and 0.39 g/min

24 sec

2-B Medium CPS 10 min and 13 sec 2 hrs and 2 min 0.25 g/min

2-C Medium CBH-CPS 3 min and 6 sec 1 hr and 45 min 0.29 g/min

(25:75)

2-D Medium CBH-CPS 4 min and 36 sec 1 hr, 5 min and 0.38 g/min

(50:50) 43 sec

2-E Medium CBH-CPS 9 min and 48 sec 43 min and 52 0.57 g/min

(75:25) Sec
3-A Small CBH 3 min and 33 sec 46 min and 48 Sec 0.22 g/min
 41
3-B Small CPS 5 min and 29 sec 1 hr and 30 min 0.11 g/min

3-C Small CBH-CPS 3 mins and 42 sec 1 hr and 53 min 0.09 g/min

(25:75)

3-D Small CBH-CPS 3 min and 8 sec 50 min and 41 0.20 g/min

(50:50) sec

3-E Small CBH-CPS 3 min and 39 sec 47 min and 45 0.21 g/min

(75:25) sec

4 Commercial 5 min 1 hr and 16 min 1.31 g/min

Briquette (Ecobriq)

Table 5 indicates the ignition time, burning time, and burning rate of the briquette where

set-up 2-C has the shortest ignition time at 3 minutes and 6 seconds followed by set-up 3-D at 3

min and 8 sec, 3-A at 3 minutes and 33 seconds, and 3-E at 3 minutes and 39 seconds, while set

up 2-B exhibits the longest ignition time of 10 min and 13 sec. Onoegbu et al., (2012) stated that

a briquette with a shorter ignition time could catch and generate heat easier. The result of this

study indicates that samples 2-C, 3-D, 3-A, and 3-E are the better-performing briquettes in terms

of ignition time.

The longest burning time of 2 hours, 6 minutes and 59 seconds, 2 hours and 45 minutes,

and 2 hours and 2 minutes was observed on samples 1-B, 1-E, and 2-B respectively. The shortest

burning time was obtained by sample 1-D at 41 min and 15 sec. A longer burning time is preferable

as it generates more heat and lasts longer, this infers that set-ups 1-B, 1-E, and 2-B exhibit better

results with regards to burning time.

 42
The faster the burning rate is, the more efficient the briquette becomes and the more power

it will generatesssssss (Mohamed and Olugbade, 2015). Set-up 1-D generates the highest value of

burning rate (1.94 g/min) among other tested set-ups, making it the best fuel briquette in terms of

burning rate.

The tested commercial briquette showed slightly similar results in ignition time and

burning time with other set-ups; however, the burning rate of 1.31 g/m is higher than most of the

set-ups except for 1-D.

Table 6. Smoke production of briquettes

Set-up Briquette Type Smoke Production

1-A Large CBH Most Smoky

1-B Large CPS Least Smoky

1-C Large CBH-CPS Slightly Smokier than Pure Pili Briquettes

(25:75)

1-D Large CBH-CPS Smokier than RCHBH-CPS (25:75)

(50:50)

1-E Large CBH-CPS Smokier than RCHBH-CPS (50:50)

(75:25)

2-A Medium CBH Most Smoky

2-B Medium CPS Least Smoky

2-C Medium CBH-CPS Slightly Smokier than Pure Pili Briquettes

(25:75)
2-D Medium CBH-CPS Smokier than RCHBH-CPS (25:75)

(50:50)

2-E Medium CBH-CPS Smokier than RCHBH-CPS (50:50)

(75:25)

3-A Small CBH Most Smoky

 43
3-B Small CPS Least Smoky

3-C Small CBH-CPS Slightly Smokier than Pure Pili Briquettes

(25:75)

3-D Small CBH-CPS Smokier than RCHBH-CPS (25:75)

(50:50)

3-E Small CBH-CPS Smokier than RCHBH-CPS (50:50)

(75:25)

4 Commercial Briquette (Ecobriq) Less smoke, the same with the Pure Pili

Briquettes

Table 6 illustrates the smoke production of briquettes where the ones with pure cacao

content were found to produce the most smoke. The smoke also has a putrid smell that is

nauseating. The pure pili briquettes produced the least smoke and were close to being smokeless,

the same with the commercial briquette. The researchers observed that as the cacao content of the

briquette increases, the same goes for the smoke it produces.

Table 7. Limewater testing of briquettes

Briquette Type Appearance of limewater

CBH Briquette Cloudiest

CPS Briquette Transparent

25:75 CBH-CPS Briquette Cloudy

50:50 CBH-CPS Briquette Cloudier than 25:75

75:25 CBH-CPS Briquette Cloudier than 50:50

Commercial Briquette (Ecobriq) Cloudy

 44
Table 7 displays the appearance of limewater after being subjected to the smoke produced

by each briquette in its respective glass. The appearance of the limewater became the cloudiest

with pure cacao briquette, and most transparent with pure pili briquette. The commercial briquette

also exhibits a cloudy limewater appearance. The appearance of limewater when subjected to the

smoke of the different ratio briquettes became cloudier as the cacao content of the briquette

increased.

Table 8. Highest temperature reached during the water boiling test

Set-up Briquette Type Highest Temperature Time taken to reach the

Reached (° C) Temperature

1-A Large CBH 50° C 40 min

1-B Large CPS 71° C 40 min

1-C Large CBH-CPS 75° C 1 hr and 10 min

(25:75)

1-D Large CBH-CPS 70° C 11 min

(50:50)

1-E Large CBH-CPS 64° C 1 hr

(75:25)

2-A Medium CBH 64° C 1 hr

2-B Medium CPS 75° C 30 min

2-C Medium CBH-CPS 74° C 45 min

(25:75)

2-D Medium CBH-CPS 70.11° C 24 min

(50:50)

2-E Medium CBH-CPS 60° C 17 min

(75:25)

3-A Small CBH 51° C 25 min

 45
3-B Small CPS 75° C 40 min

3-C Small CBH-CPS 71° C 30 min

(25:75)

3-D Small CBH-CPS 81° C 45 min

(50:50)

3-E Small CBH-CPS 62° C 24 min

(75:25)

4 Commercial Briquette 70° C 26 min

(Ecobriq)

Table 8 illustrates the highest temperature reached during the water boiling test and the

time taken to reach the highest temperature of water during combustion. Set-up 3-D was able to

reach the highest recorded temperature of 81 ° C for 45 min, while the lowest temperature of 50°

C was observed on set-up 1-A. The fastest set-up to reach its peak temperature of 60° C was 2-E,

which only took 17 minutes to reach the temperature. The commercial briquette also showed

similar results to other tested setups.

 46
Rank Aggregation Results

Figure 10

The results of the rank aggregation technique

 47

Figure 10 exhibits the overall performance of briquette set-ups ranked on different parameters

using the Ranking Aggregation Technique. The collected results from the parameters are analyzed

from best performing to least and were once again categorized by combining different rank orderings

to determine a comprehensive rate that exhibits the overall performance of the briquette set-ups. Set-

up 3B achieved the highest ranking on the relaxation ratio and on the overall physical characteristics.

For the combustion characteristics, Set-up 3-B dominated the rank on the specific fuel consumption,

Set-up 1-C for the ignition time, Set-up 1-E topped the burning time ranking, Set-up 1-D exhibited

the highest burning rate, and Set-up 1-B, 2-B, and 3-B showed the highest rank on the smoke

determination. In the carbon dioxide emission testing, all CPS set-ups exhibited positive results, while

set-up 3-D showed the most favorable outcome for the highest temperature reached by the boiling

water. The ranking on each parameter was then combined. The outcome presented that Set-up 3-B is

the most efficient briquette out of all set-ups by accumulating 36 points which is the lowest of all the

points calculated. On the other hand, set-up 2-E and 2-A exhibited the least favorable outcome. Both

have 60 points and rank 12th.

 48

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results and discussion, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. Briquettes with higher carbonized pili shell content have a more stable structure than those

with higher cacao bean husk content.

Briquettes with a higher proportion of carbonized pili shells tend to have longer ignition

time but yield longer burning time than the briquettes with higher cacao bean husk content.

Furthermore, the ignition time, burning time and rate, and specific fuel consumption of the

briquettes to their size are all directly proportional.

The higher the cacao bean husk content of a briquette, the higher its carbon dioxide

emission is.

2. Set-up 3-D was the only set-up that was able to make the water reach 81° C, which is the

highest temperature reached by the water during the boiling test.

3. The ratio of materials influences the overall quality of the briquette. The pure CPS

briquettes have better physical characteristics as they have the most stable structure among

the rest of the produced briquettes. Those with higher CBH content may ignite faster but

have poorer combustion characteristics and produce more carbon dioxide.

4. The briquette with the most positive results on all the parameters tested is set up 3-B.

Application

Large briquettes, particularly CPS briquettes, may be better suited for bolo makers because

of their longer burn times, which can greatly enhance their bolo production. On the other hand,

medium and small briquettes may be better suited for home use, barbeque and grilling

establishments, and other similar uses because they ignite more quickly, which is crucial when
 49

preparing food. CBH briquettes may also help add flavor to the meal being cooked because of the

sweet aroma it possesses.

 50

References

Briquettes Shape, Size And Weight From Briquette Machine. (2018, April 17). DMSMAC.

https://www.dayang-briquettepress.com/news/briquettes-shape-size-and-weight-

13673879.html

Carnajae, N. P., Talagon, R. B., Peralta, J. M., Shah, K., & Paz-Ferreiro, J. (2018). Development

and characterisation of charcoal briquettes from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)-

molasses blend. PLOS ONE, 13(11), e0207135.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207135

Gallegos, R. K. B., Suministrado, D., Amongo, R. M. C., & Madlangbayan, M. S. (2013). Some

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl. cv. Katutubo) Nut as

a Function of..

ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264404932_Some_Physical_and

_Mechanical_Properties_of_Pili_Canarium_ovatum_Engl_cv_Katutubo_Nut_as_a_Funct

ion_of_Nut_ Moisture_Content

Ige, R., Ogala, E., Moki, C., & Habeeb, A. (2020). The Effect Of Binder Ratio On The Physical

And Combustion Characteristics Of Carbonized Rice Stalk Briquettes. International

Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 221–229.

https://doi.org/10.46654/ij.24889849.e6101

Pirade, D., Demmallino, E. B., & Zubair, H. (2022). Contribution of cocoa shell waste as a

source of energy at PT. Mars Indonesia. IOP Conference Series, 1107(1), 012070.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1107/1/012070

Zanella, K., Goncalves, J. L., & Taranto, O. P. (2016). Charcoal Briquette Production Using

Orange Bagasse and Corn Starch. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 49, 313–318.
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https://doi.org/10.3303/cet1649053
 52

APPENDIX A

Materials and Briquette Production

Figure 1 Figure 2

Cacao bean husk Pili shells

Figure 3 Figure 4

Cornstarch Metal sheet

 53

Figure 5 Figure 6

Calcium hydroxide Measuring cup

Figure 7 Figure 8

Clear glass Match

 54

Figure 9 Figure 10

Spoon Stirring rod (Stainless Stirring Rod, 2021)

Figure 11 Figure 12

Pan Air-tight container

 55

Figure 13 Figure 14

Used piece of clothing Mixing bowl

Figure 15 Figure 16

Filter paper Weighing scale

 56

Figure 17 Figure 18

Laboratory thermometer Blender

 57

APPENDIX B

Methods

Figure 19 Figure 20
Sun-drying the pili shells Sun-drying the cacao bean husks

Figure 21 Figure 22

Carbonization of the pili shells Crushing the carbonized pili shells

 58

Figure 23 Figure 24
Pulverizing the pili shells The crushed pili shells after pulverizing

Figure 25 Figure 26
Pulverizing the cacao bean husk The cacao bean husk after pulverizing
 59

Figure 27 Figure 28

Mixing the water and cornstarch Cooking the cornstarch binder

Figure 29 Figure 30
Adding the cornstarch binder Mixing the briquette material and binder
 60

Figure 31 Figure 32

Molding the briquette Sun-drying the briquette

Figure 33 Figure 34

Igniting the briquette Water boiling test

 61

Figure 35
Appearance of limewater after subjected to briquettes’ smoke

PURE CPS BRIQUETTE W/ BINDER Pure CBH Briquette w/ binder 25:75 CBH-CPS Briquette w/ binder

50:50 CBH-CPS Briquette w/ 75:25 CBH-CPS Briquette w/ binder Commercial Briquette (Ecobriq)
binder
 62

Appendix C

Letter Requests

Figure 36

Letter addressed to Hon. Joseph C. Cua

 63

Figure 37

Letter addressed to Engr. Maria Grace T. Molina

 64

Figure 38
Letter addressed to Mr. Dennis T. Cagomoc
 65

Figure 39
Letter addressed to Ms. Amelia R. Eusebio
66
67
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