\ ,..

...

Coınment
Description
Designator
• disk 50V
Capacitor' ceramıc '
C90 47p
Capacitor, ceramic disk, SOV
C91 lüp
Electrolytic capacitor, 16V
C93 100 µ
BC238B NPN Bipolar transistor
Q90
Resistor, carbon film, axial leaded, 1/4W
R93 100
SW SPST Push-button switch, PCB mount
S90
X90 27MHz Crystal

Figure 2: Bill of materials for the transmitter oscillator

1. The transmitter oscillator is built using a 27 MHz quartz crystal in a Colpitts oscillator
configuration. The active device of the Colpitts oscillator is an NPN transistor, BC238B,
as shown in Fig. 8.5 in page 8.5. The resistors R90, R91, and R92 form a conventional
biasing circuit of the transistor. The capacitors C90 and C91 are placed for Colpitts
oscillator configuration. As discussed on page 270, this circuit results in a negative
resistance between the base of the transistor and the ground. When a resonant circuit,
like a quartz crystal, X90, is placed between the base and the ground, an oscillation starts
at the crystal resonant frequency. A capacitor, C94, in series with the quartz crystal is
present to adjust the resonant frequency of the crystal by a small amount.
2. Choose an emitter current, IE, in the range 4 mA to 6 mA. Deterınine the emitter resis-
tance R92 for the chosen emitter current and foran emitter voltage, VE=6 V. Choose the
closest standard resistor value.

/ 1.2. GRADE:

3. Inspect the data sheet of the BC238B on page 349. Noting that the transistor BC238B
has the B suflix, what is the /3=(hFE) range of the transistor? For design purposes set
the /3 to the midpoint in this range. Calculate the corresponding base current, IB. '

/3min= {U) f3max= u6 O

/3= srz_o lB= Ô,C)f SSı~/4

/ 1.3. GRADE:

2
 4. ~ and R,gı form a volta e eli .d current of the transistor.
To find the values f Roo g vı er network to supply the base
to 20 tiınes Rg 2_ (;he f and R,g_ı, set the Thev e~ equiva lent resista nce of R90 and R91
range 10 to 30). actor 0 ıs somewhat arbıtra
2 ry, you can choose any number in the

Rr = Roo.Rgı
+ .Rg
= 200-
~ "92
(1)
.Roo 1
current drop over t his small resıstance ıs
..
small, we can assume that the
. base.
Since the
Th
evenın eqwvalent voltage (formed by Roo, .Rg1 and Vcc) is equal to the emitte r voltage
plus VBE=0. 7V:
TT .Rgl (2)
vr = Roo + &.n Vcc ~VE+ 0.1

We can combine these equations to get

Roo ~ 20.Rg2 Vcc (3)

VE +0.1
too far, modify the arbitra ry
Choose closest standa rd value for Jloo. If the standa rd value is
equal to the closest standa rd value.
factor 20 to make Roo found from the equation above
Then use the same factor in the following equation

.llgı = 20Jloo.llg2 (4)

Roo - 20.Rg2

to find .Rgı. Choose the closest standa rd value for .Rg1 .

/ ı.4. GRADE:

2. Rece iver Mixe r

1. TRC-11 uses a mixer for the receiver as the down-converter.
SA602A integrated circuit
sheet on page 357.
is used for this purpose. It is an analog multiplier. Refer to the data
Fig. 3. SA602A has an
The block diagram and pin configuration of SA602A is given in
local oscillator can be
internal amplifier between pins 6 and 7 to build an oscillator. A
tor output is fed to the
directly implemented within this integrated circuit. The oscilla
ntial. The difference
internal mixer. The RF input pins 1 and 2 of the mixer are differe
an intemal bias volt-
between these two pins are applied to the mixer. The input pins have
ntial input impedance
age of about 1.4 V, they should not be biased externally. The differe
is about 3 k{l in parallel with 1.5 pF. 180 and C84 form an
impedance transformation
higher impedance of the
network to transform the low impedance of the antenna to a
ntial outpu t impedance is
mixer. The outpu t pins 4 and 5 are also differential. The differe
conversion gain means
also about 3 k!l. The conversion gain of the mixer is 17 dB. The
that there is gain in addition to frequency conversion.
transimpedance amplifier
The local oscillator is a Colpitts crystal oscillator, made from a
the capacitors C82 and
between the pins OSCB and OSCE, the quartz crystal X80, and
C83.

3
 1 8
vcc

7
OSCs

GND
OSC8

5
OUTe

Figu re 3: SA602A block diagram.

Exp eri me nta l Wo rk

I. Tra nsm itte r Osc illat or
1. Mou nt and solder the resistors, R90, R91,
and R92 using the values you calculated.
2. Mou nt and solder R93.

3. Mou nt and solder the capacitors, C90 and C91.

4. The power supp ly circuit of the oscillator

is connected to VCC thro ugh a PTT (push-
to-ta lk) switch and R93. A shun t capacitor (C93
) to ground is adde d asa power supply
bypass capa citor . Solder C93.

5. Mou nt and solder the push -but ton switch,

S90.
6. We wan t this oscillator to oper ate only whe
n we are transınitting. Therefore, we switch
its power off duri ng reception. But, for testi ng
we will bypass the switch. A piece of wire
was alrea dy soldered in the jum per position
JP90 . This jum per will be removed later ,
whe n testi ng is finished.

7. Sold er a piece of wire in the GND jum per

fora convenient grou nd connection.
8. Mou nt the tran sisto r, Q90. Wat ch the orie
ntati on of the tran sisto r. Solder it.
9. App ly the pow er to TRC-11. Mea sure the
emit ter voltage, VE, at TP3 0. It shou ld be
close to 6 V. Turn off the power.

f ı.9. GRADE:

4
 ı..- Z•JJ; P 1 ~ mı
I
Cı.
I~

D7-7 ICIO
LIO

~ .:
1 1
ts

~,;;!; 12 tums
:! 1
~

I
cı;
~,
- 0--
\, I
(j
llp
!,!ı;
ANIT .. 3
0~1)
ı......, s G!'-
s
Jl'll
yıo. ~
oti~ Lovra ~Il.2.\ lfü
ON:> e,:ı;
SA60:A
~

diagraın.
Fig ure 4: Receiver mixer schematic

citor, C94, to
quartz crystal, X90. We need a series capa
10. Mount and solder the 27.000 MHz not solder
MHz. Mount a 47 pF capacitor, but do
set the oscillation frequency at 27.000 the capacitor
s touch the mounting holes. Wit hou t
it yet. Make sure that capacitor lead
.
connection the oscillator does not work
0 at the outp ut
nect the oscilloscope to the test point TP3
11. Apply the power to TRC-11. Con e of few volts
oscillation (slightly distorted sine wav
of the oscillator. You should have an 99 MHz,
peak-to-peak voltage) around 27.000
MHz. If the frequency is lower than 26.9
er than
ller standard capacitance. H it is high
remove 47 pF and insert the next sma r when the
dard capacitance. Solder the capacito
27.001 MHz, insert the next Iarger stan MH z ask for a different
uency is higher than 27.002
frequency is right. If the oscillation freq
crystal from the Iab technician.
ban dwi dth
peak voltage at TP30. Make sure that
Measure the frequency and the peak-to- ld be larger
t of the oscilloscope is turn ed off. The peak-to-peak voltage should be shou
limi
than 1.5 V.

f,4 pf Oscillation frequency= z~, ~9" 3 Peak-to-peak voltage=

C94 =
MHı ~,~~V

/ 1.11. GRADE:

2. Amplitude Modulator
It uses a PNP
is already built as given in Fig. 7.
1. Most of the amplitude modulator lifie r (Q30). The
ply voltage of the tran smi tter amp
tran sist or (Q31) to modulate the sup le mounting.
C32. Watch for the direction of C32 whi
only missing components are R.34 and microphone
t of the modulation amplifier to the
Solder them. The y connect the inpu
amplifier outp ut.

5
r
J1

/ Designator IComment j Description ]

CBO 100n Capacitor, ceramic disk, 50V
C81 10n Capacitor, ceramic disk, 50V
C82 39p Capacitor, ceramic disk, 50V
C83 18p Capacitor, ceramic disk, 50V
C84 15p Capacitor, ceramic disk, 50V
C85 10n Capacitor, ceramic disk, 50V
IC80 SA602A Oscillator/mixer
LBO T37-7 Toroidal core
R80
. 150 Resistor, carbon film, axial leaded, 1/4W
R81 22 K Resistor, carbon film, axial leaded, 1/4W
XBO 12MHz Crystal

Figure 5: Bill of materials for receiver mixer

/ Designator j Coınment j Description

C32 2.2µ Electrolytic capacitor, 16V
R34 lK Resistor, carbon film, axial leaded, 1/4W

Figur e 6: Bill of materials for amplitude modulator (missing compo

nents)

2. Cut the jumpe r wire of JP12 in the microphone amplifier section.

This action will dis-
connect the microphone.
3. Connect the signal generator cable between TPll and GND. Set its
magnitude to 10 mV
and its frequency to 1 KHz.

4. Apply the power. Observe the signal between TP12 and GND. You '
should see~~di s-
torted sine wave at 1 KHz. Measure the peak-terpeak value of the voltage
. ij,~ ~~
5. Observe the signal between TP33 and GND. You should see an undisto
rted sine wave at
1 KHz with an offset equal to the DC voltage at TP33 (around 7V).
Measure the DC
offset voltage and the peak-terpeak value of 1 KHz signal. This is the
modulated supply
voltage of the transm itter amplifier. If you do not have an offset voltage
or if you do not
have a sine wave of several volts in peak value, your amplitude modula
tor will not work.
6. Observe the signal between JP30 and GND. You should see an amplitude
modulated (AM)
27.000 MHz signal as shown in Fig 8. Set your oscilloscope time scale
to 500 µ,s/div. Set
the ACQU IRE mode to Peak-detect. This setting allows the oscillos
cope to captur e the
peak of the RF signal even though the sampling rate of the oscilloscope
is not enough the
captur e the RF signal itself. Increase the signal amplitude of the
signal generator until

6
 = -& =

TPH
l:?V

1:?V
[ R.lJ
10
R.~
!16
ıu; JP30
D
\'Bl GND G::-ı."'D
Q~l
t - - - - - - r ~S6B

RJ8 130 T37-7

Aul
RecAnt
331.:
l Ll 2 u
3
vsı ..,_.,...__2·3 nıms
D2 turm
C3:? 4
! AUDIO!TX > ~
IK
~ + TPJ3 TP32
PTT

2.20 031
lN4148
R30
3.3K
ö30 C3S 3i
1 OSCOut )>-----__,.~~,--\"B-l- - -
OscOııt 22p,
R31 VEl
I
GND
TBD G?--1>

TBD
:?D I ~o
TBD

GND m.1>
GND

Figure 7: Schematic of the Amplitude modulator of TRC-11.

AM signal gets distorted. At this point, determine the modulation index, m, of the AM
signal using the following equation
1 Vmax - Vmin
m=------
2 Vmax + Vmin
where Vmax is the maximum peak-to-peak voltage, Vmin is the minimum peak-to-peak
voltage of the aınplitude modulated signal.

Figure 8: Oscilloscope photo of an AM modulated signal.

7. H the AM modulator is working satisfactorily, turn off the power and remove the signal
generator connection. Resolder the jumper JP12 in the microphone section. This way the
microphone will generate the modulation signal rather than the signal generator.

7
 TP12: Vpp= 2, ~~ V
TP33: V0ııset= ? q.. V
{0 Vpp= ~ ,16 J
JP30: Vmax= f"L 1; ()ıJ Vmin= t, \OV m= O, ,ı \ 1,- g

l2.7. GRADE:

3. Receive r Mixer

1. Install and solder IC80, the receiver ınixer. Make sure that pin 1 gets installed into the
r~tangul ar shaped pad on the PCB. Note that all other pads are oval shaped. This
mıxer converts 27.000 MHz signal to 15.000 MHz. The pin OSCB of the ınixer chip has
a negative input resistance at high frequencies, if small capacitors (C82 and C83) are
connected at pins OSCB and OSCE. When a quartz crystal resonator at 12.000 MHz is
connected to this pin as shown in Fig. 4, an oscillator at 12.000 MHz is obtained.
2. Install and solder X80, C80, C81, C83, R80, and R81.
3. Make sure that the test resistor R41 is cut on one side.
4. Mount and solder C82 such that it can be removed easily.
5. Solder looped pieces of wires to TP81 and TP85.
6. Solder C84 and C85.

7. Use 0.35 mm wire to wind 12 turns on T37-7 core to make 180. Install and solder L80.
8. Install and solder the juınper wire JP81.

9. Switch the power on. Measure and record the DC supply voltage at pin 8 (TP81). it
should be slightly less than 6 V due to the voltage drop on R80. Measure the DC voltages
at two input pins, 1 and 2. They should be equal and between 1.0 V to 1.7 V. Measure the
DC voltages at the two output pins, 4 and 5. The voltages should be equal and between
2 V to 5.5 V. If you cannot measure these voltages, there is something wrong with your
circuit.

IC80 pin 8~,(() v pin 1= ~~ l~/, LI pin 2=

IC80 pin 4-·\~ r01s V pin 5= l 4:o~ 3V

l3.9. GRADE:
10. Connect the oscill~o pe probe (in l0x setting) to TP85. You should_be a~le to see
an
oscillation around 12.000 MHz. Measure the frequency of the oscillatıon wıth a 1 KHz
accuracy. H the frequency is Iower than 11.999 :MHz, change the capacitor C82 to the
next smaller standard value. H the frequency is higher than ~2.0~)1 MHz, change C82 to
the next larger value. Record the capacitor value and the oscillatıon frequency

8
 11. Measure the .
8.Inplitude of the oscillat·ıon. \

C82= ~~{)f I
Frequency= lf. ~ 9,~,M~ ı- p-p amplitude '2. ıJ
[3.11. GRADE:
]
12. Make sure that the jumper JP90 is cut.
13. Since your rec • . •
red . al eıver ~s ~ow ready, you can test it. Apply the power to TRC-11. Watch the
sı~ presence ındicator LED. it should be off, indicating that there is no 27.000 MHz
transınıtter signal nearby.

We need a very very small signal to test the receiver. Set the signal generator to frequency
2
to 7.000 MHz with an amplitude of Vg=l00 mVpp. Set the AM modulation at lKHz.
Connect the signal generator between TP31 and GND. Turn on the generator. The signal
presence indictor LED should turn on. Note that if there are other transınitters nearby,
your LED may be turneci on even without applying the input voltage. If the signal
presence indictor LED does not turn on even with 100 mVpp signal generator, you have
something wrong in the receiver or it is not adjusted well.
14. Turn the volume down all the way counter-clockwise. Connect an earphone to the ear-
phone jack. Increase the volume gradually while listening to the earphone. You should be
able to hear the lKHz demodulated tone of the signal generator through the earphones.
15. Set the Ch-1 coupling to DC. Connect Ch-1 probe between TP70 and GND. This is the
AGC output voltage, VAGC. Change the frequency in 1 KHz steps to find the center
frequency, !center, of the receiver. When the voltage at TP70 (VAac) is maximum, record
that frequency.

16. Record the DC voltage aınplitude at TP70, VAGC, asa function of signal aınplitude, V9 ,
at this frequency. Note that you can use MEASURE button of the oscilloscope in Chl
Mean position to read the AGC output voltage. Change the signal generator output
from 10 mVpp to 1280 mVw· Change the amplitude in 6-dB steps (20mV, 40mV, 80mV,
160mV, ete.) The AGC output voltage, VAGC, should be more and more positive as the
signal generator output voltage is increased.
Plot VAac asa function of Vg ona semilog paper. Note the value of VAGC when V9 =80 mV.
You will need this value in the next step.

Vg (mVw) VAac( V) Vg (mVw) VAac( V)

10 \~~v 160 J-?J~ vv
20 {,ı ✓ 320 0 ~ t/
r

40 cıtt t/ 640 'lr~ Lı ~~

V
80 f2_rlı,f6 \) 1280 S. \.\ 73 v

9
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u
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..v
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' ......
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.,,,,..... t-'""1
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.....
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" 6.
13.1 GRADE:
t'kr)
·~o
1 T
~ı, (itJ."t> '
,ııo ""'
l .
)
\1../ı

17. Recall that the mixer adds or subt

racts the two frequencies. Since the loca
tor frequency is 12 MHz, an image freq l oscilla-
uency of 3 MHz will create a sum freq
3+1 2=1 5 MHz, which will go through the uenc y of
quartz crystal IF filter. However, the rece
inpu t RF tune r is tune d to 27 MHz, and iv~r 's
it hopefully rejects 3 MHz and reduce the
at that frequency. gain
•
Let us find the image rejection ratio of
your receiver at the iınage frequency of
Set the signal generator to 3 MHz and 3 MHz.
amplitude at 2 Vpp· Connect the signal
cable between TP3 1 and GND. Connect generator
the oscilloscope probe to TP70, VAGC·
the frequency in 1 KHz steps to maximiz Change
e VAGC. Record that frequency as fimag
VAGC is zero, increase the signal gene e· H
rator voltage until you see a voltage. Adj
signal generator amplitude, Vg,image, at ust the
3 MHz such that you have the same AGC
voltage, VAGC, with the 0.08=80 mVpp outp ut
signal at 27 MHz (which is recorded in the
step ). Record that amplitude, Vg,image· previous
Find the image rejection ratio of your rece
IB us~ iver in
I'
l Vg,im
l RdB = 20 ogıo 0:0age
8
fimage= ~ {'lı H~ .
IRd B= {, s lA 9( J6 .' 1 '

13.17. GRA DE: -

li you have trouble with your receiver,

refer to Appendix J at page 420 for
TRC-11
troubleshooting.
18. If your tran smi tter and receiver is
OK, cut the jum per wire at JP30. TRC
-11 is ready to
go on the air!
CHECK POINT:

10