CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Information IT – pertains to the industry that involves

and Communications Technology (ICT) computers, software, networking, and

other IT infrastructure to help relay or
manage information.
ICT: An Overview

TECHNOLOGY – presently includes

advancements in communication and BREAKDOWN OF ICT
how information is handled, thus enabling
INFORMATION - the knowledge obtained
governments, organizations, industries,
from reading, investigation, study, or
and ordinary individuals to improve on
research. Computers normally process
their decision-making, business
data that are later understood as
processes, and everyday living.
information.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
Typing on the laptop ---- INPUT DATA
TECHNOLOGY – related to technologies
that facilitate the transfer of information Words on the computer monitor ----
and various types of electronically OUTPUT INFORMATION
mediated communication.
• Information is needed to make
decisions and to foresee the future.
“Belongingness hypothesis” – people KNOWLEDGE - processed information
have a basic psychological need to feel
closely connected to other, and that
caring, affectionate bonds from close COMMUNICATION - an act of transmitting
relationships are a major part of human messages. It is a process in which
behavior. information is exchanged between
individuals through verbal and non-verbal
IT vs ICT
means.
ICT – used in general sense and is
described as using computers and other
digital technologies to assist individuals in TECHNOLOGY – evolved in ways that
handling or using information. improve people’s activities.

• It supports activities involving

information such as gathering,
processing, storing, and presenting
data.
 • was roughly 167 sqm and weighed
27 tons.
EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY

- Tools
- Machines (combining set of tools Second Generation Computer (1959-
to do tasks faster and more 1965)
efficiently)
• TRANSISTORS – used as the
- Automation (the technique of
interior sections of the computer.
making a process or system
• It is smaller, faster, and more
operates automatically)
dependable that the vacuum
- Intelligent systems (far more
tubes.
complex and are capable of
learning) • Generated less heat and
consumed less electricity but still
costly.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Third Generation Computer (1965-1971)
FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS • Jack Kilby invented the
First Generation Computer (1946-1959) INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC) that
was used as the interior sections to
• Electronic Numeric Integrator build the computer.
and Calculator (ENIAC) designed • A single IC has many transistors,
by J. Presper Eckert and John W. resistors, and capacitors that even
Mauchly from University of the full circuit board of a transistor
Pennsylvania. can be replaced entirely with one
• It was the first electronic computer chip: smaller, unfailing, effective
and was considered the first computers.
generation of computer. • Remote processing, time sharing
• Was a modular computer, and multiprogramming operating
composed of several panels systems were used.
capable of performing different
Fourth Generation Computer r(1971-1980)
functions.
• Could store limited or small • VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED
amount of information and only do (VLSI) CIRCUITS were used to
arithmetic operations such as build computers.
addition and subtraction up to 10 • These circuits have about 5,000
digits. transistors and other circuit
elements with their connected
 circuits on a single chip known Information Processing Cycle
as the microprocessor.
- Input
• Personal computers became
- Process
more powerful, dense, reliable,
- Output
and inexpensive using these
- Storage
chips.
- Communication
• Other application that uses
these chips are pocket
calculators, TV, automotive COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
devices and audio and video
appliances. Input Devices

Fifth Generation Computers (1980- 1. Hardware - used to enter data and

Present) instructions.
2. Pointing device - allows a user to
• ULTRA LARGE-SCALE control a small symbol on the
INTEGRATION (ULSI) screen called the pointer.
TECHNOLOGY is the developed 3. Mouse - lets one select options
VLSI. from on screen menus.
• It involves computer intelligence o TRACK BALL – has a ball
which is associated with AI, natural that can rotate using a finger
language processing and expert or a palm to move a pointer.
systems that interpret the means o TOUCHPAD/TRACKPAD – a
and practices of producing touch sensitive pad that lets
computers that think like human the user move the pointer by
beings. touching and dragging their
finger. Commonly built-in on
laptops.
COMPUTER – an electronic device that 4. Microphone - allows to speak into
manipulates information or data. It is an the computer.
electronic device, operating under the 5. Web cam - a digital video camera
control of instructions stored in its own that allows users t create movies or
memory that can accepts data, process take pictures.
the data according to specified rules, 6. Scanner – a light-sensing input
produce results and store results. device that converts printed text
images into a form the computer
can process and use.
Output Device – any hardware component effect is achieved by
that conveys information from a computer. polarizing the light in varied
amounts and making it pass
1. Printer – produces text and
through the liquid crystal
graphics on a physical medium,
layer.
such as paper or other material.
o Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Two types of Printers – a flat-panel display that
uses light-emitting diodes
o Impact Printer – makes
for backlighting. It is said
contact with the paper by
that it is used too much
pressing an inked ribbon
lesser power than CRT and
against the paper using a
LCD. Thus, they are
hammer or pins.
considered environment
o Non-Impact Printer – does
friendly.
not use a striking device to
3. Speakers – allows the user to hear
produce characters on the
audio.
paper, the printer produces
o Earbuds
less noise.
o Headphones
2. Display/Monitor – visually conveys
4. System Unit - a case that contains
text, graphics, and video
electronic components of the
information.
computer that are used to process
Three Types of Monitors data.
5. Motherboard – the circuity of the
o Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – a
system unit that is usually part of or
vacuum tube containing an
is connected to a circuit board.
electron gun at one end and
Two Main Components on
a fluorescent screen at the
the mother board
other end. A process called
o Processor
thermionic emission
o Memory
generates a strong beam of
6. Processor/Central Processing
electrons.
Unit (CPU) – the electronic
o Liquid Crystal Display
component that interprets and
(LCD) – a flat-panel display
carries out the basic instructions
that consists of a layer of
that operate the computer.
color or monochrome pixels
7. Memory – consists of electronic
arranged schematically
components that store instructions
between a couple of
waiting to be executed and data
transparent filters. Optical
needed by those instructions. Most
 memory keeps data and 4. Optical Disc – a flat, round,
instructions temporarily, which portable metal disc with a plastic
means it contents are erased when coating.
the computer is shut off. o CD – can hold from 650
8. Storage Media – where the million to 1 billion
computer keeps data, instructions, characters.
and information. o DVD – can store two full-
9. Storage – holds data, instructions, length movies or 17 billion
and information for future use. characters.
Storage holds these permanently. o Blu-ray Disc – can store
10. A Storage Device records (writes) about 46 hours of standard
and/or retrieves (reads) items to video or 100 billion
and from Storage Media. Storage characters.
devices often function as a source 5. Memory cards – digital cameras
of input because they transfer use this as the storage media.
items from storage to memory.

CHAPTER 2: Computers in Our Daily Life

STORAGE MEDIA
The basic parts of a computer are
1. USB Flash Drive – a portable the Central Processing Unit (CPU),
storage device that is small and memory, a keyboard or other input device,
lightweight enough to be and a screen or other output device.
transported on a keychain or in a
Decimal Number System – number
pocket.
system of humans. It has ten digits
2. Hard Disk – provides much greater
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9).
storage capacity than a USB flash
drive. These are enclosed in an Binary Number System – the computer’s
airtight, sealed case. number system consisting of 2 digits – 0
3. Portable Hard Disks – either and 1.
external or removable.
Octal Number System – consists of 8
o External hard disk – a
digits.
separate, freestanding unit,
whereas you insert and Hexadecimal Number System - consists
remove a removable hard of 16 digits.
disk from the computer, or a
device connected to the
computer.
American Standard Code for Computer Network System – an
Information Interchange (ASCII) – is a 7- interconnection of two or more
bit code used to represent letters, computers.
numbers, and basic special characters.
• Personal Area Network (PAN) – a
Programs – created to do specific tasks. type of connection which is often
limited to an individual person and
Programmers – people who write
his or her personal devices. These
programs.
devices must be within the range of
Codes – another term used for a program. 10 meters with each other.
Programming / Coding – writing • Local Area Network (LAN) – a
programs. connection in which a group of
computers and other devices share
System bus – a pathway composed of a common communications line
cables and connectors used to carry data within a certain area such as a
from a computer’s peripheral devices to building or a small campus.
the main memory. • Wide Area Network (WAN) – may
Three Types of Buses be less restrictive than LAN as rules
and policies may differ within it s
- Data Bus – can transfer data to and coverage. It is considered
from the memory lane of a synonymous to the Internet.
computer, or into or out of the CPU.
- Address Bus – used by the CPU to
specify a physical address for Methods of Communication
instructions, files, and other
devices within the computer Wired Communication
system. It is responsible for - Universal Serial Bus (USB) – a
checking of the USB ports. connection or interface that allows
- Control Bus – used by CPUs to the computer to communicate with
communicate with other devices system peripherals.
within the computer system. It - Firewire – a type of connector that
carries the commands or can transmit data to and from
instructions from the CPU. It also devices which have typical high
sends status signals from the data rates.
devices, identifying if it is ready or - Ethernet cable – transmits signals
not. between a computer and network
devices.
 - High-definition Multimedia Object-Oriented Programming – the
Interface (HDMI) – a connector for most common type of programming
transmitting audio/video data language used by programmers.
which are compatible to
Operating System – other term for system
computers.
software. It is the most important software
Wireless Communication running on a computer since it manages
the computer’s memory and instructions
The Institute of Electrical and
and has the ability to control all the
Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a
connected hardware and installed
professional technical association
software applications.
identified standard 802.11 for Wi-Fi and
802.15 for Bluetooth in the wireless
standards.
Application Software – consists of
- Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) – uses programs that are designed to perform
radio waves to wirelessly transmit specific tasks for users.
information across a network. Wi-
Software Packages – specific application
Fi’s signals are transmitted in
software products. These are available
frequencies of between 2.5 and 5
from different vendors. This software can
gigahertz (GHz), which are higher
be downloaded for free but usually with
than radio and TV signals to avoid
fewer capabilities compared to the ones
interference.
sold.
- Bluetooth – uses radio waves to
connect to other devices. The Online Application Software –
connection via Bluetooth is called introduced with the improved internet
pairing. speed being made available to
consumers. There are various products
available including software tools that
COMPUTER SYSTEM were previously identified only as
computer applications.
Computer System – a combination of
instructions, data, and programs that the
computer needs in order to do a specific
POPULAR APPS
task.
1. Any.do – a scheduler and reminder
Programs – another term used for
notification app
computer software.
2. Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and
PowerPoint – available for free
download in both Android and iOS.
3. WPS Office – another office template and
productivity suite that does the processors drop
same as MS Word, Excel, and tools
PowerPoint.
4. Adobe Acrobat Reader – a PDF HOW COMPUTERS IMPACT EVERYDAY
reader and annotation app which LIFE
lets you view and sign PDF forms.
Education
5. Microsoft Outlook – for reading
emails, managing contacts, and Most elementary and secondary
calendar. schools (pubic and private) and higher
6. Newton Mail – for accessing all education institutions (HEIs) have
email accounts in one “unified computers in their classrooms. ICT in
inbox”. general has made things convenient and
7. Forge – a mobile drawing app that efficient for teachers, students,
allows the user to create sketches researchers, and school administrators.
and edit photos.
Teachers can do research and
enhance their teaching materials.
People who have no IT background can Students use computers with
now create their own blogs and internet access as one of their reference
websites through online tools which tools.
provide web hosting and web content
School administrators use
management.
computers for administrative work to
ensure that the entire operation of the
school runs proficiently.
Wix.com and WordPress.com are two
of the most popular website creation Electronic learning (e-learning) is
tools available online. Both tools offer the newest teaching methodology.
blogging and website content
Banking
management system (CMS).
The computer has made all banking
transactions around the world easier and
WordPress Wix more secure. It manipulates the entire
Programming Uses PHP, Uses banking system as it includes 24-hour
language HTML, and HTML5 electronic banking services.
used CSS
Development Uses web Uses - Automated teller machine (ATM)
process templates online - Cheque deposit
and drag
 - Electronic fund transfer Hospitals
- Direct deposit
The use of computers in hospitals
- Pay by phone system.
offers many benefits to both doctors and
- Personal computer banking /
patients. Hospitals are creating patients'
internet banking
databases of health records, treatment
Workforce records, and medical records.

Computers are used to expedite SOME OF THE HOSPITAL

production planning and control systems, MACHINES:
to support chain management, and to
- Ultrasound
facilitate product design in the industrial
- Echocardiography
sector.
- Complete blood count (CBC)
CNC machines or Computer - Mammography
Numerical Control (CNC) machines -- - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
used for precision cutting, drilling, milling, - X-rays
and turning of materials such as metal,
plastic, and wood.
CHAPTER 3: The Internet and World Wide
However, the use of ICT can be
Web
perceived as a threat to assembly-line and
factory workers as robots or machines Internet - is a worldwide network that links
take over their jobs. millions of businesses, government
agencies, educational institutions, and
Electronic Commerce
individuals.
Electronic commerce or simply e-
Types of information
commerce helps boost the economy.
Where with the use of computers, internet, o Electronic mails
and shared software as the main tools, o Text
buying and selling activities are made o Video chats/conference
easier, more efficient, and faster. o Computer programs

CUSTOMERS AND CLIENTS - use Telephone companies - functions as

computers to communicate with sellers. internet service providers.

SUPPLIERS - use computers in PLDT, Inc. - the largest network company.

keeping track of their transactions which It offers a wide range of
include the monitoring of inventory. telecommunications and digital services
across the Philippines’ most extensive
fiber optic backbone, and fixed line and It began operating the Internet2
cellular networks. DCN (Dynamic Circuit Network), an
advanced technology that allows user-
Smart Communications, Inc. and Digitel
based allocation of data circuits over the
Mobile Philippines, Inc. - are both
fiber-optic network.
collaborating with PLDT while Globe
Telecom has acquired Bayan The Philippines lies under the
Telecommunications. PREGINET which is among the
international peers reachable via Trans-
According to the 2018 Global
Eurasia Information Network (TEIN), one
Digital suite of reports from We Are Social
of the Internet2’s peering relationships.
and Hootsuite, there are 4 billion people
anywhere in the world connecting to the Under the Department of Science
internet for various reasons. and Technology-Advanced Science and
Technology Institute (DOST-ASTI) is the
Philippine Research, Education and
THE INTERNET: THEN AND NOW Government Information Network
(PREGINET) which interconnects and
• Started from Advanced Research
catalyzes research among academic,
Projects Agency’s Wide Area
government, and research institutions.
Network (ARPANET).
• Established by the U.S.
Department of Defense in the
The Internet: Still Growing
1960s.
• ARPANET grew and eventually • The internet connects thousands of
attained the name of Internet. networks and billions of users
• The advancement of hypertext- around the world.
based technology known as World • The number if internet users as of
Wide Web has provided the January 2018 is 4. 021 billion.
channels for displaying text, • No single person or group controls
graphics, animations, etc. the network.
• The internet is open to anyone who
Internet2 - a not-for-profit networking
can access it.
consortium founded in 1996. It provides a
collaborative environment where U.S.
research and education organizations
work together and develop advanced
technologies and innovative solutions.
Jobs the Internet Can Do which are sent independently, and then
reassemble at the ultimate destination.
The simple job of the internet is to
move, transfer, or assign digital Two Types of Packet Switching
information from one place to another.
o Datagram packets are
This information can be in various forms independently can take
such as: different paths throughout
the network.
- text documents
o Virtual circuit uses a
- images, audio logical connection between
the source and the
- video
destination device.
- software programs
What computers do on the Internet
These information is known as DATA.
Server - A computer that is designed to
process any request from data and
delivers data to other client computers
How Data Travels the Internet
over a local network or the internet.
Transmission of Data - Data and
Client - A computer or device that gets
information are transferred globally
information from a server.
through wired or wireless transmission
media. Active Directory Domain Services (AD
DS) - Computer that holds the user
In the Philippines, the internet
accounts, computer accounts,
backbone connects various locations
organizational units, and application
such as La Union, Batangas, Cavite, and
services.
Davao.
Domain Name System (DNS) - Machine
Circuit Switching - Traditional method
that helps the Dynamic Host
used in telephone networks where a direct
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server is a
connection (circuit) is established
server that configures IPv4 and IPv6
between sender and receiver. This
addresses specifically in giving names to
connection remains open for the duration
each IP address up to its root recognition.
of the communication, blocking other
users from accessing it. File server - machine that holds and
manage documents.
Packet Switching – a mode of
transmission in which the message is
broken into smaller parts (called packets)
Web server 2 - hold users’ mail services Web Technologies
and Web services.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) - the
Print server - connects printer to client standard language for creating web pages.
computers through the internet. It accepts HTML is classified as the set of markup
print jobs from the computers, queues symbols or codes appended in a file
these jobs, and sends them to the intended for presentation.
appropriate printer.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) -
Router - Internet is made up of a hardware classified as the set of standards allowing
device designed to receive, analyze, and users of the WWW to interchange
send incoming packets to another information seen on web pages.
network.
Web servers and web browsers - is a
software application for recovering,
presenting, and navigating information
World Wide Web - a collection of public
resources on the WWW.
websites connected to the Internet
worldwide that can be accessed through
client computers. The WWW is considered
The World Wide Web (WWW)
an application in the internet and
celebrated its 28th anniversary on March
computer networks, built on three
12, 2017, recognizing how it created a new
fundamental technologies.
virtual world within a generation. Websites
The World Wide Web (WWW) is the have constantly developed to adapt to
backbone of modern web technology, the changing preferences of users,
serving as the infrastructure that enables transitioning from large-screen computers
the interconnectedness of information to small-screen mobile phones.
across the globe.

Three basic technologies that are

Four Basic Stages of Web Functionality
considered essential for building the
World Wide Web: 1. Connection - Users initiate the
process by accessing web
- Hypertext Markup Language
browsers like Internet Explorer,
(HTML)
Google Chrome, or Mozilla Firefox
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
to connect to the web server.
- Web servers and web browsers
2. Request - Browsers utilize the
HTTP protocol to request specific
programmed text from the web
 server, typically written in HTML Internet Explorer and Edge: Account for
format. 7.6% collectively.
3. Response - The web server
Firefox: Holds a share of 7.2%.
provides the requested text, which
contains instructions on how to Opera: Contributes 2.9% to the market.
display content on the user's
screen.
4. Close - Once the interaction is Web Administrator - A website is
complete, the connection between maintained by its owner. The owner can
the browser and the web server is modify the website content as well as add
terminated. new information in it.

Two Main Search Tools

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): Acts as o Subject directories –

the internet address and comprises four developed and maintained
parts: by human editors and not by
electronic spiders or robots
Protocol Identifier: Specifies the protocol
that are used to fetch we
to use.
pages automatically.
Domain Name: Indicates the IP address o Search engine – uses small
where the resource is located. programs called spiders or
bots that polish the internet,
Path: Identifies the specific location of the
follow links, and return
resource.
information to the search
File Name: Specifies the name of the file to engine’s indicator.
be accessed.
Techniques to Improve Web Searches
Web Browser Usage Statistics (As of
Using specific words and placing
March 2018):
the most important terms first in the
According to W3Counter, a reputable search text or phrase.
source for website analytics, the
Using quotation marks to create
distribution of web browser usage is as
exact phrases - this helps the search
follows:
engine find what it is looking for by using
Chrome: Holds the majority share with the exact sequence of words.
60.6%.
Listing all possible spellings (e.g.,
Safari: Follows with 15.4%. organization & organization).
Most Useful Google Search Tricks (2016)

- Use quotes to search for an exact phrase

- Use an asterisk within quotes to specify

unknown or variable words

-Use the minus sign to eliminate results

containing certain words

- Search websites for keywords

- Compare using “vs”

- Use “DEFINE:” to search for the meaning

of words - slang included

- Search images using images