NERVOUS SYSTEM

COURSE CODE ANAPHY

TOPIC 5: NERVOUS SYSTEM

TOPIC OVERVIEW

A. NERVOUS SYSTEM
a. Definition
b. Different Classification of the
Nervous System
c. Impulse Conduction
d. Division of the Nervous System

A NERVOUS SYSTEM

● is a primary control system of our body.

B1 CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
A1 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

● second important regulating system of

the body.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NERVOUS AND

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

● The nervous system controls all rapid

electrical nerve impulses. While the
Endocrine system controls some by
producing hormones released into the
blood. Thus the endocrine system, it's
acting more in a leisurely way.
NEURONS
FUNCTIONS
● Also called nerve cells, they are highly
1. Monitor changes or stimuli specialized because they transmit
2. Process and interpret sensory inputs messages.
3. Cause a response or effect.
❖ 3 BASIC STRUCTURE OF NEURONS:
➔ Cell Body: they process the information
B DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATION OF THE in the cell body of the neurons.
NERVOUS SYSTEM ➔ Dendrites: responsible to conduct the
impulse toward other cell bodies.
(Neurons may have two or more
1. Structural Classification
dendrites.)
2. Functional Classification
➔ Axon: conduct impulse away from the
cell body.

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● Synapse: are the spaces or

junctions where an impulse is
transmitted from one neuron to NEUROGLIA
another, although neurons are
very close they do not really touch
each other, synapse is in the ● Are the supporting cells in the central
middle. nervous system. They are lumped
● Myelin Sheath: is a whitish, fattish together (nerve glue)
material. Which protects and ● They include many types; they support,
insulates the fibers. It increases insulate, and protect the delicate
the transmission rate of nerve neurons.
impulses. ❖ CNS NEUROGLIA (Central Nervous
System):
➔ Astrocytes: they form a living barrier.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE They play a role in making exchanges
between capillaries and neurons.
● Multiple Sclerosis and Guillain-Barre ➔ Microglia: phagocytic scavenger cells,
Syndrome they help for immune function.
○ Multiple Sclerosis: problem of ➔ Ependymal cells: they line the cavities of
myelin sheath in brain and spinal the brain and spinal cord.
cord. ➔ Oligodendrocytes: they produce the
○ Guillain-Barre Syndrome: myelin sheath for the brain and spinal
problem of myelin sheath in cord.
cranial nerves and spinal nerves. ❖ PNS NEUROGLIA (Peripheral Nervous
System):
➔ Schwann cells: forms myelin sheath of
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
nerves.
➔ Satellite cells: forms protective caution.
● Afferent Neurons- sensory neurons, and
their movement is going up (they move
in an ascending tract). C IMPULSE CONDUCTION
● Efferent Neurons- motor neurons, they
move down (descending tract). 1. Resting Potential: More Na outside cell
● Internuncial Neurons- association and more K inside cell (in membrane
neurons, they connect both afferent and excitability, Ca plays role).
efferent in the neural pathway. 2. Nerve Impulse: with stimulus, ion
exchanges occur and impulse passes
along the axon to all parts of the neuron.
3. Saltatory Conduction: faster speed of
conduction.
4. Refractory Period: after an action
potential, nerve fiber is not able to
conduct another millisecond (absolute
refractory period).
5. Chemical Synapse: one-way valve,
allowing transmission of action potential
in only one direction.
6. Receptors: initiates the energy of a nerve
impulse (mechanical energy, chemical
energy, light energy, thermal energy).

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 7.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
COURSE CODE ANAPHY

Regeneration: nerve cell bodies are not able 1. Superficial cortex of gray matter, which
to regenerate, however regeneration is looks gray in fresh brain tissue. (cerebral
possible only if the axon is injured. cortex)
a. Gray matter: it contains cell
★ Electroencephalogram (EEG) measures bodies of neurons.
electrical activity of the brain. 2. Internal area of white matter.
★ Seizures occur when there are abnormal 3. Basal nuclei, islands of gray matter
surges of electrical activity in the brain situated deep within the white matter.
due to chemical changes in nerve cells. a. White matter: it contains sensory
motor.
D DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Central Nervous System

○ Brain
○ Spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System
○ Cranial Nerves
○ Spinal Nerves
3. Autonomic Nervous System
○ Parasympathetic Nervous System
○ Sympathetic Nervous System

D1 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

★ FRONTAL LOBE
● Personality, behavior
● Higher intellectual function
● Percent gyrus: motor function
● Broca's area: specialized motor speech
area
★ PARIETAL LOBE
● Postcentral gyrus: registers general
sensation
★ TEMPORAL LOBE
BRAIN
● Hearing, taste, smell
● Wernicke's area: sensory speech
● The paired cerebral hemispheres, ★ OCCIPITAL LOBE
collectively called the cerebrum, are the ● Vision
most superior part of the brain.
★ Anencephaly: has a very poor prognosis.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
Newborns if they are born alive, they will
die hours to days after birth. Because
they have no function in the cerebrum.

Each cerebral hemisphere has three basic

regions:

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COURSE CODE ANAPHY

BRAINSTEM

● Cerebral palsy: neuromuscular disability,

in which the voluntary muscles are
poorly controlled
★ MIDBRAIN
● Contain visual, auditory, and motor
DIENCEPHALON centers
● Contains nuclei of CNs III and IV
★ PONS
● Relays information from cerebrum to
cerebellum.
● Controls respiration.
● Contains nuclei of CNs V to VII
★ MEDULLA OBLONGATA
● Relays sensory information to
cerebellum.
● Controls heart rate, blood pressure,
respiration, and vomiting.
● Contains nuclei of CNs VII to XII.

CEREBELLUM = LITTLE BRAIN

● Coordinates movements
★ THALAMUS ● Controls posture, balance, and fine motor
● Relays sensory and motor impulses movement
● Involved in memory ● Involved in motor learning
★ HYPOTHALAMUS ● If the cerebrum is damaged, movements
● Integration center of autonomic system become clumsy and disorganized, it is
● Regulates temperature and food and called Ataxia.
water intake.
● Regulates hormonal output of anterior SPINAL CORD
pituitary gland.
● Part of the limbic system, a center for
many drives and emotions.
★ EPITHALAMUS
● Forms the pineal gland and choroid
plexus

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 NERVOUS SYSTEM
COURSE CODE ANAPHY

● Gray matter: is where cell bodies are

● White matter: this is where ascending
and descending tracts are found.
● Sensory neuron: ascending tract
● The cylindrical spinal cord provides a ● Motor neuron: descending tract
two-way conduction pathway to and ● Dorsal root: the posterior part
from the brain and it is a major reflex ● Ventral root: the anterior part
center.
● It is cushioned and protected by ❖ ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
meninges and covered by the vertebral ➔ Cranium and Vertebral Column
column. ● The bone protecting the brain (cranium)
● We have 30 pairs of spinal cord, and it is ● The bone protecting the spinal cord
called Similar to the bone encasing (vertebral)
them. ➔ Meninges
● Are three connective tissue membranes
covering and protecting the CNS
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE structures.
● It has 3 layers: dura mater, outermost
arachnoid middle, and pia mater
innermost
● Meningitis: inflame or infect (if there's
infection, bacteria, virus).
● Encephalitis: because meningitis are
closest to the brain, it can also lead to the
infection of the brain.
● Subarachnoid space: area below
arachnoid. It is the area which absorbs
CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid).
➔ Cerebrospinal Fluid
● Surrounds brain and spinal cord and
offers protection by functioning as a
shock absorber.
● Carries nutrients to and waste products
away from the cell bodies.
● Intracranial pressure : majority of the CSF
should be absorbed specifically in the
brain.

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 NERVOUS SYSTEM
COURSE CODE ANAPHY

● CSF has watery broth with components

II. Optic Fibers arise Purely Vision
similar to blood plasma from which it
from the sensory; and
forms, however it has less protein, more
retina of the carries visual
vitamin C.
eye and impulses field are
● CSF MOVEMENT:
form the for vision tested
1. Produced by choroid plexus
optic nerve. with an
2. Travels The two eye chart
3. Absorbed by subarachnoid space of optic nerves by
meninges from the testing
- When excess CSF occurs, either because optic the point
of overproduction of plexus, blockage in chiasma by at which
the travel, or non-absorption by partial the
subarachnoid space. It may cause a crossover of subject
homeostatic imbalance called fibers; the first sees
hydrocephalus. fibers as object
➔ Blood-Brain Barrier continue to (finger)
● Neurons are kept separated from the optic moving
bloodborne substances by the blood- cortex as the into the
brain barrier, composed of the least optic tracts visual
permeable capillaries in the whole body. field; eye
These capillaries are almost seamlessly interior is
bound together by tight junctions all viewed
around. with an
ophthal
D2 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM moscope

III. Fibers run Supplies Pupils

CRANIAL NERVES Oculom from the motor are
otor midbrain to fibers to examine
the eye four to the d for size,
NAME/ ORIGIN/ FUNCTION TEST six muscles shape,
NUMBE COURSE (superior, and size
R anterior, equality;
inferior, and pupillary
I. Fibers arise Pure Subject medial reflex is
Olfactory from sensory; is asked rectus, and tested
olfactory carries to sniff inferior with a
receptors in impulses and oblique) penlight
the nasal the sense of identify that direct
mucosa and smell aromatic eyeball
synapse substanc
with the es, such IV. Fibers runs Supplies Tested in
olfactory as oil of Trochlea from the motor common
bulbs cloves or r midbrain to fibers for with
(which, in vanilla. the eye one cranial
turn, send external eye nerve III
fibers to the muscle for the
olfactory (superior ability to
cortex) oblique) follow

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 NERVOUS SYSTEM
COURSE CODE ANAPHY

moving receptors of transmits are

objects the inner ear impulses checked;
to the brain for the subject is
V. Fibers Conducts Sensatio stem sense of asked to
Trigemin emerge sensory n of pain, balance, speak
al from the impulses touch, and and
pons and from the and cochlear cough
form three skin of the tempera branch
divisions face and ture are transmits
that run to mucosa of tested impulses
the face the nose with a for the
and mouth; safety sense of
also pin and hearing
contains hot and
motor cold X. Vagus Fibers Fibers carry Tested in
fibers that objects emerge sensory common
activate the from the impulses with
chewing medulla and from and cranial
muscles descend motor nerve IX
into the impulses to because
VI. Fibers leave Supplied Tested in thorax and the they
Abducen the pons motor common abdominal pharynx, both
s and rin to fibers to the with cavity larynx, and serve
the eye lateral cranial the muscles
rectus nerve III abdominal of the
muscle, for the and throat
which rolls ability to thoracic
the eye move viscera
laterally each eye
laterally XI. Fibers arise Mostly sternocle
Accessor from the motor idomast
VII. Fibers leave Activates Anterior y superior fibers that oid and
Facial the pons that two- spinal cord activate the trapezius
and run to muscles of thirds of (C1 - C5) and sternocleid muscles
the face facial tongue is travel to omastoid are
expression tested muscles of and checked
and the for ability the neck trapezius for
lacrimal to taste and back muscles strength
and salivary sweet, by
glands salty, asking
sour and the
bitter subject
substanc to rotate
es head
and
VIII. Fibers run Purely Gag and shrug
Vestibul from the sensory; swallowi shoulder
ocochlea equilibrium vestibular ng s against
r and hearing branch reflexes resistanc

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 NERVOUS SYSTEM
COURSE CODE ANAPHY

e
D3 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
XII. Fibers run Motor fibers Subject
Hypoglo from the control is asked
ssal medulla to tongue to stick
the tongue movements out
; sensory tongue,
fibers carry and any
impulses position
from the abnorma
tongue lities are
noted

SPINAL NERVES
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
● Serve the head and the neck except the
vagus nerve serving the thorax in the ● Controls organs during normal
abdomen. functioning, they allow us to unwind and
● The 31 human spinal nerves are formed conserve energy.
by the combination of the ventral and
dorsal roots of the spinal cord. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
● Although each of the cranial nerves
issuing from the brain is named
specifically, the spinal nerves are named ● Serves the same organs but it mobilizes
for the region of the cord from which the body during stress or extreme
they arise. situations, such as fear, exercise, or
● There are 7 cervical cords, but there are 8 range.
cervical nerves.

★ Paralysis is loss of muscle function

resulting in inability to move.
● Monoplegia: affects only one arm or leg.
TARGET PARASYMPAT SYMPATHETIC
● Hemiplegia: affects one arm and one leg
ORGAN/ HETIC EFFECTS
on the same side of the body.
SYSTEM EFFECTS
● Paraplegia: affects both legs.
● Quadriplegia: affects both arms and Digestive Increases Decreases
both legs.

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 NERVOUS SYSTEM
COURSE CODE ANAPHY

System smooth muscle activity system distant vision

mobility and constricts
(peristalsis) and digestive Adrenal No effect Stimulates
amount of system Medulla medulla cells to
secretion by sphincters (for secrete
digestive example, anal epinephrine
system glands; sphincter) and
relaxes norepinephrine
sphincters
Sweat No effect Stimulates to
Liver No effect Causes glucose glands of produce
to be released skin perspiration
to blood
Arrector pili No effect Stimulates;
Lungs Constricts Dilates muscles produces
bronchioles bronchioles attached to “goose bumps”
hair follicles
Urinary Relaxes Constricts
bladder/ sphincters sphincters Penis Causes Causes
Urethra (allows voiding) (prevents erection due to ejaculation
voiding) vasodilation (emission of
semen)
Kidneys No effect Decreases urine
output Cellular No effect Increases
Metabolism metabolic rate;
Heart Decreases rate; Increases rate increases blood
slows and and force of sugar levels;
steadies heart stimulates fat
breakdown
Blood No effect on Constricts blood
Vessels most blood vessels in Adipose No effect Stimulates fat
vessels viscera and skin Tissue breakdown

Glands—- Stimulates; Inhibits; result is

salivary, increases dry mouth and
lacrimal production of dry eyes
gastric saliva, tears,
and gastric
juice

Eye (iris) Stimulate to Stimulates

constrictor dilator muscles;
muscles; dilates pupils
constricts
pupils

Eye (ciliary Stimulates to Inhibits;

muscle) increase decreases
bulging of lens bulging of lens;
for close vision prepares for

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COURSE CODE ANAPHY

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