_______________________________________________

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
College of Engineering Education
Civil Engineering Program
_______________________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
BCE 314/L – HYDRAULICS (10939)
_______________________________________________

Submitted by:
GROUP 5
ACUZAR, CHAINA
CLARITO, WREG GRYANN
DIPATUAN, MUHMIN
MONTALES, JAN ROBIE
NODALO, NORIZASHERE

Submitted to:
ENGR. ABO YASSER L. MANALINDO

JULY 2024
TOPICS.

Note: Number of items are indicated right after the specified topics.

* Properties of Fluid (12)

* Principle of Hydrostatics (5)
* Manometers (3)
* Total Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces (3)
* Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surfaces (3)
* Dams (3)
* Buoyancy (5)
* Statical Stability of Floating Bodies (3)
* Rectilinear Translation (3)
* Rotation of Vessels (3)
* Discharge (5)
* Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem (5)
* Turbine and Pumps (4)
* Reynolds Number (5)
* Darcy-Weisbach Formula (3)
* Manning Formula (3)
* Hazen Williams Formula (3)
* Pipes in Series and Parallel (4)
* Multi-Reservoir Problems (3)
* Orifice (5)
* Venturi Meter (3)
* Unsteady flow (orifice) (3)
* Weir (6)
* Open Channel (5)
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

1. A shaft weighing 2500 N with a diameter of 90 mm is being moved at a velocity of

200 mm/s through a bearing sleeve that has a diameter of 120 mm and a length
of 150 mm. The uniform clearance is filled with gasoline (specific gravity = 0.9) at
30°C, with a kinematic viscosity of 0.005 m²/s. What is the acceleration of the
shaft? (u = 0.4m/s)

Given:
Gasoline (s.g. = 0.9) V = 200 mm/s = 0.2 m/s
W = 2500 N T = 30°C
D1 = 90 mm = 0.09 m v = 0.005 m²/s
D2 = 120 mm = 0.12 m u = 0.4 m/s
h = 150 mm = 0.15 m

Solution:

Σ F y =ma ← Formula for getting the acceleration

W
W −F= a ← Derived equation
g

Using the formula of kinematic viscosity:

μ
v= ∨μ=v ρ
ρ
μ=(0.005)(0.9)(1000)=4.5 kg /m−s

Using the lateral surface area of the cylinder:

2
A=πDh=π ( 0.09 ) ( 0.15 ) =0.042 m

Formula for getting y:

D2−D 1 0.12−0.09
y= = =0.015 m
2 2

Using the formula for the Force due to viscosity:

F=μA ( )
u
y (
=( 4.5 )( 0.042 ) )
0.4
0.015
=5.04 N

Using the derived formula:

2500
2500−5.04= a
9.81

a = 9.790 m/s2
2. A vertical cylindrical tank has a diameter of 10 m and a depth of 3 m and is
completely filled with water at 23°C. When the water is heated to 46°C, how
much of it will overflow? The unit weight of water is 9.74 kN/m³ at 23°C and 9.61
kN/m³ at 46°C, respectively.

Given:
D = 10 m
h=3m
T1 = 23°C
T2 = 46°C
γ 1 = 9.74 kN/m³ = 9740 N/m³
γ 2 = 9.61 kN/m³ = 9610 N/m³

Solution:

ΔV =V 2−V 1 ← Formula for getting the spilled water/change in volume

Solve for the Initial Volume:

2
V 1=π r h=π ¿

Solve for the Initial mass of water:

vγ (235.619)(9740)
m 1= = =233937.723 kg
g 9.81

Solve for the Final Volume:

m1 g ( 233937.723)(9.81) 3
V 2= = =238.806 m
γ2 9610

Substitute the vales to the main equation:

ΔV =238.806−235.619
3
ΔV =3.187 m
3. Water has a unit weight of 62.4 pcf at 30°F. Given a vessel with a water volume of
7.40 ft³, calculate the change in volume when the water is heated to 150°F. Also,
determine the percentage change in volume. (The unit weight of water is 59.83
pcf at 150°F)

Given:
@ 30°F; γ 1= 62.4 pcf
@ 150°F; γ 2= 59.83 pcf
V1 = 7.40 ft3
Solution:

Solve for the Final Volume:

W =γV
γ 1 V 1 =γ 2 V 2
(62.4)(7.40)=(59.83)V 2
3
V 2=7.718 ft

Solve for the percentage change in volume:

V 2−V 1
Change in volume = ( 100 %)
V1
(7.718−7.40)
Change in volume = (100 % )
7.40
Change in volume = 4.3% (increase in volume)

4. Given a container of heavy cream with a density of 1024 kg/m³, if the cream is
whipped to three times its original volume, what will be the specific gravity and
specific weight of the whipped cream?

Given:
ρ1 = 1024 kg/m3
Whipped three times its original volume

Solution:

Solve for the Final Density of the heavy cream:

ρ1 1024 3
ρ 2= = =341.333 kg /m
3 3

Solve for the Specific Gravity:

ρ2 341.333
sg= =
ρ water 1000
sg=0.341

Solve for the Specific Weight:

γ = ρg=( 341.333 ) ( 9.81 )
3
γ =3348.477 N /m
5. A team is designing a helium balloon to ascend to 50,000 feet. As it climbs, the
balloon must produce an upward force that surpasses its total weight. The
balloon is inflated under conditions of 0.89 bar atmospheric pressure and 30°C
temperature. Prior to launch, the balloon has a spherical shape with a radius of
2.4 meters, and its inflation pressure is equal to the local atmospheric pressure.
Calculate the weight (in Newtons) of the helium contained in the balloon.

Given:
h = 50,000 ft
Patmospheric = 0.89 bar
T = 30°C
r = 2.4 m

Solution:

Convert the values to SI units:

P=0.89 ¯¿
T = 30°C + 273 = 303 K

Solve for the Volume of balloon (Spherical):

4 3 4 3 3
V Helium= π r = π ( 2.4 ) =57.906 m
3 3

Using the Ideal Gas Law for the Pressure:

P
ρ=
RT
89000 J
ρ=
(
2077
J
kg−k )
(303 K )
3
ρ=0.141 kg/m

Solve for the Weight of Volume:

W =γV =ρ γV
W =( 0.141 ) ( 9.81 ) (57.906 )
W =80.096 N
6. An object weighs 3800 lbf when exposed to a standard earth gravity g = 32.2
ft/s2. (a) What is its mass in kg? (b) What will the weight of this object be in N if it
is exposed to the moon’s standard acceleration g moon = 1.62 m/s2? (c) How fast
will the object the accelerate if a net force of 800 lbf is applied to it on the earth or
on the moon?

Given:

W = 3800 lbf
g = 32.2 ft/s2
gmoon = 1.62 m/s2
F = 800 lbf
1 slug = 14.5939 kg

Solution:

Solve for the mass of the object:

F=W =mg=3800 lbf =( m slugs ) 32.2
( ft
s
2 )
3800
m= =( 118.012 )( 14.5939 )
32.2
m=1722.255 kg

Solve for the weight of the object if on the moon:

F=W moon =mgmoon =(1722.255)(1.62)
W =2790.053 N

Solve for the acceleration of the object:

ft
F=800 lbf =ma=(118.012 slugs)(a 2 )
s
800 2
a= =6.779 ft /s ∨¿
118.012
2
a=2.066 m/s
7. At a depth of 8.5 km in the ocean, the pressure is 9.13 MPa. Assume a specific
weight at the surface of 12 kN /m3 and an average bulk modulus of elasticity of 2.34
GPa for that pressure range.
a. Compute the change in specific volume between the surface and 8.5km
depth.
b. Compute the specific volume at 8.5 km.
c. Compute the specific weight at 8.5 km.
Solution:
1
Vs =
1
ρ
12000
ρ=
9.81
kg
ρ=1223.242 3
m
1
Vs =
1
ρ
1
Vs =
1
1223.242
3
m
V s =0.000817
1
kg
∆P
K=
∆Vs
Vs 1
6
9 −9.13 ×10 −0
2.34 × 10 =
∆V s
0.000817
−6
∆ V s=−3.142 ×10

@ specific volume at 8.5km:

V s =V s +∆ V s
2 1

V s =0.000817+ (−3.142 ×10−6 )

2

V s =0.000812 m3 /kg
2

@ specific weight at 8.5km:

g
γ=
Vs 2

9.81
γ=
0.000812
γ =12081.281 N
8. A gas having a volume of 54 liters has a pressure of 0.36 MPa at 36 ℃ . If the gas
constant R is equal to 241 M.N/kg.k, compute:
a. density of the gas
b. mass of the gas
c. weight of the gas
Solution:
P
ρ=
RT
T =273 ° +℃
T =273 ° +36
T =309 ° K
@ density of the gas:
P
ρ=
RT
6
0.24 ( 10 )
ρ=
241 ( 309 )
3
ρ=3.223 kg/m

@ mass of the gas:

m=ρV
m=3.223 (0.054)
kg
m=0.174 3
m

@ weight of the gas:

W =Mg
W =¿0.174(9.81)
W =1.707 N
9. What is the difference in pressure between the inside and the outside of a bubble
having a diameter of 0.012 in. if it is equivalent ton air-water interface having a
surface tension of 0.022 lb/ft. Compute the pressure in kPa. Compute the force due
to surface tension.

Solution:
2
πd
P =πdσ
4
Pd
σ=
4
P ( 0.012 )
0.022=
4 ( 12 )
P=88 psf

@ pressure in kPa:

( )( )
2
lb 4.448 N 3.28 f t
P=88 2 2
ft lb m
P=4.213 kPa

@ force due surface tension:

F=πdσ
F=π (
0.012
12 )
( 0.022 )
5
F=6.912 ×10 lb

10. The radius of the tube as shown in the figure is 2.75 mm. the surface tension of
water at 20℃ is equal to 0.0893 N/m. For a water-glass interface θ=0 °.
a. Compute the capillary rise in the tube in mm.
b. Compute the total force due to surface tension.
c. Compute the weight of water above the surface due to surface tension.

Solution:
2 σcosθ
h=
ρgr
2 ( 0.0893 ) cos 0°
h=
1000 ( 9.81 )( 0.00275 )
h=0.00662 m≈ 6.62 mm
@ total force due to surface tension:
F=σπd cos θ
F=0.0893 ( 2 π )( 0.00275 ) cos 0°
−3
F=1. 543× 10 N

@ weight of water:
W =γV
2
W =9810 π ( 0.00275 ) (0.00662)
−3
W =1.543 × 10 N

11. A rigid container is partly filled with a liquid at 2842 kPa. The volume of the liquid
is 1.776 liters. At a pressure of 3124 kPa, the volume of the liquid is 1.579 liters.
a. Compute the average bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid.
a. B. Compute the coefficient of compressibility.
b. C. If the liquid has a density of 1944 kg /m3, what is the speed of sound in the
medium.
Solution:
@ bulk modulus of elasticity:
−( P2−P1 )
K=
V 2−V 1
V1
−( 3124−1650 )
K=
1.579−1.622
1.622
K=55600.651 kPa ≈ 0.056 GPa

@ coefficient of compressibility:
1
β=
K
1
β=
0.056
−1
β=17.857 GP a

@ velocity of sound:
V=
√ K
ρ

V=
√ 0.056 ×10 9
1944
V =169.725 m/ s
12. Two plane large surfaces are 27 mm apart and the space between them is filled
with a liquid of viscosity μ=0.776 pa−s. Assuming the velocity gradient to be a
straight line, what force is required to pull a very thin plate of 0.61 m2 area at a
constant speed of 0.5 m/s if the plate is 9 mm from one of the surface?

Solution:
F=F 1+ F 2
τ
μ=
U /y
F/A
μ=
U/y
μUA
F=
y
0.776(0.5)(0.61)
F 1= =13.149 N
0.018
0.776(0.5)(0.61)
F 1= =26.298 N
0.009
F=13.149+26.298
F=39.447 N
PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATICS

1. If the pressure 52 m below a liquid is 114.232 kPa, determine its unit weight γ ,
mass density ρ , and specific gravity s.
Solution:
@ unit weight:
ρ=γh
114.232=γ ( 52 )
3
γ =2.197 kN /m

@ mass density, ρ :
γ
ρ=
g
3
2.197 × 10
ρ=
9.81
3
ρ=223.955 kg/m

@ specific gravity, s:
ρ fluid
s=
ρ water
223.955
s=
1000
s=0.224
2. A drum 850 mm in diameter is filled with water and has a vertical pipe, 17.85 mm
in diameter, attached to the top. How many Newtons of water must be poured
into the pipe to exert a force of 5800 N on top of the drum?

Solution:
@ force on top:
F=ρ × Area
π
5800=ρ× ( 850 −17.85 )
2 2
4
−8
ρ=1.415× 10 MPa
ρ=0.01415 Pa

(ρ=γh)
0.01415=9810 h
−6
h=1.442× 10 m

Weight=γ ×Volume
π 2 −6
W =9810 × ( 0.01785 ) (1.442 ×10 )
4
−6
W =3.534 ×10 N
3. Oil of sp.gr. 0.83 flows through the nozzle shown and deflects the mercury in the
U-tube gage.
a. Determine the value of h if the pressure at A is 211 kPa.
b. What is the pressure at B.
c. If the diameter at A is 165 mm, compute the velocity at A if oil flows at a
rate of 29750 liters per minute.

Solution:
@ value of h:
211+ 9.81 ( 0.83 )( h+ 3.78 )−13.6 ( 9.81 )( h )=0
h=1.93 m

@ pressure at B:
PB =211+ 9.81 ( 0.83 )( 3.78+1.93 )
PB =257.493 kPa

@ velocity at A:
liters
Q=29750
min .
3
m
Q=0.496
s
Q= AV
π 2
0.496= ( 0.0165 ) V
4
V =2319.658 mm/s ≈ 23.197 m/s
4. In the figure shown, the atmosphere pressure is 123 kPa, the gage reading at A is
54 kPa and the vapor pressure of alcohol is 13.2 kPa absolute. Compute x + y .

Solution:
@ sum-up of absolute pressure head from 1 to 2 in meters in water;
P1 P2
− y ( 0.90 )=
γ γ
54+123 13.2
−0.9 y =
9.81 9.81
y=18.552 m

@ sum-up pressure(gage) head from1 to 4 in meters of water;

P1 P4
+ x ( 0.90 ) +2 (13.6 )=
γ γ
54
+ 0.9 x−16.51=0
9.81
x=12. 228 m
Then, x + y=12.228+18.552=30.78 m
5. Piston A has a cross section of 2500 c m2 while that of B is 1200 c m2. B is higher
than A by 3.5 m. if the intervening passages are filled with oil having sp. Gr. Of
0.83 and a force of 5 kN is acting on B,
a. What must be the pressure at piston B.
b. What must be the pressure at piston A
c. What must be the force exerted at piston A.

Solution:
@ pressure at piston B:
PB ( 1200 )=5000
N
PB =4.167 2
cm
N
PB =41670 2
m

@ pressure at piston A:
P A =PB + wh
P A =41670+ 9810 ( 0.83 ) ( 3.5 )
N
P A =70168.05 2
m

@ force exerted at piston A:

70168.05(2500)
P=
( 100 )2
P=17542.013 N
MANOMETERS

1. A single-column manometer is attached to a pipe holding a liquid with a specific

gravity of 0.9. Determine the pressure in the pipe, given that the area of the
reservoir is 100 times larger than the area of the manometer tube. The specific
gravity of mercury is 13.6.

Given:
s.g. = 0.9
s.g. mercury = 13.6
A reservoir = 100 times the A tube

Solution:

Take note of the given condition:

Area of reservoir A
limb ¿= =100
Area of ¿ a

AΔ h=a h2
a h2
Δ h=
A

Solve for the Pressure at the Tube:

P A =PB + γh=P B + sgγh
P A =0+ ( 13.6 )( 9.81 ) ( 0.7 )−( 0.9 ) ( 9.81 ) ( 0.3 )
2
P A =90.743 kN /m

Add to the set condition:

a h2
P=P A +
A
[(sg)mercury ( g)−(sg)liquid ( g)]
0.7
P=90.743+
100
[ ( 13.6 ) ( 9.81 )− ( 0.9 ) ( 9.81 ) ]
2
P=91.615 kN /m
2. Two vessels are linked by a differential manometer filled with mercury, and the
connecting tube contains gasoline. The vessel with the higher pressure is 4
meters lower in elevation than the other. Given that the mercury reading is 150
mm, determine the pressure head difference in meters of gasoline, assuming the
specific gravity of gasoline is 0.77.

Given:
s.g. mercury = 13.6
s.g. gasoline = 0.77
h=4m
Mercury deflection = 150 mm = 0.15 m
Solution:

Sum-up the pressure head from 1 to 4

in meters of gasoline:

ρ1 h ( 13.6 ) ρ4
=x+ h− −x−4=
γ 0.77 γ
ρ1 ρ 4 0.15 (13.6)
− =4−0.15+
γ γ 0.77
ρ1 ρ 4
− =6.499 m
γ γ

3. For the specified setup, determine the weight of the piston when the pressure
gauge shows a reading of 110 kPa. Take into account that the specific gravity of
benzene is 0.879.

Given:
P gage pressure = 110 kPa
s.g. benzene = 0.879
Solution:
Sum-up the pressure head from A to B
in meters of water:

ρB ρ A
= + Σ hw
γ γ
ρB ρ A
= −3 (0.879)
γ γ
110 ρA
= −3(0.879)
9.81 9.81
ρ A =135.869 kPa

Solve for the weight using the equation:

Weight=Forcea
Weight=(ρ¿¿ A)( Area)¿
 [ ]
2
π
Weight=(135.869) (3)
4
Weight=960.401 kN

TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACES

1. A vertical triangular gate with top base horizontal that is 4 m wide and is 6 m high
is submerged in oil having a specific gravity of 0.82 with its top edge submerged
to a depth of 3 m. Determine the magnitude and location of the total hydrostatic
pressure acting on one side of the gate.

Given:
Width = 4 m
Height = 6 m
Depth = 3 m
s.g. oil = 0.82

Solution:

Solve for the hydrostatic force:

F H =γ h A

( 1
)
F H =( 0.82 )( 9.81 )( 3+2 ) × 4 × 6
2
F H =482.652 kN

Solve for location of the hydrostatic force: z=h+ e

Where e is;
3
(4) ( 6 )
sin ⁡(90)
Isinθ 36
e= = =0.333 m
Ah 1
(4)(6)(6)
2
Therefore, the location is:
z=5+ 0.333
z=5.333 m

2. In the provided diagram, the gate AB pivots around an axis at point B. The width
of the gate is 2 m. To keep the gate closed, a torque T must be applied to the
shaft at point B. Calculate the torque T that will maintain the gate in a closed
position.

Solution:
Solve for the hydrostatic force:
F H =γ h A=( 9.81 ) (5.6 ) (3.4 ×2 )
F H =373.565 kN

Solve for e and z:

 3
( 1.2)(3.4 )
Ig 12
e= = =0.172 m
A y (3.4 ×1.2)(5.6)
z=1.7−e=1.7−0.172=1.528 m
T =Fz=( 373.565 ) ( 1.528 )
T =570.807 kN −m
3. As shown in the depicted diagram, a tank containing water is subjected to a
pressure of 85 cmHg. Determine the hydrostatic force exerted per meter width on
panel AB. Show the calculation of the force due to the water pressure at varying
depths along the height of the panel, considering the given pressurization.

Solution:

Solve for the pressure:

Pcg =P1+ Σγh
Pcg =0+13.6 ( 9.81 )( 0.95 )−¿

(
9.81 ( 3 ) +9.81 3+5+
4
2 )
Pcg =195.415 kPa

Solve for the hydrostatic force:

F H =P cg A
F H =(195.415)(4)(1)
F H =781.660 kN
Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surfaces

1. A pyramid with a weight of 16 kN has a base measuring 1.8 m square on each

side and a height of 1.2 m. Its base covers an opening in the floor of a tank that
holds water to a depth of 1.2 m. The air pressure both beneath the tank floor and at
the water's surface is atmospheric. What vertical force is necessary to lift the
pyramid off the floor?

Solution:

FL=Ww+ 16 where: Ww=γ wVol

1
Abaseh
Since the Volume of the Pyramid is VolD = 3
then, the volume of water above the Pyramid is:
2
Vol= Abaseh
3
2
FL=9 . 81( (1 .8 )2 1 .5 )+16
3
FL=47 . 784 kN

2. A dam has a parabolic shape with its vertex at the lowest point. The water surface
is exposed to atmospheric pressure. Calculate the horizontal and vertical forces
acting on the dam's face. Assume the dam extends 18 meters into the screen.

Solution:

For horizontal force:

Fh=γ h̄ A
7 .5
Fh=9.81( )(18(7.5))
2
Fh=4138.594 kN

For vertical force:

Fv=γ (Vol)
2
Fv=9. 81( (3)(7. 5 ))(18 )
3
Fv=2648 .7 kN

3. A 400-mm-diameter hole at the bottom of the tank is sealed with a 45-degree

conical rubber plug (specific gravity = 1.2). Calculate the force P needed to keep the
plug securely in the hole. The base diameter of the cone is 500 mm.

Solution:

For force P:

P=20000 A+Ww+Wp
45 0 .2
tan( )=
2 y
y=0.483 m
π
Ww=9810 [ π (0 .2)2 (1)− (0 .2)2 (0.483 )]
3
Ww=1034 .286 N
45 0 .25
tan( )=
2 hp
hp=0.604 m
π (0.25 )2 (0 .604 )
Wp=[1.2(9810 )][ ]
3
Wp=465 .367 N
P=20000 [ π (0 .2)2 ]+1034 .286+465 .367
P=4012 .927 N
Dams

1. A trapezoidal masonry dam, with one vertical face, has a thickness of 0.8 meters
at the top and 3.5 meters at the bottom. The dam stands 7 meters tall and has a
horizontal base. Water pressure is applied to the inclined face, with water reaching
4.8 meters above the base.The weight of the masonry is 24kN/m^3. Assuming there
is no hydrostatic uplift, determine where the resultant pressure intersects the base.
Additionally, is this a good design?

Solutions:
For horizontal force:
Fh=γ ℏ A
4 .8
Fh=9.81( )(4 .8)(1)
2
Fh=113.011kN

For vertical forces:

Fv=W 1+W 2 +W 3
W 1 =24[0.8(7)(1)]=134.4kN
1
W 2 =24[ (3.2)(7)(1)]=268.8 kN
2
7
tan(θ)=
3.2
θ=65.43°
1 4.8
W 3 =9.81[ (4.8)( )]=51.669kN
2 tan (65.43)

Fv=134.4+268.8+51.669
Fv=454 .869kN
Moment about to Toe:

O .M .=113.011(2)=226.022kN−m
0.8 1 1 4 .8
R .M .=134.4( )+268.8( (3.2)+0.8)+51.669( 4− ( )
2 3 3 tan(65.43)
R .M .=724.399kN −m
454 .869 x+226.022=724.399
x=1.096m
B
Thus, >x ,
3
NOT A GOOD DESIGN

2. A concrete dam of trapezoidal cross-section, with one face vertical has a thickness
of 0.2 m at the tope and 3 m at the bottom. It is 10 m high and has a horizontal base.
The vertical face is subjected to a water pressure, the water standing 6.5 m above
the base. The weight of the concrete is 45 KN /m3 per meter length of the dam,
evaluate:
a. The total hydrostatic force on the dam in KN.
b. The resisting moment of the dam to overturning in KN.m.
c. Factor of safety against overturning.
Solution:
@ total hydrostatic force on the dam:
P=(γ ¿¿ w)(h)( A)¿
P=9.81 ( )
6.5
2
( 6.5 ) ( 1 )
P=207.236 kN

@ resisting moment of the dam to overturning:

W 1=0.2(10)(45)
W 1=90 kN
10 ( 2.8 )
W 2= ( 45 )
2
W 2 =630 kN
RM =W 1 ( 2.9 ) +W 2 (1.6)
RM =90 ( 2.9 ) +630 ( 1.6 )
RM =1269 kN . m

@ factor of safety against overturning:

RM
FS=
OM
1269
FS= =6.123
207.236

3. For the gravity dam as shown, find the factor of safety against sliding and the
factor of safety against overturning with a given coefficient of 0.3. Assume the unit
weight of concrete to be 23.54 kN/m 3. Neglect the hydrostatic uplift in solving the
necessary calculations.
Solutions:

Calculate the necessary measurements:

4 16
tanθ= = ; n=12m
3 n

Calculate all the vertical forces to sum up the Ry:

W 1=γ c V 1=23.54 [ (3)(19)(1) ] =1341.780 kN

[
1
]
W 2 =γ c V 2=23.54 ( 16 ) ( 12 )( 1 ) =2259.840 kN
2

[1
]
W 3 =γ c V 3=23.54 ( 8 ) ( 6 ) ( 1 ) =235.440 kN
2
R y =W 1 +W 2 +W 3=3837.060 kN

Calculate all the horizontal forces to sum up the Rx:

F H 1=γ h1 A 1=( 9.81 ) ( )
16
2
( 16 )( 1 )=1255.680 kN

F H 2=γ h2 A 2=( 9.81 ) ()

8
2
( 8 )( 1 ) =313.920 kN
R x =F H 1+ F H 2 =941.760 kN

Solve for Factor of Safety against sliding:

μ R y 0.3(3837.060)
F ss = = =1.222>1 safe
Rx 941.760

Solve for Factor of Safety against overturning:

RM =W 1 x1 +W 2 x 2+ W 3 x 3 + F H 2 y 2

( 3
2 ) ( 2
3) 1
3 ( ) ( )
1
RM =( 1341.780 ) +12 + ( 2259.840 ) ×12 + ( 235.440 ) × 6 + ( 313.920 ) × 8 =37500.750 kNm
3
OM =F H 1 y 1=x=6696.960 kNm

RM 37500.750
F so= = =5.600>1 safe
OM 6696.960

BOUYANCY

1. What fraction of the volume of a solid object of sp.gr. 8.2 floats above the surface
of a container of mercury?
a. If the volume of the object below the liquid surface is 0.022 m3, what is
the weight of the object.
 b. What load applied vertically that would cause the object to be fully
submerged?

Solution:
@ fraction of volume of a solid object above the mercury:
W =BF
8.2 ( V ) ( 9.81 )=V 1 ( 9.81 ) ( 13.6 )
V =1.659 V 1
V 1=0.603 V
V 2=V −0.603 V
V 2=0.397V
V2
=0.397
V

@ weight of object:
V 1=0.022
V =1.659 ( 0.022 )
3
V =0.036 m
W =0.036 ( 9.81 ) ( 8.2 )
W =2.896 kN

@ load to cause the object to fully submerged:

P=V 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 13.6 )
P=0.397 ( 9.81 ) (0.036) ( 13.6 )
P=1.907 kN

2. A prismatic object has a weight of 650 N in air, when the object is completely
submerged in a liquid a sp.gr. 13.6. its weighs 500 N.
a. Compute the volume of the object.
b. Compute the specific weight of the object.
c. Compute the sp.gr of the object.
Solution:
@ volume of the object:
W =650−500
W =150 N
W =VD ( sp . gr )
150=V ( 9810 ) (13.6 )
3
V =0.001124m

@ specific weight of the object:

650
Sp . wt .=
0.001124
Sp . wt .=578291.815
3
Sp . wt .=578.292 kN /m

@ Sp.gr. of the object:

578.292
Sp . gr .=
9.81
Sp . gr .=58.949

3. A concrete cube 2 m on each side is to be held in equilibrium under water by

attaching a light foam buoy to it. Specific weight of concrete and foam are 30
3 3 3
kN /m and 1 kN /m respectively. Assume unit weight of water =12 kN /m .
a. What is the minimum volume of foam required?
b. What is the weight of the foam?
c. What is the total weight of the concrete and foam?

Solution:
@ minimum volume of foam required:
W 1 +W 2=BF 1+ BF 2
V ( 1 ) +2 (2 )( 2 ) ( 30 )=V ( 12 ) +2 ( 2 ) (2 )( 12 )
3
V =13. 091 m

@ weight of the foam:

W =1 ( 13.091 )
W =13.091 kN

@ total weight of the concrete and foam:

Total weight=13.091+2 ( 2 )( 2 )( 30 )
Total weight=253.091 kN

4. A stone cube 250 mm on a side and weighing 500 N is lowered into a tank
containing a layer of water over a layer of oil.
a. Determine the position of the bottom of the block above the mercury, when
it has reached equilibrium.
b. Determine the position of the top of the block above the mercury, when it
has reached equilibrium.
 c. Determine the position of the top block below the water surface if the water
surface is 2 m above the mercury layer.

Solution:
@ position of the bottom of the block above the mercury:
W
γ cube =
V
500
γ cube =
( 0.25 )3
3
γ cube =32000 N /m
3
γ cube =32 kN /m
W =BF 1+ BF 2
0.5=0.25 ( 0.25 ) ( 0.25 ) ( 0.25−x ) ( 9.81 ) +0.25 ( 0.25 )( x ) ( 9.81 )( 13.6 )
x=0.056404 m
x=56.404 mm→ below the water−mercury interface

@ position of the top of the block above the mercury:

h above=0.25−0.056404
h above=0.193596 m
h above=193.596 mm

@ position of the top block below the water surface if the water surface:
h below=0.2−0.193596
h below=0.006404 m
h below=6.404 mm

5. A ballon is filled with 5000 m3 of hydrogen having a specific weight of 2 N /m3.

a. What lift does the ballon exert at the earth surface id the ballon weighs
2100 N and γ air is 15 N /m3.
b. What lift does the ballon exert at an elevation of 15 km, assuming that the
volume increased 8%? The unit weight of the air is 6 N /m3.
 c. What lift does the ballon exert at an elevation of 30 km, assuming that the
volume has increased by 15%? The unit weight of the air is 3 N /m3.

Solution:
@ lift of the ballon exert at the earth surface id the ballon weighs 2100 N and γ air is
15 N /m3:
BF=W 1+ W 2 +W 3
W 3 +2100+ 2 ( 5000 )=5000 ( 15 )
W 3 =62900 N lift
W 3 =62.9 kN

@ lift of the ballon exert at an elevation of 15 km:

BF=W 1+ W 2 +W 3
W 3 +2100+ 2 ( 5000 )=5000 ( 6 ) ( 2.16 )
W 3 =52700 N
W 3 =52.7 kN (lift )

@ lift of the ballon exert at an elevation of 30 km:

BF=W 1+ W 2 +W 3
W 3 +2100+ 2 ( 5000 )=5000 ( 3 ) (2.3 )
W 3 =22400 N
W 3 =22.4 kN

Stability of Floating Bodies

1. The goal is to float a wooden cone, 16 cm in diameter and 24 cm in height, apex

downward, in freshwater. Given that the specific gravity of the cone is 0.6, (a)
calculate the submerged depth, (b) calculate the distance of the meta-center from
the center of buoyancy.

Solutions:

For submerge depth:

W=BF
1 1 8h
(0.6)(9.81)( π(8)2 (24))=( 9.81)( π( )2 (h))
3 3 24
h=20.242cm

For distance of the Metacenter:

I
M BO =
VD
π
(d )4
64
M BO =
1 d2
π h
3 2
1 2 1
π
(14 . 4 ) 4 (0.6)(9.81)( π(8) (24))=( 9.81)( π(8)2 ( d))
64 3 3
M BO =
1 14 . 4 2 d=14.4 cm
π( ) (20 .242 )
3 2 where draft=
M BO =1 . 921 cm

2. The waterline segment of a 1650 kN barge is illustrated. The barge's center of

gravity is positioned 2.5 meters above the center of buoyancy. Calculate the initial
metacentric height for rolling stability.

Solutions:
For metacentric height:

M G=M BO−G BO
I
M BO =
VD
π (5 )4 12(10)3 6 (5 )3
+ + (2)
8 12 12
M BO =
168 . 196
M BO =8 . 148 m

Thus,
M G=8 . 148−2 . 5
M G=5 . 648 m

3. A rectangular barge with a weight of 1873 kN, dimensions of 12 meters in length,

8 meters in width, and 4 meters in depth, is set to transport 16 mm diameter, 6-
meter-long reinforcing steel bars to Davao. The specific gravity of salt water is given
as 1.026, and the density of steel is 65.30 kN/m³.
a. Calculate the number of reinforcing steel bars the barge can carry while
maintaining a draft of 3.2 meters.
b. If one-third of its cargo is unloaded in fresh water, what is the weight remaining
cargo?

Solutions:

For reinforcing steel bars:

W =BF
1873+W =1.026(9.81)(8)(3.2)( 4)
W =1734.318kN
π
1734.318= (0.016)2 (6)(65.3)(n)
4
n=22015 .799
n=22016 bars
π 2 22016
W '= (0 . 016) (6 )(65 . 3 )( )
4 3
W '=578 .111 kN

For the weight remained:

WREMAINED = 1734.318-578.111
WREMAINED = 1156.207kN
RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION

1.An open tank 5.2 long, 1.3m wide and 1.5m high weighs 4.2kN and contains 0.9m
high of water. It is acted by an unbalanced force of 10.5kN parallel to a pair of sides.
Determine the following:
 a. Accelerating of the tank
b. Force acting on the side with greatest depth
c. Force acting on the side with smallest depth
Solution:
A.)

B.)

C.)

2.An open rectangular tank 3.8m high, 2.5m wide, and 6m long is filled with water at
a depth with water at a depth of 2.20m.
a) What is the maximum horizontal acceleration can be imposed on a
tank without spilling any water?
b) If the tank accelerated to the left at 2.30m/s2, determine the slope of
the water surface.
Solution:

a)

b)

3.An open tank 3m long, 1.80 wide and 1.50m high contains water to a depth of
1.20m. It is moving parallel to a pair of longest sides.
Determine the following:
a. The maximum acceleration without spilling any liquid
b. The unbalanced Force causing the acceleration in part (1)
c. The volume of water spilled if accelerated at 3m/s2
Solution:
A.)

B.)

C.)

ROTATION OF VESSELS

1. An open cylindrical vessel 2 m diameter and 3 m depth is ½ full of water. If

rotated about the vertical axis at constant angular speed of 70 rpm.
a. Determine how high is the paraboloid formed of the water surface in
meters.
b. Determine the amount of water in liters that will be spilled out.
 c. What should have been the least height of the vessel, in meters so
that no water will be spilled out?

Solution:
@ height of the paraboloid formed of the water surface:
ω=70 rpm
70 (2 ) π
ω=
60
ω=7.33 rad / sec
2 2
ω r
y=
2g
(7.33)2 (1)2
y=
2(9.81)
y=2.738 m

@ amount of water in liters that will be spilled out:

2 2
π ( 1 ) ( 2.738 ) π (1 )
V= − (1.5 )
2 2
3
V =1.945 m
V =1974 liters

@ least height of the vessel so that no water will be spilled out:

H=1.5+ 0.75
H=2.25 m

2. A right circular cylindrical container, 5 m in diameter and 30 m high is ½ full of

water. When rotated about its vertical axis at the rate of 7 radians per second.
a. By how many meters will the water surface drop at the center of the
vessel?
b. What is the pressure in KPa, at the base of the container along the
perimeter?
c. What is the volume of the paraboloid formed by the rotation of the
vessel?
Solution:
@ height that the water surface drop at the center of the vessel:
2 2
ω r
y=
2g
(7)2(2.5)2
y=
2(9.81)
y=15.609 m
The water surface will drop by 7.8045 m .

@ pressure at the base of the container along the perimeter:

P A =γ w h
P A =9.81(22.8045)
P A =223.712 KPa

@ volume of the paraboloid formed by the rotation of the vessel:

2
πr y
V=
2
2
π ( 2.5 ) (15.609)
V=
2
3
V =153.241 m

3. If the mercury U-tube is rotated about a vertical axis through A until there is no
mercury in leg BC, determine the lowest possible speed for this condition.
Solution:

2 2
ω r
y=
2g
Equation 1:
2
2 700
ω ( +150)
2
y=
2(9.81)
Equation 2:
2 2
ω (0.15)
y−0.5=
2(9.81)
Equating 1 and 2:

( )
2
2 700
ω +150 2
2 ω2 ( 0.15 )
−0.5=
2 ( 9.81 ) 2 ( 9.81 )
ω=0.006264 rad /sec
0.006264 ( 60 )
ω=
2π
ω=0.06 rpm

DISCHARGE
 1. A pipeline consists of successive pipes with different sections: 380mm, and
250mm pipe. With a continuous flow through the line of 250 Lit/sec of water,
compute the mean velocity in each size of pipe.

Given:

Solution:
 2. Air that has a mass density of 1.24 kg/m3 flows in a pipe with a diameter of 30cm at
a mass rate of flow of 3kg/s. What are the mean velocity and the discharge in this
pipe for both body system of units?

Given:

3. SG=1.26 is being in a pipeline from A to B. The diameter of A is 600mm and the

pressure is 300 kPa. At B the pipe diameter is 300mm and the pressure is 330kPa.
Point B is 1m lower than A. if the pump puts 16Kw into the flow and neglects head
losses. Determine the Discharge Q.

Solution:
4. Water enters the mixing device shown in the figure at 160 L/s through pipe A
while oil (SG=0.8) is forced in at 40 L/s through pipe B. The Liquid is incompressible
and from a homogeneous mixture of oil globules in water. The diameter of outlet pipe
C is 36cm.
A.) What is the weight of the flowrate of oil at B in N/s?
B.) What is the average velocity of the mixture leaving at C in m/s?
C.) What is the density of the mixture leaving at C in kg/m3?

Solution:
A

B.

C.
5. Water flows through 75mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3m/sec. Find the volume
flowrate in m3/sec and lit/sec. Find the mass flowrate in kg/sec and the weight
flowrate in N/sec.

A.
Solution:

B.
Solution:

C.
Solution:
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM

1. In the figure below, 69 L/s of sea water (with a specific gravity of 1.03) flows from
point 1 to point 2. The pressure at point 1 is 135 kPa, while at point 2 it is -26
kPa. Point 2 is located 4 meters higher than point 1. Calculate the energy loss in
kPa between points 1 and 2.

Solution:

Solve the Velocity Heads:

3
Q1=Q2=0.069 m /s
2
v1 8 (0.069)2
= 2 =0.015 m
2 g π (9.81)(0.4)4
2
v2 8( 0.069)2
= =0.246 m
2 g π 2 (9.81)(0.2)4

Solve for the head lost using the Energy Equation:

E1−HL 1 ¿ 2¿=E2
2 2
p1 v 1 p2 v 2
z 1+ + −HL1 ¿ 2 ¿=z2 + +
γ 2g γ 2g
135 26
0+ +0.015−HL=7− + 0.246
(1.03)(9.81) (1.03)(9.81)

HL=8.703 m→ 8.703 [ 1.03(9.81) ]

HL=85.376 kPa
2. Water flows out through a 60 mm diameter circular orifice on the side of a large
tank. The water level is maintained at 4.4 meters above the orifice center.
Calculate the discharge: (a) neglecting head loss, and (b) with head loss equal to
30 percent of h.

Solution:
Neglecting head lost, use the Energy Equation to Isolate the Discharge:
E1=E 3
2 2
p1 v 1 p3 v 3
z 1+ + =z 3+ +
γ 2g γ 2g
2
8Q
4.4 +0+ 0=0+ 0+ 2 4
π g D3
2
8Q
4.4= 2 4
π (9.81)(0.06)
3
m
Q=0.02627 =26.27 L/s
s

Considering the given head lost, solve for the discharge:

HL=0.30 h=0.30 ( 4.4 )=1.32 m
E1−HL=E 3
2 2
p1 v 1 p3 v 3
z 1+ + −HL=z 3+ +
γ 2g γ 2g
2
8Q
4.4 +0+ 0−1.32=0+0+ 2 4
π g D3
2
8Q
3.08= 2 4
π (9.81)(0.06)
3
m
Q=0.02198 =21.98 L/s
s
3. In the given figure, with 35 L/s of water flowing from 1 to 2 the pressure at 1 is
200 kPa and at 2 is 80 kPa. Compute the loss of head between 1 and 2.

Solution:

Calculate the Velocity Head using the Energy Equation:

3
Q1=Q2=0.035 m /s
2
v1 8( 0.035)2
= =0.0016 m
2 g π 2 (9.81)(0.5)4
2
v2 8(0.035)2
= 2 =0.1999 m
2 g π (9.81)(0.15)4

Using the Energy Equation, solve for the Head Lost:

E1−HL=E 2
2 2
p1 v 1 p2 v 2
z 1+ + −HL=z 2+ +
γ 2g γ 2g
200 80
0+ +0.0016−HL=0+ +0.1999
9.81 9.81
HL=12.034 m
 4. A 300-mm pipe is connected by a reducer to a 100-mm pipe. Point 1 and point
2 are the same elevation, the pressure at 1 is 200 kPa. The discharge Q is 30
Liters per second flowing from 1 to 2 and the energy lost from 1 to 2 is
equivalent to 20kPa.

a) Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is water

b) Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is oil (sp.gr. =0.80)

SOLUTION:
Given:
a)
= 0.03m3/s
= 0.300m
Y = 9.81 kN/m3
= 0.100m

HL = 20kPa (kN/m2)
P2 = 172.79Kpa

Z1 = 0
Z2 = 0
b)
(SG = 0.80)
Q1=Q2=Q=0.03 m3/s
A1v1 = A2v2 = 0.03m3/s Yoil = (0.80)(9.81) = 7.848 kN/m3

0.03 = A1v1
0.03 = (0.3002)v1 P2 = 174.23Kpa

V1 = 0.424m/s
0.03 = A2v2
0.03 = (0.1002)v2
V2 = 3.82m/s

E1 – HL = E2
light oil with a specific gravity of 0.80, and water as depicted. The air pressure 𝑝 is
5. In a large tank, there are compressed gases: air with a specific gravity of 0.68,

10 kilopascals gauge, assuming friction is negligible."

a) What is the Pressure at point 1

b) What is the velocity at point 2
c) What is the mass flow of oil from at 20mm diameter

Solution:
Pressure at point 1:

P1 = 120 + 9.81 (2)(0.68)

P1 = 133.34 kPa

Velocity at point 2:

V2 = 15.96 m/s

Mass flow of oil:

M=pAV
M = 0.80 (1000)( ) (0.020)2 (15.96)
M = 4.01 kg/s
TURBINE AND PUMPS

1. A pump draws water from a 100-mm suction pipe and discharges it into an 80-
mm pipe with a velocity of 2 m/s. At point A in the suction pipe, the pressure is -30
kPa, and at point B in the discharge pipe, 2.3 m above A, the pressure is 340
kPa. Calculate the required pump horsepower, assuming no frictional losses.

Solution:

Solve for the Discharge:

[1
]
Q= A B v B=2 π (0.08)2 = 0.0101m3 / s
4

Solve for the Velocity Heads:

2
v 8Q
= 2
2 g π g D4
2
vA 8(0.0101)2
= 2 =0.0843 m
2 g π (9.81)(0.1)4
2
vB 8(0.0101)2
= 2 =0.2058 m
2 g π (9.81)(0.08)4

Using the Energy Equation:

E A + HA=E B
2 2
pA vA pB v B
z A+ + + HA=z B + +
γ 2g γ 2g
30 340
0− +0.0843+ HA =2.3+ +0.2058
9.81 9.81
HA=40.138 m

Solve the Power delivered by the pump:

P=QγHA =( 0.0101 ) ( 9810 ) ( 40.138 )
P=3976.913 watts× ( 1 hp
746 )
watts
P=5.331 hp
2. The pump lifts water from reservoir A at 20 m to reservoir B at 80 m. The head
loss from A to 1 is twice the velocity head in the 200 mm pipe, and from 2 to B is
ten times the velocity head in the 150 mm pipe. Determine the pressure heads at
points 1 and 2, given a discharge of 0.05 m³/s.

Solution:

Solve for the Velocity Head:

3
Q1=Q2=0.05 m /s
2
v1 8(0.05)2
= =0.129 m
2 g π 2 (9.81)(0.2)4
2
v2 8(0.05)2
= 2 =0.408 m
2 g π (9.81)(0.15)4

Solve for the Pressure Head from point A to 1:

E A −HL A ¿ 1 ¿=E1
2 2
pA vA p1 v 1
z A+ + −HL A ¿ 1¿=z 1 + +
γ 2g γ 2g
p1
20+0+ 0−2( 0.129)=0+ +0.129
γ
p1
=19.613 m of water
γ

Solve for the Pressure Head from point 2 to B:

E2− HL2 ¿ B ¿=E B
2 2
p2 v 2 pB vB
z 2+ + −HL 2¿ B ¿=z B + +
γ 2g γ 2g
p2
0+ + 0.408 m−10(0.408 m)=80+0+ 0
γ
p2
=83.672m of water
γ
3. The 400-mm pipe conducts water from reservoir A to a pressure turbine, which
discharges through another 400-mm pipe into tailrace B. The loss of head from A
to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is 0.6
times the velocity head in the pipe. If the discharge is 0.9 m 3/s, what are the
pressure heads at 1 and 2?

Solution:

Solve for the Velocity Head:

[ ]
2
3 v2 8 ( 0.9 )
HL A ¿ 1 ¿= =3 2 =7.843 m
2g π ( 9.81 ) ( 0.4 )
4

[ ]
2
0.6 v 2 8 ( 0.9 )
HL 2¿ B ¿= =0.6 2 =1.569 m
2g π ( 9.81 ) ( 0.4 )
4

Solve for the Pressure Head from point A to 1:

E A −HL A ¿ 1 ¿=E1
2 2
pA vA p1 v 1
z A+ + −HL A ¿ 1¿=z 1 + +
γ 2g γ 2g
p1 8 ( 0.9 )2
50+0+ 0−7.843=3.5+ + 2
γ π ( 9.81 ) ( 0.4 )4
p1
=36.043 m
γ

Solve for the Pressure Head from point A to 1:

E2− HL2 ¿ B ¿=E B
2 2
p2 v 2 pB vB
z 2+ + −HL 2¿ B ¿=z B + +
γ 2g γ 2g
 2
p2 8 ( 0.9 )
3.5+ + 2 −1.569=0+0+ 0
γ π ( 9.81 )( 0.4 )4
p2
=−4.545 m
γ

4. Water flows into a motor through a 600 mm diameter pipe at a pressure of 22 kPa
and exits through a 900 mm diameter pipe at a pressure of 8 kPa. The vertical
distance between the centers of these two pipes at the pressure measurement
points is 1.8 m. Given that 420 liters of water pass through the motor per second,
calculate the power supplied to the motor.

Solution:

Solve for the Head Extracted:

E1−HE 1 ¿ 2 ¿=E 2
2 2
p1 v 1 p2 v 2
z 1+ + −HE 2 ¿ B ¿=z 2+ +
γ 2g γ 2g
2
22 8 ( 0.420 ) 8 8 ( 0.420 )2
1.8+ + −HE=0+ +
9.81 π 2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.6 )4 9.81 π 2 ( 9.81 )( 0.9 )4
HE=3.317 m

Solve the Power delivered by the turbine:

P=QγHE= ( 0.420 ) ( 9810 ) ( 3.317 )
P=13666.703 watts×
746(
1 hp
watts )
P=18.320 hp
Reynold’s Number

1. In a 200mm diameter pipe, the velocity of a particle measured is 0.8 m/s.

Calculate the Reynolds number, considering S = 0.92 and μ = 0.18 Pa-s. Determine
if it’s laminar or turbulent.

Solution:

Using the formula of Reynold’s number:

vD ρ
Re=
μ
(0 . 9)( 0. 2)(0 . 92 )(1000 )
Re=
(0 . 18)
Re=920<2000 (LAMINAR )

2. In a pipe with a 100mm diameter, the maintained velocity is 1.05 m/s, Calculate
the flow rate in liters per second and determine whether the flow is laminar or
turbulent. Assume flowing liquid is oil (S=0.86) and μ = 0.05 Pa-s.

Solution:

Using the formula of Reynold’s number:

vD ρ
Re=
μ
(1.05)(0.1)(0.86)(1000 )
Re=
0.05
Re=1806<2000( LAMINAR )

To get the flow rate:

Q= Av
π
Q=[ (0.1)2 ](1.05)
4
1000 li
Q=8.247 x10−3 m3 /s[ ]
1m3
Q=8.247li /s
3. Water flows through a pipe with a diameter of 0.05 meters at a velocity of 2 meters
per second. The kinematic viscosity of water is 1 × 10−6 m2/s. Calculate the Reynolds
number for this flow

Solution:

Given:
V = 2 m/s,
D = 0.05 m,
ν = 1 × 10−6 m2/s.

Re = 100,000

4. Air flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 10 meters per second. The characteristic
length of the plate is 2 meters. The kinematic viscosity of air is 1.5 x 10 -5m2/s.
Calculate the Reynolds number for this flow.

Solution:

Given:
V = 10m/s,
L = 2m,
V = 1.5 x 10-5m2/s
Re = 1.33 X 106

5. Oil flows around a sphere with a diameter of 0.1 meters at a velocity of 1 meter
per second. The kinematic viscosity of oil is 1 X 10 -4 m2 / s. Calculate the Reynolds
number for this flow.

SOLUTION:

Given:
V = 1m/s,
D = 0.1 m,
V = 1 X 10-4 m2 / s

Re = 1,000
Darcy-Weisbach Formula

1. Given a 200 mm diameter pipe with a discharge rate of 30 liters per second,
calculate the head loss over a length of 350 meters using the Darcy-Weisbach
formula. (f = 0.04)

Solution:

Using the Darcy-Weisbach formula (In terms of Discharge Q)

0 .0826 fLQ 2
hf =
D5
30 2
0 .0826 (0 .04 )(350 )( )
1000
hf =
(0 . 2)5
hf =3 .252 m

2. Calculate the discharge rate in liters per second for oil (specific gravity s=0.84,
kinematic viscosity ν=0.0005m²/s) flowing through a 150 mm diameter pipe, given
that the Reynolds number is 1250. Additionally, determine the head loss over a
length of 250 meters.

Solution:
For the discharge rate:
Q= Av
Where velocity is:
Dv
Re=
ν
(0 .15 )v
1250=
0 .0005
v=4 .167 m/ s
Substituting the velocity to the formula:
π 2
Q=[ (0. 15 ) ](4 .167 )
4
1000li
Q=0. 073637 m3 /s( 3 )
1m
Q=73 . 637 li/ s

For the head loss:

fLv 2 64
hf = f=
D2g where: Re
 64 2
(250 )(4 . 167 )
1250
hf =
(0 . 15)(2 )(9. 81 )
hf =75. 521 m

3. From a reservoir whose surface elevation is at 30 m., water is pumped to an

elevated reservoir at an elevation of 95m. the total length of a 0.60 m. diameter
suction pipe is 15000 m. and that of a 0.50 m. diameter discharge pipe is 1000 m. if
the discharge is to be maintained at 480 li/sec

a) Compute the total headloss using f = 0.02 and let minor losses be equal to
10% of major losses.

0 + 0 + 30 + HA = 0 + 0 + 95 + HL
HA = 65 + HL
HL = (hfA+hfB)(1.10)
HA = 65 + (hfA+hfB)(1.10)

hfA=7.34 m.

hfB= 12.18 m.

Total head loss = (7.34 + 12.18)(1.10)

Total head loss = 21.472 m.
MANNING FORMULA

1. A 0.60m diameter pipeline is 30 m long and carries 0.4 m3/s of water. Compute
the head loss using the Mannings n=0.013

SOLUTION:

2. A 1m diameter pipe new cast iron is 845m long and has a head loss of 1.11m.
Find the discharge capacity (Q) using the Mannings n=0.013

SOLUTIONS:

3. A new cast iron pipe must carry 1.2 m3/s at a head loss of 5m per km length of
pipe. Compute the diameter of the pipe using the Mannings n=0.012

SOLUTION:
HAZEN WILLIAMS FORMULA
1. Water is flowing through a city's pipeline characterized by a Hazen-Williams
coefficient (C) of 140. The pipe has a diameter of 0.6 meters and spans a length of
800 meters. Given a flow rate of 1.2 cubic meters per second, determine the major
head loss (hL) caused by friction.
Given:
Hazen-William’s coefficient (C) = 130
Diameter of the pipe (D) = 1.2 meters
Length of the pipe (L) = 1500 meters
Flow rate (Q) = 2.5 m³/s
Solutions:
2. A water supply pipe is constructed from new cast iron, with a diameter of 200 mm
and a total length of 500 meters. Calculate the major head loss caused by friction
using the Hazen-Williams formula, given a flow rate of 0.15 cubic meters per second.
Use a Hazen-Williams coefficient (C) of 120.
Given:
Diameter (D) = 200 mm = 0.2 m
Length (L) = 500 m
Flow rate (Q) = 0.15 m³/s
Hazen-William’s coefficient (C) = 120
Solution:

3. A homeowner intends to set up a new irrigation system for their lawn using a PVC
pipe that is 50 meters long and has an inner diameter of 50 millimeters. The pipe will
transport water from the main line to the sprinklers. Calculate the head loss caused
by friction in the pipe, given a desired flow rate of 0.01 cubic meters per second.
Assume a Hazen-Williams coefficient of 150 for PVC pipe.
Given:
Pipe length (L) = 50 meters
Pipe diameter (D) = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Flow rate (Q) = 0.01 m³/s
Hazen-William’s coefficient (C) = 150
Solution:
PIPES IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

1. In a system with three pipes connected in series, where the lengths are 500
meters, 400 meters, and 200 meters, and their diameters are 500 mm, 400 mm, and
200 mm respectively, calculate the total friction loss. Assume a Q=125 li/s, f=0.02,
and n=0.01. Ignore any minor losses in the system.

Solutions:

For Darcy-Weisbach formula:

hf =hf 1 +hf 2 +hf 3

0 .0826 fLQ 2
hf = 5
D
500 400 200
hf =0 .0826 (0 .02 )(0 .125 )2 ( + + )
0 . 5 5 0 . 45 0 . 25
hf =17 .554 m

For the Manning’s formula:

hf =hf 1 +hf 2 +hf 3

10. 29 n2 LQ 2
hf = 16
3
D
500 400 200
hf =10. 29(0 . 01)2 (0 .125 )2 ( 16
+ 16
+ 16
)
3 3 3
0.5 0.4 0.2
hf =18. 36 m
2. The pipe system has a total flow rate of 0.85 m³/s. The lengths of the pipes are as
follows: pipe 1 is 800 m, pipe 2 is 500 m, pipe 3 is 700 m, pipe 4 is 400 m, and pipe
5 is 650 m. Pipes 2, 3, and 4 run parallel to each other, diverging from pipe 1, and
then merge back into pipe 5. The diameters for pipes 1, 2, 3, and 5 are 800 mm, 500
mm, 700 mm, and 650 mm, respectively. The total head loss in the system is 10 m,
and the friction factor (f) for all pipes is 0.02. Calculate the flow rates in pipes 2 and
3, as well as the diameter of pipe 4.

Given:

Q1 = 0.85m^3/s
L1 = 800m d = 800mm
L2 = 500m d = 500mm
L3 = 600m d = 450mm
L4 = 400m d=?
L5 = 750m d = 750mm
hf = 10m
f = 0.02

Solution:

For the discharge in Pipe 2:

HL=hf 1 +hf 2 +hf 5

800 2 500 750 2
10=0 .0826 (0 .02 )[ 5
(0 . 85) + 5 (Q 2 )+ 5
(0. 85 ) ]
0.8 0. 5 2 0 . 75
Q2 =0 .354 m3 / s

For the discharge in Pipe 3:

hf 2 =hf 3
2
(0 . 0826)(0 . 02)(500 )(0 .354 )2 (0 .0826 )(0 . 02)(600 )(Q3 )
=
0 .55 0. 45 5
Q3=0. 248 m3 /s

For the diameter in Pipe 4:

Q1 =Q2 +Q3 +Q4

0 . 85=0. 354+0. 248+Q 4
Q4 =0. 248 m3 /s
3. The flow rate in pipe 3 is 185 L/s, and all pipes have a roughness coefficient
n=0.012n. Determine the following:
a. The flow rate in pipe 6
b. The flow rate in pipe 5
c. Total head loss from point A to point E.

Solution:

Q6 =Q 4 +Q3 EQ1
where
Q3 =Q2 +Q 5
0 . 185=Q2 +Q5 EQ2

hf 2 =hf 5
10 .29 (0 .012 )2 (350 )Q 10. 29(0 . 012)2 (590)Q
22 52
16
= 16
3 3
0 . 25 0 .2
Q 5 =0 . 425 Q 2

Substituting Q5 to Equation 2:

0 . 185=Q2 + 0 . 425Q 2
Q2 =0 .13 m3 /s

Substituting Q2 to Equation 2: (For letter B)

0 . 185=0 . 13+Q5
Q5 =0 . 055 m3 /s

hf 4 =hf 2 +hf 3
(10 .29 )(0 . 012)2 (1190)(Q 4 )2 (10 .29 )(0 . 012)2 (350 )(0 .13 )2 (10 .29 )(0 . 012)2 (290 )(0 .185 )2
16
= 16
+ 16
0 .33 0 .25 3 0 .353
3
Q4 =0 . 13 m /s
Substituting Q4 to Equation 1: (For letter A)
Q6 =0 . 13+0 .185
Q6 =0 . 315 m3 / s

For the total head loss: (For letter C)

Q1 = Q 6
HL=hf 1 +hf 4 +hf 6
290(0 .315 )2 1190(0 . 13)2 590(0 .315 )2
HL=10 .29 (0. 012 )2 [ 16
+ 16 + 16
0. 453 0. 33 0 . 453
HL=27 . 469 m
4. A pipe network consists of pipelines 1 from A to B then at B it is connected to
pipelines 2 and 3 where it merges again at joint C to form a single pipeline 4 up to
point D. Pipelines 1, 2, and 4 are series connection whereas 2 and 3 are parallel to
L
each other. If the rate of flow is 15 and assuming f = 0.021 for all pipes. Determine
s
the flow in each pipe and the total head lost from A to D.

SOLUTION:
PIPELINES LENGTH (ft.) DIAMETER (in.)
1 2000 = 609.756m 30 = 0.762m
2 2400 = 731.707m 40 = 1.016m
3 1900 = 579.268m 20 = 0.508m
4 2500 = 762.195m 30 = 0.762m
Note: 1 m = 3.28 ft. and 1 m = 0.0254 in.

L
Q1=15 USE DARCY - WEISBACH FORMULA
s
2
0.0826 f L2 Q 2
Q1=Q 4 H f =¿ 5 (Strictly for SI only)
D2

3
L m
WHERE Q4 =15 OR 0.015
s s

H L2=H L3 → eq .1
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 → eq . 2
H L (TOTAL )=H L + H L2+ H L 3 → eq . 3

@USING eq.1, SOLVE FOR Q2

H L2=H L3
2 2
0.0826 f L2 Q 2 0.0826 f L3 Q 3
5
=¿ 5
D2 D3
2
0.0826(0.021)(579.268)Q3
0.0826 (0.021)(731.707)¿ ¿ = 5
(0.508)
2 2
1.1724 Q2 = 29.7003Q3
2 1
29.7003Q 3
Q2 = ( ¿ ¿2
1.1724
Q2 = 5.0332Q3 →eq . 4
@USING eq.2, SOLVE FOR Q3 BY SUBSTITUTING eq.4 INTO eq.2
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
0.015 = 5.0332Q3 + Q3
3
Q3 = 0.002486 m
s

@SUBSTITUTE THE VALUE OF Q3 TO SOLVE FOR Q2USING eq.4

Q2 = 5.0332Q3
Q2 = 5.0332(0.002486)
3
Q2= 0.01251 m
s

@ USING eq. 3, SOLVE FOR TOTAL HEAD LOST FROM A TO D

H L (TOTAL )=H L + H L2+ H L 4
2 2
0.0826 f L1 Q1 0.0826 f L4 Q4
H L (TOTAL ) = 5 + 1.1724Q22 + 5
D1 D4
2
0.0826(0.021)(762.195)(0.015)
H L (TOTAL )=0.0826 (0.021)(609.750)¿ ¿+1.1724 (0.01251)2+
( 0.762)5
H L (TOTAL ) = 0.002268 m.
MULTI – RESERVOIR PROBLEMS

1. Three reservoirs A, B, and C are connected respectively with pipes 1, 2, and 3

joining at a common junction P whose elevation is 388m. A pressure gage at P
reads 750 psi. Determine the flow in pipe 3 and the elevation of reservoir C.
PIPELINES LENGTH (ft.) DIAMETER (in.) f
1 4000 (1219.512m) 20 (0.762m) 0.021
2 4200 (1280.488m) 25 (0.635m) 0.024
3 3900 (1189.024m) 32 (0.813m) 0.019
Note: 1 m = 3.28 ft. and 1 m = 0.0254 in.

SOLUTION:

CONVERT 750 psi TO kPa

P=750 psi ¿) = 5169.643 kPa
*SOLVE FOR P'
P
=¿) = 526.977m
ɣ
ELEV. @ P' = 526.977 + 388
ELEV. @ P' = 914.977m

@ SOLVE FOR FLOW IN EACH PIPE

AND HEAD LOSSES TO GET Q3:
*USE DARCY - WEISBACH FORMULA:
2
0.0826 f 1 L1 Q1
Hf = 5
D1
H L1=EL .@ A−@ EL. @ P '
H L1=¿ 950 - 914.977
H L1=¿ 35.023m
2 2
0.0826 f 1 L1 Q1 0.0826(0.021)(1219.512)Q1
H L1 = 5 = 5
=¿ 8.234 Q12
D1 (0.762)
H L1=¿ 8.234 Q12
35.023 = 8.234Q12
3
Q1=¿ 2.062 m
S
'
H L2=EL .@ P −@ EL .@ B
H L2=¿ 914.977 – 860
H L2=54.977 m
2 2
0.0826 f 2 L2 Q2 0.0826(0.024 )(1280.488)Q2 2
H L2 = 5 = 5 = 24.587Q2
D2 (0.635)
2
H L2=24.587 Q2
54.977 = 24.587Q22
3
m
Q2=1.495
S
2 2
0.0826 f 3 L3 Q3 0.0826(0.019)(1189.024)Q 3
H L3 = 5 = 5 = 5.254Q32
D3 (0.813)

*USING eq.1, SOLVE FOR Q3 @ SOLVE FOR ELEV. @C:

Q1=Q2 + Q3 ELEV C. = @ ELEV @ P' - H L3
2.062 = 1.495 + Q3 ELEV C. = 914.977 - 5.254(0.567 ¿ ¿ 2
3
m ELEV C. = 913.288m
Q3=0.567
S

2. Reservoirs A, B, and C are connected by pipelines 1, 2, and 3 respectively which

meets at junction P. The elevation of reservoir A is 400m, while that of C is 377m.
L
Reservoir B is higher that reservoir A. The rate of flow out of reservoir B is 660 .
s
Determine the flow in pipe 1 and 2 and the elevation of reservoir B.
PIPELINES LENGTH (ft.) DIAMETER (in.) f
1 5000 (1524.390m) 36 (0.9144m) 0.0209
2 1500 (457.317m) 25 (0.635m) 0.0169
3 4100 (1250m) 16 (0.4064m) 0.0174
Note: 1 m = 3.28 ft. and 1 m = 0.0254 in.

SOLUTION:
Q¿=QOUT

TRY,
Q2 > Q3 → Q2 = Q1 + Q3
Q2 < Q3 → Q3 = Q1 + Q2

@ SOLVE FOR HEAD LOSSES

USE DARCY – WEISBACH FORMULA
2
0.0826 f 1 L1 Q1
Hf = 5 (Strictly for SI only)
D1

2 2
0.0826 f 1 L1 Q1 0.0826(0.0209)(1524.396) Q1 2
H L1 = 5 = 5
=4.117Q1
D1 (0.9144)
2 2
0.0826 f 2 L2 Q2 0.0826(0.0169)(457.317)Q 2
H L2 = 5 = 5 = 6.183Q22
D2 (0.635)
2 2
0.0826 f 3 L3 Q3 0.0826(0.0174)(1250)Q3 2
H L3 = 5
= 5
=162.058 Q3
D 3 (0.4064 )

H L3=EL .@ A−@ EL. @C

H L3=¿ 400 – 377
H L3=¿ 23m

@ IF H L3=¿ 23m THUS,

H L3=¿ 162.058 Q32 Q2 > Q3
23 ¿ 162.058 Q3
2
Q2=Q1 + Q3 → eq.1
3
Q3=0.377 m
S
@ JUNCTION P @ SUBSTITUTE Q1 INTO eq.2 TO GET Q3
Q2=Q1 + Q3 Q3=0.660−Q1
0.660 = Q1 + Q3 Q3=0.660−0.281
3
Q3 = 0.660 - Q1→ eq.2 Q3=0.379 m
S

H L3=H L1 +¿)
162.058Q32 = 4.117Q12 + (400 - 377)
162.058Q32(0.660−Q1 ¿ ¿2 = 4.117Q12 + 23
3
m
Q1=0.281
S

@ SOLVE FOR ELEV. @ B:

ELEV. @ B = H L1 + H L2 + ELEV. @ A
ELEV. @ B = 4.117(0.281)2 + 6.183(0.660)2 + 400
ELEV. @ B = 403.018m

3. Determine the flow in each pipe in the three reservoirs shown.

SOLUTION:
@ SOLVE FOR HEAD LOSSES:

USE DARCY – WEISBACH FORMULA:

2
0.0826 f 1 L1 Q1
Hf = 5 (Strictly for SI only)
D1
2 2
0.0826 f 1 L1 Q1 0.0826(0.021)(1850)Q1
H L1 = 5 = 5 ¿ 173.904Q12
D1 (0.450)
2 2
0.0826 f 2 L2 Q2 0.0826(0.026)(2100)Q2
H L2 = 5 = 5 ¿ 89.611Q22
D2 (0.550)
2 2
0.0826 f 3 L3 Q3 0.0826(0.032)(4500)Q3
H L3 = 5 = 5 = 20.143 Q32
D3 (0.900)

@IDENTIFY THE FLOW & EQUATION TO SOLVE FOR THE FLOW IN EACH
PIPE:
TRY!
ASSUME Q2=0
2
H L1=173.904 Q1
2
ELEV. @ A – ELEV. @ B = 173.904 Q1
90 – 60 = 173.904 Q12
3
m
Q 1=0.415
S

H L3 = 20.143 Q32 THUS, Q3 >Q1

2
ELEV. @ A – ELEV. @ B = 20.143 Q3 Therefore, P is below RESERVOIR B.
60 - 20 = 20.143 Q32 Q3=Q1 + Q2 → eq. 1
 3
m
Q 3=1.409
S

@ SOLVE FOR THE VALUE OF X:

H L1=¿ x H L2=¿ x – 30 H L3=70−x
2 2 2
173.904Q1 = x 89.611Q2 = x - 30 20.143Q3 = 70 - x
Q1 = 0.0758√ x → eq.2 Q2=0.106 √ x−30 → eq. 3 Q2=0.223 √ 70−x → eq. 4

SUBSTITE eq. 2, 3. AND 4 INTO eq. 1

Q3=Q1 + Q2
0.223 √ 70−x = 0.0758√ x + 0.106 √ x−30

DIVIDE 0.0758 BOTH SIDES TO CANCEL 0.0758√ x AND GET √ x LEFT.

( 0.223 √70−x ) 0.0758 √ x 0.106 √ x−30
= +
0.0758 0.0758 0.0758
2.942 √ 70−x = √ x + 1.398√ x−30

SQUARE BOTH SIDES TO ELIMINATE THE SQUARE ROOTS.

[2.942 √ 70−x ¿ ¿ =[ √ x + 1.398 √ x−30¿ ¿
2 2

8.655(70-x) = x + 2.796√ x √ x−30 + 1.954(x-30)

SIMPLIFY THE EQUATION.

8.655(70-x) = x + 2.796√ x √ x−30 + 1.954(x-30)
8.655 ( 70−x ) −1.954 ( x−30 ) −x=¿2.796√ x √ x−30
664.47 - 11.609x = 2.796√ x √ x−30

SOLVE FOR THE VALUE OF X.

664.47 - 11.609x = 2.796√ x √ x−30
x = 49.701m

SUBSTITUTE THE VALUE OF X TO SOLVE THE FLOW IN EACH PIPE.

Q1=¿ 0.0758√ x
Q1=¿ 0.0758√ 49.701
3
Q1=¿ 0.5344 m
S

Q2=¿ 0.106√ x−30

Q2=¿ 0.106√ 49.701−30
3
Q2=¿ 0.4705 m
S

Q3=¿ 0.223√ 70−x

Q3=¿ 0.223√ 70−49.701
3
Q3=¿ 1.005 m
S
ORIFICE

1. Calculate the discharge through the 150 mm diameter orifice shown. Assume C =
0.65.

SOLUTION:
@SOLVE FOR H IN TERMS OF WATER:
H=4+ ¿ - H B ¿
Pb
H=4+ ¿ - ¿
ɣw
55 20
H=4+ ¿ − ]
𝐻 = 7.568𝑚
9.81 9.81

@SOLVE FOR DISCHARGE

Q = CA√ 2 gH
π
Q = (0.65) [ ¿][√ 2 ( 9.81 ) (7.568)
4
3
m
Q = 0.140
S

2. A steel barge, rectangular in plan, floats with a draft of 2.5m. If the barge is 15m
long, 10m wide, and 4m deep, compute the time necessary to sink it to its top
edge after opening a standard orifice, 210mm in diameter, in its bottom. Neglect
the thickness of the vertical sides and assume C = 0.65.
SOLUTION:
@ SOLVE FOR Q, DISCHARGE: @SOLVE FOR TIME IN MINUTES
Q = CA√ 2 gH V = Qt
π
Q = (0.65) [ ¿] [√ 2 ( 9.81 ) (2.5) (15) (10) (1.5) = (0.1577) (t)
4
3
m 1 min
Q = 0.1577 t = 1426.76 sec ( ¿
S 60 s
t = 23.78 min

3. Calculate the actual discharge in liters per second through a 120mm diameter
orifice under a head of 6.5m of water. Assume Cc = 0.62 and Cv = 0.96.
SOLUTION:
@SOLVE FOR C, COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
C = Cc x Cv
C = (0.62) (0.96)
C = 0.5952

@SOLVE FOR ACTUAL DISCHARGE IN LITERS PER SECOND.

Q = CA O √ 2 gH
π
Q = (0.5952) [ ¿] [√ 2 ( 9.81 ) (6.5)
4
m 1000 L
3
Q = 0.07602 ( 3 )
S m
L
Q = 76.02
S

4. An open cylindrical tank, 2.5m in diameter and 6.5m tall has a 1.3m of glycerin
(s.g. = 1.5), 2.7m of water and 1.6m of oil (s.g. = 0.82). Determine the discharge
through the 140mm diameter located at the bottom of the tank. Assume C = 0.68.
SOLUTION:
@SOLVE FOR H IN TERMS OF GLYCERIN.
1(2.7) 0.82(1.6)
H=1.3+ +
𝐻 = 3.975𝑚
1.5 1.5

@SOLVE FOR ACTUAL DISCHARGE.

Q = CA O √ 2 gH
π
Q = (0.68) [ ¿] [√ 2 ( 9.81 ) (3.975)
4
3
m
Q = 0.09244
S

5. A large cylindrical steel tank 4m high with its bottom on a level ground contains
two layers of liquid. The bottom layer is 4 meters deep. The top layer is occupied
by a liquid whose specific gravity is not known to a depth of 1.5m. A 70mm
 diameter orifice with a coefficient of velocity of 0.96 is situated two meters from
the bottom of the tank. The jet from the orifice hits the ground 3.75m horizontally
away from the vena contrata. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid of the
top layer.
SOLUTION:

@SOLVE FOR H IN TERMS OF WATER.

S (1)
H=2+
1
H=2+S
@SOLVE FOR V T , THEORITICAL VELOCITY. SINCE, H = 2 +
S
Va
V T =√ 2 gH Cv =
VT
5.873
V T =√ 2(9.81)(H ) 0.82 =
√2(9.81)(2+ S)
V T =√ 19.6211 S = 0.614
@SOLVE FOR V A , ACTUAL VELOCITY.
2
gx m
y = xtanθ - 2 V a= 5.873
2V a ¿ ¿ S
-2 = 3.75tanθ - (9.81)¿ ¿
VENTURI METER

1. A Venturi meter with a throat diameter of 100 mm is installed in a horizontal

pipeline with a diameter of 300 mm, which carries light oil with a specific gravity of
0.82. A mercury U-tube manometer connected to the inlet and throat of the Venturi
meter shows a mercury column height difference of 230 mm, with the rest of the
manometer filled with oil. Calculate the theoretical velocity at the throat and the
volumetric flow rate, given that the meter coefficient C is 0.975.

Solution:

Using the formula of Vt:

Vt 1= A 2

P1
√
2g
A 2 −A 2
P2
1 2

h=( + z1 )−( + z 2 )
γo γo

Vt 2 =D

P1 P2
12
√ 2 gh
D 2−D
1 22

h= −
γo γo

Sum from 1 to 2:
P1 +γ o ( y +z)−γ HG ( z )− y o ( y )=P2
P1 −P2 =γ HG z −γ o z
P1 P2 γ P1 P2 S
− =z( HG −1) h= − =z ( HG −1 )
γo γo γo γo γo So

13.6
h=0.230[ −1]
0.82
h=3.585m(oil )

Substituting h to Vt2:

Vt 2 =0 . 32
√
2(9 .81 )(3. 585 )
0. 3 4 −0 .1 4
Vt 2 =8 . 439 m/s

For Volume flow rate

Q
C=
Qt
Q
0.975=
π(0.05)2 (8.439 )
Q=0.0646 m3 /s
2. A Venturi meter with diameters of 300 mm at the inlet and 150 mm at the throat is
installed in a vertical pipeline carrying water, with the flow moving upward through
the meter, as illustrated. A differential manometer filled with carbon tetrachloride
(specific gravity = 1.594) is connected between the inlet and the throat, showing a
fluid height difference of 767 mm. Ignoring friction losses, determine the following:
(a) the flow rate of the water, (b) the pressure head difference between the inlet and
the throat, (c.) if the head lost due to friction is 110mm of water, determine the actual
flow rate.

Solution:

For letter A:

Using the formula of Qt:

Qt= A 1 A 2

P1
√ P
2 gh
A 2− A
1 22

h=( + z1 )−( 2 +z 2 )
γw γw
P1 +γ w ( y +z )−γ c z−γ w ( y +0 .315 )=P2
P1 −P2 =γ c z +0 . 315 γ w −γ w z
P1 P2
− =(0 . 315+h )−(0 . 767+h )+1 .594 (0 .767 )
γW γw
P1 P2
− =0 .771 m(water )
γW γw
h=(0 . 771+0)−0 .315
h=0 . 456 m(water )

Substituting h to Qt (For letter B):

π
Qt=( )[(0 . 32 )(0 .15 )2
4
Qt=0. 0546 m3 /s
√
2(9 .81 )(0 . 456 )
(0 . 3)4 −(0 .15 )4
]

For letter C:

π
Q=( )[(0 . 32 )(0 .15)2
4
Q=0. 0476m3 /s
√
2(9 .81 )(0 . 456−0. 11)
(0 .3 )4 −(0 .15 )4
]
3. In an experiment to determine the discharge coefficient of a Venturi meter with
inlet and throat diameters of 50 mm and 12.5 mm respectively, the total weight of
water passing through the meter over 300 seconds was measured to be 3400 N. A
differential manometer using mercury connected to the inlet and throat of the meter
indicated an average mercury column height difference of 360 mm during this period.
Determine the following:
a. The actual flow rate
b. The actual velocity in the 12.5mm throat
c. The meter coefficient

Solutions:

For the actual flow rate:

W
Q=
t
3400
9810
Q=
300
1000 li
Q=1 . 155 x 10−3 m3 /s( )
1 m3
Q=1 . 155li /s

For the actual velocity in the 12.5mm throat:

Q= Av
π
1 .155 x10−3 = (0 .0125 )2 v
4
v=9 . 412 m/s

For meter coefficient: Substituting h to Qt:

Qt= A 1 A 2
√ 2 gh
A 4− A
1 24

h=(
S HG −1
Sw
)

13. 6
π
Qt=( )[(0 . 05 )2 (0 . 0125)2
4
1000 li
√2(9 . 81)( 4 .536 )
(0 . 05 )4 −(0. 0125 )4
h=0 .360 ( −1) Qt=1. 16 x 10−3 m3 /s( 3 )
1 1m
h=4 . 536 m(water ) Qt=1. 16 li/s
Using Q and Qt:
Q
C=
Qt
1 .155
C=
1 .16
C=0 . 996
UNSTEADY FLOW (ORIFICE)

1. A full tank with an orifice at the bottom, 60 mm in diameter and a discharge

coefficient C=0.6C, needs to be completely drained. Calculate the time required for
draining if:
a. the tank is a hemisphere with a diameter of 1.2 m at the top.
b. it is a frustum of a come 1.8m across the top, 1.20m across the bottom and is
1.5m high.

Solutions:

For the hemisphere:

Asdh
0. 6
t=∫0
CA o √ 2 gh
2
0. 6 π (1. 2 h−h )dh
t=∫0
0 .6 [ π (0 . 03 )2 √2(9 . 81)h ]
t=108 . 8 s

For the frustum:

Asdh
1.5
t=∫0
CA o √2 gh
2
1.5 π (0 . 04( h +6 h+9)dh
t=∫0
0 .6[ π (0.03 )2 √ 2(9 . 81)h]
t=500 .469 s
2. A tank measuring 6 meters in length and 3 meters in depth has a width of 2.2
meters at the bottom and 5.2 meters at the top. There is an orifice at the bottom of
the tank with an area of 0.0155 square meters and a discharge coefficient of 0.60. If
the tank starts full, how long will it take to lower the water level by 1.8 meters?

Solution:

Using the formula:

hfAsdh
t=∫hi
Qin−Qout
hi Asdh
t=∫hf
Qout
hi Asdh
t=∫hf
CA o √ 2gh
1.5 x
=
3 h
x=0.5h
3 (2.2+2 x)(6)dh
t=∫1.8
(0.6)( 0.0155) √2(9.81)(h)
3 (2.2+2( 0.5h))(6)dh
t=∫1.8
(0.6)( 0.0155) √2(9.81)(h)
t=520.263 s
3. Demonstrate that for a vertical cylindrical tank, the time needed to reduce the
liquid level by a specific amount equals the total volume of liquid discharged divided
by the average of the initial and final discharge rates. Then, apply this principle to a
cylindrical tank that is 3 meters in diameter and 4 meters high, with an orifice at the
bottom that has a diameter of 100 mm and a discharge coefficient C=0.62C =
0.62C=0.62. Calculate the time in minute required to lower the liquid level from 4
meters to 1.5 meters.

Solutions:

Using the formula:

2 As ( √ h1− √h 2 )
t=
CA o √ 2 g
π
2( (3 )2 )( √ 4− √1 .5 )
4
t=
π
0 . 62( (0 .1 )2 ) √ 2(9 . 81)
4
1 min
t=508 .131 s( )
60 s
t=8 . 469 min
WEIRS

1. A rectangular, sharp – crested weir 17m long with end contractions suppressed is
1.8m high. Determine the discharge in liters per second when the head is
310mm.

SOLUTION:

CONTRACTED RECTANGULAR WEIR FORMULA:

3
Q = 1.84 LH 2

@SOLVE FOR Q IN LITER PER SECOND.

3
Q = 1.84 LH 2
3
Q = 1.84 (17)(0.310) 2

m 1000 L ¿
3
Q = 5.399 ( 3
S m
L
Q = 5.399
S
2. A rectangular, sharp – crested weir is 1.6m long. How high should it be placed on
a channel to maintain an upstream depth of 2.57m for a flow of 415 liters per
second?

SOLUTION:

CONTRACTED RECTANGULAR WEIR

3
Q = 1.84 LH 2

@SOLVE FOR H @SOLVE FOR P

3
L m
Q = 415 =0.415 P=d-H
S S
3
Q = 1.84 L H 2 P = 2.57 - 0.271
3
0.415 = 1.84 (1.6) (H ) 2 P = 2.479m

H = 0.271m
3. A suppressed weir 8.2m long is to discharge 12.345 cu.m. per second of water
into an open channel. The weir factor is 2.11. To what height P may be the water
be built? If the water behind the weir must not exceed 1.90m deep? Consider
velocity of approach.

SOLUTION:

RECTANGULAR WEIR
3
Q A =CW L ¿ - h 2 ]
V

@SOLVE FOR V, VELOCITY @SOLVE FOR hV , VELOCITY OF APPROACH

2
V
Q = AV hV =
2g
2
(0.792)
12.345 = [(1.90) (8.2)] (V) hV =
2(9.81)
m
V = 0.792 hV =0.03197
s
@SOLVE FOR H THUS,
3
Q A =CW L ¿ - h 2 P=d-H
V

12.345 = (2.11) (8.2) [¿ - ¿ P = 1.90 – 0.7708

H = 0.7708m P = 1.1292m
4. Determine the discharge of the weir having a head of 340mm in liters per second
if a 2.7m high 90-degree triangular weir is used.

SOLUTION:

CONTRACTED
5
Q = 1.4 LH 2

@SOLVE FOR Q IN LITER PER SECOND

5
Q = 1.4 LH 2
5
Q = 1.4(0.340) 2

m 1000 L ¿
3
Q = 0.09437 ( 3
S 1m
L
Q = 94.37
S
5. If a trapezoidal weir with sides inclined 14.04 degrees with the vertical and a
length of crest of 2.6m, determine the discharge of the weir having a head of
317mm in cu.m. per second.

SOLUTION:

CONTRACTED CIPOLETTI WEIR

FORMULA
3
Q = 1.859 LH 2

@SOLVE FOR Q
3
Q = 1.859 LH 2
3
Q = 1.859(2.6)(0.317) 2
3
m
Q = 0.863
S
6. If a contracted rectangular sharp – crested weir 3.1m is used, determine the
discharge of the weir having a head of 393mm in liters per second and cu.m per
second.

SOLUTION:

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF CONTRACTED WEIR FORMULA

L = L’ – 0.1NH

CONTRACTED RECTANGULAR WEIR FORMULA:

3
Q = 1.84 LH 2
3
L m
@SOLVE FOR L @SOLVE FOR Q IN AND .
S S
3
L = L’ – 0.1NH Q = 1.84 LH 2
3
L = 3.1 – 0.1 (2) (0.393) Q = 1.84(3.0214)(0.393) 2
3
m L
L = 3.0213m Q = 1.37 , Q = 1370
S S
OPEN CHANNEL

1. Determine the uniform of flow through a trapezoidal concrete lined canal having a
side slope of 4H to 5V and the bottom width of 2.5m if the depth of flow is 2.5m.
The channel is laid on a slope of 4m per 3km. Use n = 0.012.

SOLUTION:

MANNING’S FORMULA FOR VELOCITY

1 1
V= ¿ (S) 2
n

@SOLVE FOR X @SOLVE FOR SLOPE @SOLVE FOR Z

5 2.5 4m
= S= z = √(2.5)2 +(2)2
4 x 3000 m
x = 2m S = 0.00133 z = 3.202m

@SUBSTITUTE THE VALUES TO GET Q, DISCHARGE.

Q = AV
2
1
1 1 (6.5+2.5)(2.5) 3 1
Q = [ (6.5 + 2.5) (2.5)] [ 2 ]
2 0.012 [ ] (0.00133) 2
2(3.202)+2.5
3
m
Q = 48.557
S
2. A 650mm radius sewer pipe is laid on a slope of 0.002 and has a roughness
7
coefficient of n = 0.013 was found to be full. Determine the discharge in liters
8
per second through the pipe.

SOLUTION:

MANNING’S FORMULA FOR

1 1
V= ¿ (S) 2
n
@SOLVE THE AREA OF THE SHADED PART @SOLVE FOR P
7
A SHADED = A ¿¿ P = rΘr
8 ˚
7 2 π
A SHADED = π (0.650) P = (0.650) (116.578) ( )
8 180°
2
A SHADED =1.1614 m P = 1.323m
@SOLVE FOR Θ
A SHADED =¿ A SECTOR + ATRIANGLE
π 2 π 1
1.1614 = [ (0.650) (Θ)( )] + [ (0.650)2 sin(360 °−Θ)]
2 180 ° 2
Θ = 116.578°
@SOLVE FOR Q, DISCHARGE IN LITER PER SECOND
Q = AV
 1
1 1.1614 23
Q = (1.1614) [ ( ) (0.002) 2 ]
0.013 1.323
m 1000 L ¿
3
Q =3.663 ( 3
S 1m
L
Q = 3663
S
3. Water flows uniformly in a rectangular, concrete, open channel that is 11.5m wide
at a depth of 4.2m. The channel slope is 0.0024. Using n = 0.014, determine the
velocity.

SOLUTION:

MANNING’S FORMULA FOR VELOCITY

1 1
V= ¿ (S) 2
n

@SOLVE FOR V, VELOCITY

1 1
V= ¿ (S) 2
n
1 1
V= ¿ (0.0024 )2
0.014
m
V = 6.32
S
4. The section of a storm drain tunnel is shown. During the heavy storm, the water
surface is 2.8m above the semi – circular section. If n = 0.03 and the slope of the
channel is 0.008, calculate the discharge in liters per second.

SOLUTION:

MANNING’S FORMULA FOR

VELOCITY
1 1
V= ¿ (S) 2
n

@SOLVE FOR A, AREA @SOLVE FOR P, PERIMETER

1 π 2 π
A = (6.2) (2.8) + [ (2.8) ] P = 2(2.8) + 2(1.7) + (2.8)
2 4 2
A = 20.439 m2 P = 13.398m

@SOLVE FOR Q, DISCHARGE IN LITER PER SECOND

Q = AV
1
1 20.439 23
Q = (20.439) [ ( ) (0.008) 2 ]
0.03 13.398
m 1000 L ¿
3
Q =80.754 ( 3
S 1m
L
Q = 8075.4
S
5. A triangular channel with most efficient section discharges water at a rate of 1.3
cu.m/s. Assuming n = 0.019 and s = 0.0022, calculate the normal depth of flow in
meters.

SOLUTION:

MANNING’S FORMULA FOR VELOCITY

1 1
V= ¿ (S) 2
n
@SOLVE FOR A, AREA @SOLVE FOR Z
1
A= bd z = √(d)2 +(d)2
2
1
A= (2 d )(d ) z = d√ 2
2
A = d2

@SOLVE FOR P, PERIMETER @SOLVE FOR d, DEPTH

P = 2z Q = AV
2 2 1
1 (d )
P = 2 (d√ 2) 1.5 = (d )2[ ( ) 3 (0.0022)2 ]
0.019 2(d √ 2)
d = 1.076m