CHEMISTRY RECORD BOOK

INSTRUCTIONS THAT HAVE TO BE FOLLOWED WHILE WRITING

CHEMISTRY RECORD BOOK

1. Keep your record book neat and organized with good handwriting. Use blue pen.
2. Complete all 18 experiments neatly. Always start a new experiment on a new
page.
3. Cover the record book with brown wrapper and label it.
4. Leave the first page and start from the second page where one side is ruled and
the other side is interleaved.
5. Write chemical reactions on the interleaved side with pen or colour pencil.
6. The Chemistry Record Book carries 20 marks which will be included as internal
marks for the ICSE Final Examination 2024-2025.
EXP 1 - Copper Carbonate
Aim- Identification of the given salt.
Colour of the salt- Greenish blue.
Appearance of the salt - Amorphous salt.

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Heat a little amount of the The residue is black in colour. Presence of copper oxide
given salt in a clean dry indicated.
test tube. Note the colour
of the residue.
2) A small quantity of salt in Colourless, odourless gas Presence of carbon dioxide
taken in a test tube and evolves with a brisk indicated.
dilute sulphuric acid is effervescence.
added to it.
3) The gas is tested with Moist blue litmus paper turns The gas is acidic in nature.
moist blue litmus paper. red.
4) Pass the evolved gas Lime water turns milky. CO₂ is confirmed and the
through lime water. acidic radical is carbonate.

CuCO₃+H₂SO₄⟶CuSO₄+H₂O+CO₂
Ca(OH)₂+CO₂⟶CaCO₃+H₂O

5) Prepare an original solution of the given salt with dilute sulphuric acid. Divide the solution
into two parts
6a) To the original solution A pale blue precipitate is The precipitate formed
add NaOH solution, first in formed which is insoluble in may be copper hydroxide.
drops and then in excess. excess of NaOH.
6b) Heat the precipitate The precipitate turns black. Cu(OH)₂ on heating
decomposes to give CuO
and H₂O.

CuSO₄+2NaOH ⟶Cu(OH)₂+Na₂SO₄
Cu(OH)₂⟶CuO+H₂O

7) Add ammonium hydroxide A pale blue precipitate is Presence of copper ions

to the second part of the formed which is soluble in confirmed.
original solution first in excess of NH₄OH and forms a
drops then in excess. deep blue coloured solution.

CuSO₄+2NH₄OH⟶Cu(OH)₂+(NH₄)₂SO₄
Cu(OH)₂+(NH₄)₂SO₄+2NH₄OH⟶[Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄ +4H₂O

Conclusion: Acid radical- carbonate

Basic radical- copper
∴ The give salt is copper carbonate
EXP 2 - Zinc Carbonate
Aim – Identification of the given salt
Colour of the salt – white
Appearance of the salt – Amorphous state.

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Take a little amount of the The residue is yellow when hot Presence of zinc ions
given salt and heat it . Note and white when cold. indicated.
the colour of the residue.
2) Take a little amount of the A colourless, odourless gas is Carbon dioxide indicated.
given salt and add a few evolved with brisk
drops of dil. H₂SO₄ acid. effervescence.
3a) The gas is tested with The moist blue litmus paper The gas is acidic in nature.
moist blue litmus paper. turns red.
3b) Pass the evolved gas Lime water turns milky Presence of CO₂ is
through lime water. confirmed and the acid
radical is carbonate.
ZnCO₃ + H₂SO₄⟶ ZnSO₄ + H₂O+ CO₂↑
Ca (OH)₂ + CO₂⟶CaCO₃+H₂O

Prepare an original solution of the given salt by adding dil. Sulphuric acid. Divide the solution into
three parts.

ZnCO₃ + H₂SO₄⟶ZnSO₄+H₂O+ CO₂↑

3) To the first part of the A white gelatinous precipitate Presence of zinc ion is
original solution, add is formed, which is soluble in indicated. The clear
NaOH solution first in excess of NaOH solution to give solution is sodium zincate
drops and then in excess. a clear solution
ZnSO₄+2NaOH⟶Zn (OH)₂ +Na₂SO₄
Zn (OH)₂+ 2NaOH⟶Na₂ZnO₂+2H₂O
4) AddNH₄OHsolution to the A white gelatinous precipitate The white gelatinous
second part of the original is formed which dissolves in precipitate is zinc
solution first in drops and excess of NH₄OH to give a clear hydroxide. Presence of zinc
then in excess. solution . ions confirmed.
ZnSO₄ + 2NH₄OH ⟶ Zn(OH)₂ + (NH₄)SO₄
Zn(OH)₂ + 4NH₄OH ⟶ Zn(NH₃)₄(OH)₂ + 4H₂O
5) 5 To the third part of the Bluish white precipitate is Zinc ion is confirmed
original solution add formed.
K₄[Fe(CN) ₆]
2ZnSO₄ + K₄[Fe(CN)₆] ⟶2K₂SO₄+Zn₂[Fe(CN)₆]

Conclusion

Acid radical – carbonate

Basic radical – Zinc
∴ The given salt is zinc carbonate
EXP 3 - Lead Carbonate
Aim - Identification of the given salt
Colour of the salt- white
Appearance of the salt- Amorphous salt

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Heat a little amount of the The residue is reddish brown Presence of lead ions
given salt in a clean dry when hot and yellow when indicated
test tube. Note the colour cold
of the residue
2) Take a little amount of the A colourless, odourless gas Carbon dioxide indicated
given salt and add a few evolves with brisk
drops of dil sulphuric acid effervescence
a) The gas is tested with blue Moist blue litmus paper turns The gas is acidic in nature
litmus paper red
b) Pass the evolved gas The lime water turns milky. Gas evolved is CO₂. The
through lime water acid radical is carbonate
PbCO₃ +H₂SO₄ (dil) ⟶PbSO₄ +H₂O + CO₂

Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂⟶ CaCO₃ + H₂O

Prepare an original solution by adding dilute nitric acid to the salt. Divide the solution into three
parts.

PbCO₃ + 2HNO₃ ⟶Pb(NO₃ )₂ + H₂O + CO₂↑

3) To one part of the original A white precipitate is formed Lead ion is indicated
solution add NaOH which is soluble in excess of
solution first in drops then NaOH
in excess
Pb(NO₃ )₂ +2NaOH ⟶ Pb(OH)₂+ 2NaNO₃

Pb(OH)₂ +2NaOH⟶ Na₂PbO₂ +2H₂O

4) Add NH₄OH to the second A white precipitate isformed Lead ion is confirmed
part of the original which is insoluble in excess of
solution, first in drops then NH₄OH
in excess
Pb(NO₃ )₂+ 2 NH₄OH⟶ Pb(OH)₂+2NH₄NO₃

5) To the 3rd part of the A yellow ppt is formed. Lead ion is confirmed.
solution, add potassium
iodide solution
Pb(NO₃ )₂ + 2KI ⟶ PbI₂ + KNO₃

Conclusion - Acid radical – carbonate

Basic radical – lead

∴ the given salt is Lead carbonate.

EXP 4 – Ammonium Chloride
Aim – Identification of the given salt
Color of the salt – white
Appearance of the salt – crystalline solid
Experiment Observation Inference
1) Heat a little amount of the The salt directly changes from The given salt sublimates .
given salt in a clean dry the solid state to the vapour
test tube state without passing through
the liquid state. A white
substance condenses on the
cooler parts of the test tube
NH₄Cl ⟶NH₃ + HCl

2a) Mix a little amount of the

The salt directly changes from The given salt sublimates .
given salt with an equal the solid state to the vapour
amount of manganese state without passing through
dioxide. Add a few drops of
the liquid state. A white
H₂SO₄ and warm if substance condenses on the
necessary cooler parts of the test tube
2b) The gas is tested with The gas turns moist blue The gas is acidic in nature
moist blue litmus paper litmus paper red and then and is also a bleaching
bleaches it agent
2c) The gas is tested with The gas turns the starch The gas evolved is chlorine.
starch iodide paper iodide paper blue black in The acidic radical present
color and bleaches it is chloride
2NH₄CL + MnO₂ + Conc. H₂SO₄ ⟶ MnSO₄ + (NH₄)₂ SO₄+ 2H₂O + Cl₂ ↑

Experiment Observation Inference

3a) Make a solution of the A curdy white precipitate is The precipitate is silver
given salt . Add a few drops formed chloride
of silver nitrate solution
3b) Excess of NH₄OH solution The white precipitate Silver Chloride is soluble in
is added to the precipitate dissolves in excess of NH₄OH excess of ammonium
solution hydroxide
NH₄Cl + AgNO₃ ⟶ NH₄NO₃+ AgCl ↓

4a) To the original solution , A colorless gas with a pungent It may be ammonia gas .
add NaOH solution and odour is evolved.
heat it .
4b) The gas evolved is tested Moist red litmus paper turns The gas is basic in nature .
with moist litmus paper blue .
4c) The gas is tested with a Dense white fumes are seen The dense white fumes are
glass rod dipped in conc. that of NH₄Cl. Since the gas
Hydrochloric acid . evolved is NH₃ , the basic
radical is ammonia .
NH₄Cl + NaOH -⟶ NaCl + NH₃↑+ H₂O
Conclusion: Acid radical - Chloride
Basic Radical - ammonium
∴ the given salt is ammonium chloride
EXP 5 – Ferric Chloride
Aim – Identification of the given salt .
Colour of the salt –Reddish brown.
Appearance of the salt– Crystalline solid.

Prepare an original solution with dil. H₂SO₄ of the given salt and divide it into three parts.

Experiment Observation Inference

Add silver nitrate solution to A curdy white precipitate is The white precipitate is silver
one part of the solution. formed. chloride.
Excess of ammonium The precipitate dissolves in Silver chloride is soluble in
hydroxide solution is added to excess of ammonium excess of ammonium
the precipitate to the clear hydroxide. The precipitate hydroxide. The acid radical is a
solution reappears. chloride.

FeCl₃ + 3AgNO₃ →Fe(NO)₃ + 3AgCl

AgCl + 2NH₄OH→Ag(NH₃)₂Cl + 2H₂O

To the second original solution A reddish precipitate is formed The reddish brown precipitate
add sodium hydroxide solution, which is insoluble in excess of is iron hydroxide. Presence of
first in drops then in excess. sodium hydroxide. ferric ion indicated.

FeCl₃ + 3NaOH → Fe(OH)₃ + 3NaCl

To the third part of the original A reddish brown precipitate is The reddish brown precipitate
solution add ammonium formed which is insoluble in is ferric hydroxide. The green
hydroxide first in drops then in excess of ammonium salt contains ferric ion.
excess. hydroxide.

FeCl₃ + 3NH₄OH → 3NH₄Cl + Fe(OH)₃

Conclusion : Acid radical – chloride

Basic radical – ferric
∴The given salt is ferric chloride.

FeCl₃ + 3AgNO₃ →Fe(NO)₃ + 3AgCl

AgCl + 2NH₄OH→Ag(NH₃)₂Cl + 2H₂O
FeCl₃ + 3NaOH → Fe(OH)₃ + 3NaCl
FeCl₃ + 3NH₄OH → 3NH₄Cl + Fe(OH)₃
EXP 6 – Ferrous Sulphate

Aim – Identification of the given salt

Colour of the salt – Light green

Appearance of the salt – Crystalline solid

Prepare an original solution with dil.H₂SO₄ and divide into 3 parts

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Add few drops of barium A white precipitate is formed The white precipitate is barium
chloride followed by dil.HCl to which is insoluble in dilute sulphate. The acid radical
the first part of the original hydrochloric acid. present in the given salt is
solution. sulphate.

FeSO₄ + BaCl₂⟶ BaSO₄+FeCl₂

BaSO₄ + HCl ⟶ No reaction (ppt. Insoluble)

2. To the second part of the A dirty green precipitate is The dirty green precipitate is
original solution add Sodium formed which is insoluble in ferrous hydroxide. The salt
hydroxide first in few drops excess of sodium hydroxide. contains ferrous ions.
and then in excess.

FeSO₄ + 2NaOH ⟶ Fe(OH)₂ +Na₂SO₄

3. To the third part of the A dirty green precipitate is The dirty green precipitate is
original solution add formed which is insoluble in ferrous hydroxide. The given
ammonium hydroxide first in excess of NH4OH. salt contains ferrous ions.
drops and then in excess.

FeSO₄ + 2NH₄OH ⟶ Fe(OH)₂ + (NH₄)₂SO₄

Conclusion: Acid radical – Sulphate

Basic radical – Ferrous

∴The given salt is Ferrous sulphate.

EXP 7 – Copper Nitrate

Aim: Identification of the given salt.

Colour of the salt - blue.
Appearance of the salt -crystalline solid

2Cu(NO₃)₂ → 2CuO +4NO₂↑ + O₂↑

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Take a little amount of the The salt melts and boils with a The salt may be a nitrate.
given salt in a clean dry test crackling sound. It
tube and heat it. decomposes to give a
colourless, odourless gas and a
reddish brown gas with a
pungent odour.
1a) The colourless gas is tested The glowing splinter rekindles. The gas is a supporter of
with a glowing splinter. combustion. It is oxygen.
1b) The reddish brown gas is Moist blue litmus turns red. The gas is acidic in nature. It is
tested with moist blue litmus nitrogen dioxide.
paper.
1c) Note the colour of the The residue is black in colour. The residue is copper oxide.
residue. Since the gases evolved are
oxygen and nitrogen dioxide,
the salt contains nitrate ions
2) Add a few drops of conc. There is effervescence. A The given salt may be a nitrate.
H₂SO₄ to the given salt. Heat colourless, odourless gas is
the mixture. evolved.
2a) The colourless gas is tested The glowing splinter rekindles. The gas is oxygen.
with a glowing splinter.
2b) The reddish brown gas is The moist blue litmus turns The gas is acidic in nature.
tested with moist blue litmus. red.
2c) Note the colour of the The residue is blue in colour. The residue is copper sulphate.
residue. The acid radical present in the
given salt is nitrate.

Cu(NO₃)₂ + H₂SO₄ → CuSO₄ + 2HNO₃

4HNO₃ →2H₂O+4NO₂↑+O₂↑

3) Prepare an original solution of the given salt in water and divide it into four parts.
4)To the first part of the A brown ring is formed at the The given salt contains nitrate
original solution, add equal junction of the two solutions ions.
amounts of freshly prepared
ferrous sulphate solution and
carefully add conc. H₂SO₄
from the sides of the test tube.

6FeSO₄ + Cu(NO₃)₂ + 4H₂SO₄ → 3Fe2(SO₄ )₃ + CuSO₄ +4H₂O + 2NO

FeSO₄ + NO →FeSO₄ .NO

Experiment Observation Inference

5a) To the second part of the A pale blue precipitate is The pale blue precipitate is
original solution, add sodium formed, which does not copper hydroxide.
hydroxide first in drops and dissolve in excess of sodium
then in excess. Heat the hydroxide.
precipitate.
5b) Heat the precipitate. The precipitate turns black. Copper hydroxide on heating
decomposes to give copper
oxide and water indicating the
presence of Cu²+.

Cu(NO₃ )₂ + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)₂↓ + 2NaNO₃

Cu(OH)₂ → CuO + H₂O

6) To the third part of the A pale blue precipitate is Presence of Cu2+ confirmed.
original solution, add formed which is soluble in
ammonium hydroxide first in excess of ammonium hydroxide
drops and then in excess. to form a deep blue colour
solution.

Cu(NO₃ )₂ + 2NH₄OH → Cu(OH)₂ ↓ + 2NH₄NO₃

Cu(OH)₂ +4NH₄OH → [Cu(NH₃)₄](OH)₂ ↓ 4H₂O

7) To the fourth part of the A brown precipitate is formed. The brown precipitate is
original solution, add few copper ferrocyanide. The basic
drops of potassium radical present in the given salt
ferrocyanide is copper.

2Cu(NO₃ )₂ +K₄[Fe(CN)₆]→4KNO₃ + Cu₂[Fe(CN)₆]

Conclusion: Acid radical - Nitrate

Basic radical - copper.

∴The given salt is copper nitrate.

EXP 8 – Zinc Nitrate
Aim–identification of the given salt.

Color of the salt -white

Appearance of the salt- crystalline solid.

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Take a little amount of The salt melts and boils with The salt melts to be a nitrate.
given salt in a clean dry a crackling sound. It
test tube and heat it. decomposes to give a
colorless , odourless gas and
a reddish brown colored gas
with a pungent odour.
2) The colorless gas is tested The glowing splinter The gas is a supporter of
with a glowing splinter rekindles combustion. The gas evolved
is oxygen.
3) The reddish brown gas is Moist blue litmus turns red The gas is acid in nature. The
tested with moistlitmus gas evolved is nitrogen
dioxide .
4) Note the color of the The residue is yellow when The residue is zinc oxide.
residue hot and white when cold. Since the gases evolved are
oxygen and nitrogen dioxide,
the given salt contains
nitrate ions.

∆
2Zn(NO₃ )₂ 2ZnO+4NO₂ ↑+ O₂↑

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Add a few drops of conc. There is effervescence. On The given salt may be a
Sulphuric acid to the given heating a colorless gas and a nitrate.
salt and heat it. reddish brown gas are
evolved.
2) The colorless gas is tested The glowing splinter The gas is a supporter of
with a glowing splinter. Rekindles. combustion. The gas evolved
is oxygen.
3) The reddish brown gas is Moist blue litmus turns red The gas is acidic in nature.
tested with moist litmus The gas evolved is nitrogen
dioxide.
4) Note the color of the The residue is white in color. The residue is zinc sulphate.
residue The acid radical in the given
salt is nitrate.

Zn(NO₃ )+H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ +2HNO₃

4HNO₃→ 2H₂O + 4NO₂↑ +O₂↑

III. Prepare an original solution of the given salt in water and divide it into three parts

Experiment Observation Inference

1) To the first part of the A brown ring is formed at The given salt contains
original solution add an the junction of the two nitrate ions
equal amount of freshly solutions
prepared ferrous sulphate
solution and carefully add
conc. H₂SO₄ from the sides
of the test tube

6FeSO₄ + 4H₂SO₄ +Zn(NO₃ )₂→ 3Fe₂(SO₄ )₃ + ZnSO₄ + 4H₂O +2NO

FeSO₄ +NO→ FeSO₄ .NO

2) to the second part of the A white gelatinous The white gelatinous

original solution add precipitate is formed which precipitate is zinc hydroxide.
sodium hydroxide, first in dissolves in excess of sodium The clear solution is sodium
drops and then in excess hydroxide to give a clear zincate. The basic radical is
solution zinc

Zn(NO₃ )₂+2NaOH →Zn(OH) ₂ + 2NaNO₃

Zn(OH)₂+2NaOH →Na₂ZnO₂ +2 H₂O

3) to the third part of the A white gelatinous The white gelatinous

original solution, add precipitate is formed which precipitate is zinc hydroxide.
NH4OH, first in drops and dissolves in excess of The clear solution is tetra
then in excess ammonium hydroxide to amine zinc hydroxide. The
give a clear solution basic radical is zinc

Zn(NO₃ )₂ +2NH₄OH Zn(OH)₂ + 2NH₄NO₃

Zn(OH)₂+ 4NH₄OH → Zn[(NH₃)₄] (OH)₂ +4H₂O

Conclusion – Acid radical : nitrate

Basic radical: zinc

∴the given salt is zinc nitrate

EXP 9 – Lead Nitrate
Aim –Identification of the given salt

Color of the salt -White

Appearance of the salt –crystalline solid

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Take a little amount of the The salt melts and boils The salt may be a nitrate.
given salt in a clean dry test with a crackling sound. It
tube and heat it. decomposes to give a
colourless ,odourless gas
and a reddish brown gas
with a pungent odour .
a) The colorless gas is tested The glowing splinter The gas is a supporter of
with a glowing splinter . rekindles. combustion.
b) The reddish brown gas is The moist blue litmus turns The gas is acidic in nature.
tested with moist blue red. The gas evolved is NO₂ .
litmus paper.
c) Note colour of the residue. The residue is reddish The residue is Lead oxide.
brown when hot and pale The acid radical is nitrate.
yellow when cold and fuses
with the test tube.

∆
2Pb(NO₃)₂ 2PbO+4NO₂ ↑+O₂↑

2) Prepare an original solution of given salt by adding distilled water and divide it into four parts.

3) To the first part add freshly A brown ring is formed at The given salt contains
prepared FeSO₄ solution the junction of the two nitrate ions.
and add with care conc. solutions.
H₂SO₄ from the side of the
test tube.

Pb(NO₃)₂+6FeSO₄+4H₂SO₄→ 2Fe₂(SO₄)+PbSO₄+4H₂O+2NO

FeSO₄+NO→Fe SO₄.NO
4) Add NaOH to the second A white ppt. is formed The white ppt. is Pb(OH)₂and
part, first in drops then in which dissolves in excess of the clear solution is Na₂PbO₂.
excess. sodium hydroxide to give The given salt contains Lead
clear solution. ions.

Pb(NO₃)₂+ NaOH→Pb(OH)₂+2NaNO₃

Pb(OH)₂+2NaOH→Na₂PbO₂+2H₂0

5) To the third part add A white ppt. is formed The white ppt. is lead
NH₄OHsolution, first in which is insoluble in excess hydroxide. The give salt
drops and then in excess. NH₄OH. contains lead ions.

Pb(NO₃)₂+2NH₄OH→Pb(OH)₂+2NH₄NO₃

6) To the fourth part of the A yellow ppt. is formed. The yellow ppt. is lead oxide.
original solution, add a few The basic radical present is
drops of KI. lead.

Pb(NO₃)₂+2KI→PbI₂↓+2KNO₃

Conclusion: Acid radical-Nitrate

Basic radical-Lead

∴The given salt is Lead nitrate.

EXP 10 – Sodium Sulphite
Aim-identification of the given salt
Colour-white
Appearance-amorphous powder

Experiment Observation Inference

1a) Take a little amount of the There is an effervescence. A The gas may be sulphur
given salt in a test tube and colourless gas with a burning dioxide.
add a few drops of dil. sulphur smell is evolved.
Sulphuric acid.
1b) The gas is tested with The gas turns acidified Potassium dichromate turns
acidified potassium potassium dichromate green due to the formation of
dichromate solution by solution to dark green. chromium sulphate.
passing the gas through a
delivery tube.
1c) The gas is passed through The pink potassium The solution turns colourless
potassium permanganate permanganate solution turns due to the formation of
soln. colourless. potassium sulphate.
1d) The gas is tested with Moist blue litmus turns red The gas is acidic in nature
moist blue litmus paper. and gets bleached. and is also a bleaching agent.
The green salt contains
sulphite ions.
Na₂SO3+H₂SO₄(dil)→Na₂SO₄+H₂O+SO₂

3SO₂+H₂SO₄+K₂Cr₂O₇→Cr₂(SO₄)₃+K₂SO₄+H₂O

5SO₂+2KMnO₄+2H₂O→K₂SO₄+2MnSO₄+2H₂SO₄

2) Prepare an original A white precipitate is formed The given salt contains

solution of the given salt in which dissolves in dilute sulphite ions.
water and add barium hydrochloric acid.
chloride to it followed by
dil.hydrochloric acid.
Na₂SO₃+BaCl₂→ 2NaCl+BaSO₃

BaSO₃+2HCL →BaCl₂+H₂O+SO₂

3) Make a paste of the given The colour of the flame is The metallic radical present
salt with conc.hydrochloric golden yellow. in the given salt is sodium.
acid. Take the paste at the
end of a platinum wire and
place it in the non-
luminous part of the flame.

Conclusion: Acid radical – sulphite

Basic radical – sodium

∴The given salt is sodium sulphite

EXP 11 – Calcium Sulphide

Aim: Identification of the given salt.

Colour of salt: white.
Appearance of salt: Amorphous powder

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Take a little amount of A colourless rotten egg The gas is hydrous sulphide
given salt in a clean dry test smelling gas is evolved
tube and a few drops of dil.
H₂SO₄ and heat it
2) The gas is tested with lead The lead acetate paper The black colour is due to the
acetate paper turns black formation of lead sulphide
The acid radical present in
the given salt sulphide
CaS + dil. H₂SO₄→CaSO₄ +H₂S↑

H₂S + Pb(CH₃COO)₂→PbS ↓ + 2CH3₃COOH

3) Make a paste of salt with The colour of the flame is The metallic radical present
conc. HCl Take paste at the brick red in the given salt is calcium
end of the platinum wire
and show it to the non -
luminous part of the flame.

Prepare an original solution of the given salt in distilled water , divided into two parts.

To the first part of the original A milky white ppt. is formed The white ppt. is Ca(OH)₂. The
solution add NaOH first in which is in-soluble in excess of basic radical in the given salt is
drops and then in excess. NaOH Calcium

CaS + 2NaOH →Ca(OH)₂ ↓+ Na₂S

To the second part of the No precipitate is formed . Calcium ions are present in
original soln. add NH₄OH given salt
solution first in drops then in
excess

CaS +NH₄OH→No Precipitate

Conclusion: Acid radical- Sulphide

Basic radical – calcium

∴ The given salt is calcium sulphide.

EXP 12 – Lead Dioxide[ Lead(iv) Oxide]
Aim: Identification of the given salt.
Colour of the salt: chocolate brown.
Appearance of salt: amorphous powder

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Heat the given salt in a The given salt deepens in ---
clean dry test tube colour and on further
heating, the salt decomposes
to give a colourless and
odourless gas

2) The gas evolved is tested The glowing splinter The gas is the supporter of
with a glowing splinter. rekindles combustion. It is oxygen
3) Note the colour of the The residue is reddish The residue is lead
residue brown when hot and turns monoxide. The given salt
pale yellow on cooling. The contains lead ions
residue fuses with the test
tube

2PbO₂→2PbO+ O₂↑

4) Take a little amount of the . There is a effervescence. A The gas evolved is chlorine.
salt in a test tube and add a greenish yellow gas with a
few drops of conc.HCl and pungent odour is evolved
warm the mixture
5) The gas evolved is tested The gas turns blue litmus red The gas is acidic in nature
with moist litmus paper and then bleaches it and it is also a bleaching
agent
6) The gas is tested with The gas turns the starch The gas is chlorine.
moist starch iodide paper iodide paper blue black&
bleaches it

PbO₂+4HCl [conc]→PbCl₂+2H₂O+Cl₂ ↑

CONCLUSION: the given salt is an oxidizing agent as it oxidized conc.hydrochloric acid to chlorine.
Since the given salt is chocolate brown in colour, it is lead dioxide.
EXP 13 – Red Lead
Aim: Identification of the given salt.
Colour of the salt: orange red
Appearance of the salt: amorphous powder.

Experiment Observation Inference

1) Heat the given salt in a The given salt deepens in
clean dry test tube. colour and on farther
heating, the salt
decomposes to give a
colourless and odourless
gas
2) The gas evolved is tested The glowing splinter The gas is a supporter of
with a glowing splinter. rekindles. combustion. It is O2
3) Note the colour of the The residue is reddish The residue is lead
residue. brown when hot and turns monoxide. The salt contains
to pale yellow on cooling. lead ions.
The residue fuses with the
test tube.

2Pb₃O₄→6PbO+O₂↑

4) Take a little amount of There is an effervescence. A The gas evolved is chlorine.

given salt in a test tube and greenish yellow gas with a
add a few drops of conc.HCl suffocating odour is
and warm the mixture. evolved.
5) .the gas evolved is tested The gas turns moist blue The gas is acidic in nature
with moist litmus paper. litmus to red and then gets and it I also a bleaching
bleached. agent.
6) The gas is tested with moist The gas turns the starch The gas is chlorine.
starch iodide paper. iodide paper blue black and
then bleaches it.

Pb₃O₄+8HCl→3PbCl₂+4H₂O+Cl₂↑

Conclusion: The given salt is an oxidizing agent as it oxidized HCl acid to chlorine. Since the given
salt is orange red in colour, it is red lead (Trilead Tetraoxide).
EXP 14 – Sodium Sulphite and Sodium Sulphate
Aim: To distinguish between sulphite and sulphate ions.

Salt I

Prepare and original solution of the given salt in distilled water, add a few drops of barium chloride
followed by dil. Hydrochloric acid.

Experiment Observation Inference

Prepare an original soln. of the A white precipitate is formed The white precipitate is that of
given salt in distilled water, which dissolves in dil. barium sulphite which
add a few drops of barium hydrochloric acid dissolves in the acid. the given
chloride followed by dil. HCl salt contains Sulphite ions.

Na₂SO₃ +BaCl₂ → BaSO₃[p] + 2NaCl

BaSO₃ + 2HCl₂→BaCl₂+H₂O+SO₂[g]

Salt II

Prepare and original solution of the given salt in distilled water, add a few drops of barium chloride
followed by dil. Hydrochloric acid.

Experiment Observation Inference

Prepare an original soln. of the A white precipitate is formed The white precipitate is that of
given salt in distilled water, which does nor dissolve in barium sulphate. The given salt
add a few drops of barium dilute hydrochloric acid contains sulphate ions
chloride followed by dil. HCl

Na₂SO₄ +BaCl₂→ BaSO₄ + 2NaCl

BaSO₄ + HCl₂ →No reaction

Conclusion: Salt I is sodium sulphite

Salt II is sodium Sulphate

EXP 15 – Distinguish Between Copper Oxide And Manganese
Oxide
Aim: to distinguish between manganese dioxide and copper oxide by using concentrated
hydrochloric acid.

1. COPPER OXIDE
Colour of the salt: black
Experiment Observation Inference
1) Add conc.HCl acid to the The substance dissolves. A The residue is copper
given salt and heat the dark greenish blue solution chloride
solution. is obtained.
2) filter the above solution. Greenish blue filtrate is
obtained.
3) To the filtrate add A pale blue precipitate is pale blue ppt. is of Cu(OH)₂
ammonium hydroxide first formed which dissolves in and deep blue solution is of
in drops then is excess. excess of ammonium [Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄ the
hydroxide to give a deep substance is copper oxide.
blue solution.
CuO+2HCl→CuCl₂+H₂O

CuCl₂+2NH₄OH→Cu(OH)₂+2NH₄Cl

Cu(OH)₂+(NH₄)₂SO₄ +2NH₄OH→4H₂O+[Cu(NH₃)4]SO₄

2.MANGANESE DIOXIDE
Colour of salt- black
Experiment Observation Inference
1) Add few drops of conc.HCl The substance dissolves and The gas evolved is chlorine.
to the given salt and heat a greenish yellow gas with
the solution. suffocating smell is evolved
2) The gas is tested with Moist blue litmus turns red The gas evolved is acidic in
moist blue litmus paper and gets bleached. Moist nature and it is also a
and moist starch iodide starch iodide turns blue bleaching agent.
paper. black and gets bleached.
3) Filter the above solution. A light brown filtrate is The light brown colour is due
obtained. to manganese 2 chloride.
4) Add ammonium hydroxide No reaction. The substance is manganese
to the above filtrate. dioxide.

∆
MnO₂+4HCl MnCl₂+2H₂O+Cl₂ ↑

CONCLUSION : Salt I- copper oxide

Salt II - manganese dioxide

EXP 16- To Distinguish Between Acidic And Alkaline Solution.

Aim- to test whether the given solution is acidic or alkaline in nature.

SOLUTION 1
Experiment Observation Inference
1) Moist blue litmus Moist blue litmus turns pink. The given solution is acidic in
introduced into the test nature.
tube containing the given
solution.
2) The given solution is tested The methyl orange turns The given solution is acidic in
with methyl orange. pink. nature.

3) The given solution is tested The colorless solution The given solution is acidic in
with phenolphthalein remains colorless. nature.
solution.
4a) The solution is tested with a Effervescence is seen. A colorless odourless gas is
carbonate. evolved.
4b) The gas is tested with Moist blue litmus turns red. The gas is acidic is acidic in
litmus paper. nature.
4c) The gas is passed through Limewater turns milky. The gas evolved is CO₂.
lime water.
5) Heat the solution with No reaction. --
ammonium chloride.

SOLUTION 2
Experiment Observation Inference
1) The solution is tested with Red litmus paper turns blue. The solution is alkaline in
moist red litmus paper. nature.
2) The solution is tested with Methyl orange turns blue. The solution is alkaline.
methyl orange.
3) The solution is tested with The colorless The solution is alkaline in
phenolphthalein. phenolphthalein turns pink. nature.
4) The solution is taken in a Effervescence is seen, a ---
test tube containing colorless gas with pungent
ammonium salt and heated. odour is evolved.
a) The gas is tested with moist Red litmus turns blue. The gas is basic in nature.
red litmus paper.
b) The gas is tested with a Dense white fumes are seen. Dense white fumes are of
glass rod dipped in conc. Ammonium chloride. The
HCl. gas is ammonia.

CONCLUSION- Solution 1: Acid.

Solution 2: Alkali
EXP 17: To identify the gas Hydrogen.
Aim- To identify the gas Hydrogen.

Experiment Observation Inference

1) 1) A piece of magnesium is 1)Effervescence is seen. A ---
taken in a test tube and dil. colorless odourless gas is
Sulphuric acid is added to evolved.
it.
2) 2) The gas evolved is 2) There is no change in the 2) The gas evolved is neutral
tested with moist litmus color of the litmus paper to litmus paper.
paper.
3) 3) The gas is tested with 3) Burning splinter 3) The gas evolved is
glowing splinter. extinguishes with a pop hydrogen which is a non-
sound. supporter of combustion.

Mg + H₂SO₄ → MgSO₄ + H₂ ↑

Conclusion: The gas evolved is Hydrogen.

EXP 18: To Find The pH Of The Given Solutions
Aim: To find the pH of the given samples of water by using pH paper.

Label the different provided samples of water as A, B, C and D. With the help of separate droppers,
pour one or two drops of each sample on separate pH paper strips. Compare the colour observed on
the pH paper strip with the standard pH value colour chart provided.

Sample Colour Observed Inference

A Red More acidic
B Yellow Less acidic
C Green Neutral
D violet Alkaline

Conclusion:
1.Samples which are acidic -A and B
2. Samples which is neutral -C
3. Sample which is alkaline-D

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