A PROJECT REPORT

ON

“AGRICULTURE ROBOT”

DEVELOPED BY

SHARVI SONAWANE 19

GAYATRI KADAM 24

ARYA KAKADE 46

ADITYA SHINDE 48

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MRS. P. N. KALE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

2023 -2024

SINHGAD TECHNICAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

SOU. VENUTAI CHAVAN POLYTECHNIC, PUNE-411041
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI
 Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s

SOU. VENUTAI CHAVAN POLYTECHNIC, PUNE-411041

CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT

SHARVI SONAWANE 19
GAYATRI KADAM 24
ARYA KAKADE 46
ADITYA SHINDE 48

OF THIRD YEAR DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

HAVE SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED PROJECT

“Agriculture Robot”

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

ACADEMIC REQUIREMENT FOR THE YEAR

2023-2024

AS PRESCRIBED BY
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

Date: ……………………….

Place: ………………………

Mrs. P. N. Kale Prof. A. V. Kurkute Dr. (Mrs.) M. S. Jadhav

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principal)
 Certificate

This is certified that Ms. Sharvi Vijay Sonawane from Sou. Venutai Chavan
Polytechnic (Code:0040) having Enrollment Number 2100400083 has
completed project of Final Year having Title “Agriculture Robot” during
academic year 2023–2024. The project completed by individually in a group
consisting of 4 candidates under the guidance of the Faculty Guide.

Name & Signature of Guide

Mrs. P. N. Kale
 Certificate

This is certified that Ms. Gayatri Anilkumar Kadam from Sou. Venutai
Chavan Polytechnic (Code:0040) having Enrollment Number 2100400091 has
completed project of Final Year having Title “Agriculture Robot” during
academic year 2023–2024. The project completed by individually in a group
consisting of 4 candidates under the guidance of the Faculty Guide.

Name & Signature of Guide

Mrs. P. N. Kale
 Certificate

This is certified that Mr. Arya Atul Kakade from Sou. Venutai Chavan
Polytechnic (Code:0040) having Enrollment Number 2100400161 has
completed Project of Final Year having Title “Agriculture Robot” during
academic year 2023–2024. The project completed by individually in a group
consisting of 4 candidates under the guidance of the Faculty Guide.

Name & Signature of Guide

Mrs. P. N. Kale
 Certificate

This is certified that Mr. Aditya Vikram Shinde from Sou. Venutai Chavan
Polytechnic (Code:0040) having Enrollment Number 2100400165 has
completed Project of Final Year having Title “Agriculture Robot” during
academic year 2023–2024. The project completed by individually in a group
consisting of 4 candidates persons under the guidance of the Faculty Guide.

Name & Signature of Guide

Mrs. P. N. Kale
 ABSTRACT

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in agriculture has led to significant
advancements in precision farming and crop management. This abstract introduces an IoT-
based agricultural robot designed to revolutionize modern agriculture practices. The proposed
robot is equipped with various sensors, actuators, and connectivity features, allowing it to
collect data, make informed decisions, and perform tasks autonomously. With a focus on
sustainability, resource efficiency, and increased crop yield, the IoT agricultural robot offers
a comprehensive solution to address the challenges faced by the agriculture industry.

The Agricultural robot is designed to perform various functions like Sowing seeds, Cutting
crops, detecting the obstacles, monitoring soil & Digging. It utilizes a network of sensors to
measure environmental parameters, including soil moisture, temperature & humidity.
Overall, the IoT agricultural robot presents a sustainable and efficient approach to modern
farming. Its real-time data collection, analysis, and autonomous decision-making capabilities
empower farmers to make data-driven choices that maximize crop yield and quality while
minimizing resource usage.

I
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure for me to acknowledge the assistance and contribution of number of

individuals who helped me in developing “Agriculture Robot” project. A project is
defined as a piece of work that needs skills, efforts and careful planning, but during the
course of project, we found that it not only sharpened our logical skill but also taught us the
value of joint effort and hard work. A successful project is the result of good team work,
which contains not only the people who put efforts but also who guide them.

First and the foremost, I wish to record my gratitude and thanks to Mrs. P. N. Kale for her
enthusiastic guidance and help in successful completion of project. I express my thanks to
Dr. (Mrs.) M. S. Jadhav (Principal, Sou. Venutai Chavan Polytechnic), Mrs. A. V.
Kurkute (Head of Department, Computer Technology) and Mrs. A. S. Patil (Project
Coordinator) for their valuable guidance. I am also thankful to other teachers and non-
teaching staff of Computer Technology Department and Library for their co-operation and
help.

Lastly, I need to extend to extend my thanks to all those, who helped us directly or
indirectly in completing this esteemed project.

Sharvi Sonawane

Gayatri Kadam

Arya Kakade

Aditya Shinde

II
 LIST OF FIGURES

SR. NO. NAME OF FIGURES PAGE NO.

1. Hardware Components 9

2. MIT App inventor 16

3. Arduino IDE 17

4. Architecture of Project 20

5. DFD Diagrams 23

6. UML Diagram 24

7. Structure Diagram 25

8. Flowchart 26

9. App Screenshot 31

10. Robot Images 32

11. Features 33

III
 ACRONYMS

IOT: Internet Of Things.

App: Application
IDE: Integrated Development Environment
Arduino: (Originally from the Italian) - Hardware and Software Platform

IV
 INDEX

SR.NO TITLE PAGE.NO

ABSTRACT I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II

1 Introduction and Background

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background 2

2 Literature Survey and Problem Definition

2.1 Literature Survey 3

2.2 Problem Definition 4

3 Scope of the Project

3.1 Scope of the Project 5

3.2 Objectives 6

4 Proposed Methodology

4.1 Methodology and Features 7

4.2 System requirement Specification 9

5 System Design

5.1 Details of Design 20

5.2 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) 23

5.3 Diagram 24

5.4 Flowchart 26

6 Result and Application

6.1 Test Procedures 27

6.2 Test Cases 29

6.3 Screenshots 31

6.4 Application 35

7 Conclusion and Future Scope

7.1 Conclusion 36

7.2 Future Scope 36

8 References and Bibliography

8.1 IEEE Papers 37

8.2 Books 37

8.2 Websites 38
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
AGRICULTURE ROBOT

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in agriculture has led to significant
advancements in precision farming and crop management. This abstract introduces an IoT-based
agricultural robot designed to revolutionize modern agriculture practices. The proposed robot is
equipped with various sensors, actuators, and connectivity features, allowing it to collect data,
make informed decisions, and perform tasks autonomously. With a focus on sustainability,
resource efficiency, and increased crop yield, the IoT agricultural robot offers a comprehensive
solution to address the challenges faced by the agriculture industry.
The Agricultural robot is designed to perform various functions like Sowing seeds, Cutting
crops, detecting the obstacles, monitoring soil & Digging. It utilizes a network of sensors to
measure environmental parameters, including soil moisture, temperature & humidity. Overall,
the IoT agricultural robot presents a sustainable and efficient approach to modern farming. Its
real-time data collection, analysis, and autonomous decision-making capabilities empower
farmers to make data-driven choices that maximize crop yield and quality while minimizing
resource usage. In the current generation most of the countries do not have sufficient skilled
manpower specially in agricultural sector and it affects the growth of developing countries.
As we know backbone of our country is agriculture. Recently numbers of changes are happening
in agriculture technology like ploughing, seeding, fertilizing, weeding, harvesting, spraying etc.
For developing our economical condition it is necessary toincrease our agricultural productivity
and quality also. Out of the multipurpose agriculture robot help farmers with automation and the
work becomes easy and errorless. Robots small sized wheels performs well, the lightweight of
the robots do not compact the soil.
The agriculture robot provide the multipurpose feature and different hardware components for
the mechanism purpose. We used the Bluetooth module for the Bluetooth connectivity of the
project and the app. Various sensors are used for monitoring soil moisture, temperature check
and humidity check. Also use of plougher is done for the digging or collecting of dry leaves on
ground. Sower mechanism simply rotates and puts the seeds and simultaneously digs in for seed.
Wheels are provided to move the robot front, back, left and right, and also speed monitor is being
used.
Overall, the project aims to develop a versatile agriculture robot that can automate various tasks,
improve efficiency, and enhance crop yield while reducing manual labor and environmental
impact.

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1.2 BACKGROUND
Agricultural Robot is a device which helps to control the agricultural works in farms. As the days
are passing the demand of automatic devices are increasing. Thus, the controlling of such devices
is getting more and more attention. From long time ago mostly, the controlling is done manually
such as seed sowing and watering the farms and plants but as the time passed the arrival of
automation gives the user alternative way to control such appliances without the need for the
user to walk. The advancement mention is that without moving our body we can sow the seeds
and water them with the help of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. We use mobile phone and
an app to communicate with the device.
Traditional farming methods often rely heavily on manual labor, which can be inefficient, labor-
intensive, and costly. Additionally, factors such as climate change, water scarcity, soil
degradation, and labor shortages pose significant challenges to agricultural productivity and
sustainability.
To address these challenges, there is a growing demand for automation and efficiency in
agriculture. Automation technologies, such as robotics and IoT, have the potential to
revolutionize farming practices by improving productivity, reducing labor costs, and optimizing
resource usage.
Manual farming methods can be inefficient and time-consuming. Tasks like seeding, ploughing,
and irrigation often require repetitive and labor-intensive work, leading to inefficiencies in
resource utilization and overall farm management.
Traditional farming practices, such as intensive tillage, can contribute to soil erosion,
compaction, and degradation. Over time, this can lead to decreased soil fertility, reduced crop
yields, and increased susceptibility to erosion and nutrient runoff.
Seed sowing and soil ploughing are fundamental operations in agriculture that require precision
and accuracy. By integrating these tasks into a single robotic system, farmers can streamline their
operations, reduce the need for manual labor, and achieve better consistency and uniformity in
planting.
In summary, the literature on seed sowing robots demonstrates significant progress in advancing
agricultural automation, with ongoing efforts focused on addressing technical challenges and
facilitating widespread adoption in the farming community.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY AND PROBLEM
DEFINITION
AGRICULTURE ROBOT

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

The development of IoT-based agricultural robots with capabilities for sowing, ploughing,
digging, and environmental sensing represents a significant advancement in modern agriculture.
A thorough literature survey reveals a growing body of research focused on various aspects of
this technology, including hardware design, sensor integration, control systems, and user
interfaces.

Several studies have investigated the integration of IoT sensors into agricultural robots to
monitor environmental parameters such as temperature, soil moisture, and humidity. Research by
Smith et al. (2019) demonstrated the use of IoT-enabled sensors for real-time monitoring of soil
moisture levels, enabling precise irrigation management and water conservation. Similarly,
studies by Zhang et al. (2020) explored the integration of temperature and humidity sensors into
agricultural robots to monitor microclimatic conditions, aiding in crop health management and
disease prevention.

Furthermore, researchers have explored the design and functionality of agricultural robots
capable of performing sowing, ploughing, and digging tasks autonomously. Wang et al. (2018)
proposed a robotic platform equipped with interchangeable tool heads for various agricultural
operations, demonstrating the versatility and flexibility of such systems. Similarly, Liu et al.
(2021) developed a robotic system capable of autonomously navigating through fields and
performing targeted tasks based on real-time sensor data, highlighting the potential for
automation in modern farming practices.

In addition to hardware development, studies have focused on the software and control systems
necessary for the operation of IoT-based agricultural robots. Chen et al. (2017) investigated
algorithms for path planning and obstacle avoidance, enabling robots to navigate through
complex field environments safely. Li et al. (2020) proposed a hierarchical control system for
coordinating multiple robots in a collaborative farming scenario, demonstrating the scalability
and efficiency of such systems for large-scale agricultural operations.
Moreover, the integration of mobile applications for remote monitoring and control of
agricultural robots has been a subject of interest among researchers and practitioners. Kumar et
al. (2019) developed a mobile app that allows farmers to monitor robot status, adjust parameters,
and receive alerts based on sensor data, enhancing operational efficiency and decision-making.
Overall, the literature survey highlights the potential of IoT-based agricultural robots to
revolutionize farming practices by providing automation, precision, and data-driven insights.
However, challenges such as sensor accuracy, power efficiency, and integration with existing
farm infrastructure remain areas of ongoing research and development. By addressing these
challenges and leveraging advancements in IoT, robotics, and agriculture, stakeholders can
unlock the full potential of IoT-based agricultural robots to address global food security
challenges and promote sustainable farming practices.

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2.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

The agricultural sector faces multifaceted challenges that impede productivity, sustainability, and
profitability. Traditional farming methods heavily reliant on manual labor for tasks like sowing,
ploughing, and digging are increasingly constrained by labor shortages and rising operational
costs. This reliance on manual labor not only limits the scale of agricultural operations but also
introduces inefficiencies and inconsistencies in the execution of tasks. Moreover, the
unpredictability of weather patterns and environmental conditions exacerbates these challenges,
making it difficult for farmers to plan and execute farm activities effectively.
Furthermore, the lack of real-time data on crucial factors such as soil moisture, temperature, and
humidity hinders informed decision-making and precise resource management. Without accurate
information about soil conditions, farmers struggle to optimize irrigation schedules, fertilization
plans, and pest control measures. This inefficiency not only leads to suboptimal resource
utilization but also contributes to environmental degradation and reduced crop yields.
In response to these challenges, there is a growing demand for innovative solutions that leverage
emerging technologies to enhance farm efficiency, sustainability, and resilience. An IoT-based
agricultural robot equipped with sowing, ploughing, and digging features, along with sensors for
measuring temperature, soil moisture, and humidity, presents a compelling opportunity to
address these pressing issues. By automating labor-intensive tasks and providing real-time data
on soil and environmental conditions, such a system has the potential to revolutionize farming
practices.
However, the development and implementation of an IoT-based agricultural robot pose
significant technical, logistical, and practical challenges. Integrating IoT sensors and connectivity
into a robotic platform while ensuring reliability, accuracy, and compatibility with existing farm
infrastructure requires careful engineering and system integration. Designing robust and efficient
robotic mechanisms capable of performing diverse agricultural tasks in varying soil conditions
and terrains necessitates extensive research and development.
Moreover, the development of a user-friendly mobile application for remote control and
monitoring of the agricultural robot adds another layer of complexity. The app must provide
intuitive interfaces for farmers to configure tasks, monitor progress, and receive alerts or
notifications based on real-time sensor data. Additionally, ensuring the security and privacy of
data transmitted between the robot, sensors, and mobile app is paramount to protect sensitive
farm information and prevent unauthorized access or manipulation.
In conclusion, addressing these detailed problem statements is essential for the successful
implementation of an IoT-based agricultural robot. By overcoming these challenges, stakeholders
can unlock the full potential of this technology to enhance farm productivity, sustainability, and
resilience in the face of evolving agricultural landscapes and global challenges.

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 CHAPTER 3
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
AGRICULTURE ROBOT

3.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1. Mechanical Integration:
The agriculture robot is design for easy and multi-functionality feature for efficient usage. The
robot is equipped with wheels, sensors and Bluetooth connectivity.
2. Hardware Development:
Designing and building the physical robot platform capable of autonomous movement and
performing various tasks.
3. IoT Connectivity:
Implementing IoT connectivity to enable remote monitoring and control of the robot, as well as
data transmission for analysis.
4. Actuators Implementation:
Integrating actuators like motors and hydraulic systems to enable digging, plugging, and seeding
functionalities.
5.Sensors Integration:
Incorporating sensors such as soil moisture sensors, temperature sensors, and GPS for precise
navigation and data collection.
6. Software Development:
Developing the software for controlling the robot's movements, task execution, data processing,
and communication with the IoT platform.
7. Testing and Validation:
Conducting thorough testing to evaluate the performance, reliability, and safety of the robot
under various operating conditions. This involves both simulated testing in controlled
environments and real-world testing to assess practical functionality.
8. Documentation and Presentation:
Documenting the design process, implementation details, and testing results through technical
reports, diagrams, and videos. Additionally, preparing presentations to showcase the project's
features, achievements, and potential applications.
9. Future Development:
Identifying opportunities for further refinement and expansion of the robot's capabilities. This
may involve incorporating additional sensors, improving control algorithms, or exploring new
applications and use cases.

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3.2 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the IoT-based agricultural robot project encompass several key goals aimed at
enhancing farm efficiency, productivity, and sustainability:
1. Automation of Farming Tasks:
Develop a robotic system capable of autonomously performing essential farming tasks such as
sowing, ploughing, and digging. By automating these labor-intensive processes, the project aims
to reduce the reliance on manual labor, minimize operational costs, and improve overall farm
efficiency.
2. Integration of Environmental Sensing:
Equip the agricultural robot with sensors to measure crucial environmental parameters including
temperature, soil moisture, and humidity. By incorporating real-time environmental data into
farm management practices, the project seeks to enable more informed decision-making
regarding irrigation, fertilization, and pest control.
3. Remote Monitoring and Control:
Develop a mobile application that allows farmers to remotely monitor and control the
agricultural robot. Through the mobile app, farmers can access real-time data collected by the
robot's sensors, adjust operational parameters, and schedule tasks from anywhere with internet
connectivity. This objective aims to provide farmers with greater flexibility and control over
farm operations.
4. Precision Farming:
Implement precision farming techniques by leveraging the data collected by the agricultural
robot's sensors. By analyzing environmental data and tailoring farming practices to specific field
conditions, the project aims to optimize resource utilization, improve crop yields, and minimize
environmental impact.
5. User-Friendly Interface:
Design an intuitive and user-friendly interface for the mobile app to ensure ease of use for
farmers with varying levels of technological expertise. The objective is to empower farmers to
effectively interact with the agricultural robot, interpret sensor data, and make informed
decisions to optimize farm operations.
6. Validation and Testing:
Conduct rigorous testing and validation of the IoT-based agricultural robot in real-world farming
environments. By evaluating the performance, reliability, and effectiveness of the robot in
diverse field conditions, the project aims to ensure that it meets the needs and expectations of
farmers while addressing the challenges of modern agriculture.

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 CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
AGRICULTURE ROBOT

4.1 METHODOLOGY AND FEATURES

For an IoT-based project on an agricultural robot that can sow seeds, plow soil, and measure soil
moisture, humidity, and temperature, you can follow a methodology that includes several key
steps:
1. Project Planning:
- Define project objectives and goals, such as improving efficiency in farming, increasing
yield, or reducing manual labor.
- Identify stakeholders and their requirements, including farmers, researchers, and potential
end-users.
- Establish a project timeline, budget, and resource allocation.
2. Research and Requirements Gathering:
- Conduct research on existing agricultural robots, IoT sensors, and technologies for soil
measurement.
- Gather requirements for the robot's functionalities, such as seed sowing mechanism, plowing
mechanism, and sensor integration for soil monitoring.
3. Design Phase:
- Design the physical structure of the agricultural robot, considering factors like size, weight,
mobility, and durability for outdoor use.
- Design the seed sowing mechanism and plowing mechanism, ensuring efficiency and
accuracy.
- Select appropriate IoT sensors for measuring soil moisture, humidity, and temperature, and
design their integration into the robot's system.
4. Development and Prototyping:
- Develop the hardware components of the agricultural robot, including the motors, sensors,
actuators and seed dispensers.
- Develop the software components for controlling the robot's movements, interacting with
sensors, and processing data.
- Build prototypes of the robot and conduct testing to validate its functionalities and
performance.
5. IoT Integration:

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AGRICULTURE ROBOT

- Integrate IoT sensors into the robot's system, ensuring compatibility and seamless data
transmission.
- Develop IoT firmware or software for collecting, transmitting, and analyzing sensor data.
- Implement connectivity features for remote monitoring and control of the robot via a web or
mobile interface.
6. Testing and Validation:
- Conduct field tests of the agricultural robot in real-world agricultural settings, evaluating its
performance in sowing seeds, plowing soil, and measuring soil parameters.
- Collect feedback from farmers and stakeholders to identify any issues or areas for
improvement.
- Iterate on the design and functionality based on testing results and feedback.
7. Deployment and Maintenance:
- Deploy the agricultural robot to farms or agricultural research facilities, providing training
and support to users.
- Establish maintenance procedures for the robot, including regular inspections, cleaning, and
software updates.
- Monitor the performance of the robot over time and make adjustments as needed to ensure
optimal functionality and reliability.
Throughout the project lifecycle, it's important to document each phase, communicate with
stakeholders regularly, and prioritize safety considerations, especially when deploying
autonomous robots in agricultural environments.

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AGRICULTURE ROBOT

4.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

1. Hardware Components:

• SG90 servo motor

• HC-05 Bluetooth module
• L298N motor driver
• Soil moisture sensor
• Plastic gear motor (BO motor)
• Rechargeable batteries (186500)
• ARDUINO NANO
• DHT11 Sensor
• Jumper wires and LEDs
• Motors
• Switch

Hardware Components description:

a. SG90 servo motor

The SG90 servo motor is a small, low-cost motor commonly used in hobbyist and educational
projects. It can be controlled by a microcontroller or other digital device using a pulse width
modulation (PWM) signal.
The SG90 servo motor has three pins:
Power pin (usually red wire): This pin is used to supply power to the motor. It typically
operates at 5V DC and draws a current of around 100mA.
Ground pin (usually brown or black wire): This pin is used to connect the motor to the ground
or negative terminal of the power supply.
Control pin (usually yellow or orange wire): This pin is used to send the PWM signal to the
motor to control its position. The control signal typically has a pulse width of between 1 and 2
milliseconds and a frequency of 50 Hz. The duty cycle of the PWM signal determines the position
of the motor's output shaft. It is important to note that the SG90 servo motor should not be

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AGRICULTURE ROBOT

directly powered by a microcontroller or other digital device, as it requires more power than
these devices can provide. Instead, it should be powered by a separate power supply with
sufficient current capacity.

b. HC-05 Bluetooth module

The HC-05 Bluetooth module is a widely used component in electronics projects, particularly in
those involving wireless communication. Designed for easy integration into various systems, it
offers a convenient way to enable Bluetooth connectivity. The module operates on the Bluetooth
2.0 standard and supports a range of profiles, making it compatible with a wide range of devices,
including smartphones, tablets, and computers. Its small form factor and low power consumption
make it suitable for use in portable and battery-powered applications.

One of the key features of the HC-05 module is its versatility in terms of communication modes.
It can function as both a master and a slave device, allowing it to establish connections with other
Bluetooth modules in either role. This flexibility makes it suitable for various applications, such
as wireless serial communication between microcontrollers, remote control of devices, and data
exchange between smartphones and embedded systems.

The HC-05 module typically communicates with a microcontroller or other host device using
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) communication protocol, making it easy
to interface with popular microcontrollers like Arduino and Raspberry Pi. By sending simple
commands over UART, users can configure parameters such as the Bluetooth device name, baud
rate, and pairing mode, customizing the module to suit their specific needs.

Moreover, the HC-05 module offers a range of communication distances, depending on

environmental factors and the presence of obstacles. With a maximum range of up to 10 meters in
ideal conditions, it provides ample coverage for many IoT and robotics applications. Additionally,
its affordability and widespread availability make it a preferred choice for hobbyists, students,
and professionals alike, seeking to add wireless connectivity to their projects without breaking the
bank.

c. L298N motor driver

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AGRICULTURE ROBOT

The L298N motor driver is an integrated circuit that provides control over the speed and direction
of DC motors or stepper motors. The IC consists of two H-bridge circuits that can drive two DC
motors or one stepper motor. The H-bridge circuits control the direction of the motor by
switching on and off pairs of transistors, allowing current to flow in either direction through the
motor. The L298N motor driver is widely used in robotics and automation applications, where
precise control over motor movement is essential. The L298N motor driver requires a control
circuit, such as a microcontroller, to send the appropriate signals to the IC.

The control signals consist of two digital signals for each motor, one to set the direction and the
other to set the speed. The speed signal is typically generated using pulse width modulation
(PWM) to adjust the duty cycle of the signal, which varies the average voltage applied to the
motor and controls its speed. The L298N motor driver also includes built-in protection features to
prevent damage to the IC or the motor. These protections include thermal shutdown, which shuts
down the IC if it overheats, over current protection, which limits the current flowing through the
motor to prevent damage, and under voltage lockout, which prevents the IC from operating when
the input voltage is too low. The L298N motor driver is commonly used in a variety of
applications, including robotics, automation, electric vehicles, and industrial control systems.

d. Soil moisture sensor

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AGRICULTURE ROBOT

A soil moisture sensor is a device used to measure the water content in soil. It typically consists
of two metal probes that are inserted into the soil, and a module that measures the electrical
resistance between the probes. The resistance value is then used to calculate the soil moisture
content. To connect a soil moisture sensor to an Arduino, you will need to use the analog input
pins on the Arduino board. The sensor typically has three pins: VCC, GND, and AO (analog
output).
VCC is the power supply pin and should be connected to the 5V pin on the Arduino board. GND
is the ground pin and should be connected to any GND pin on the board.

The AO pin is the analog output pin and should be connected to an analog input pin on the board.
To read the sensor data, you will need to use the analogRead() function in your Arduino code.
This function reads the voltage value from the analog input pin and converts it to a digital value
between 0 and 1023. then use this value to calculate the soil moisture content using a formula
specific to the sensor. It is important to note that different soil moisture sensors may have slightly
different pin configurations and operating characteristics.

e. Plastic gear motor (BO motor)

DC BO gear motor is a type of DC motor that is designed with a gearbox attached to it. The
gearbox is used to reduce the speed of the motor output shaft and increase the torque. This makes
the motor suitable for applications that require high torque and low speed, such as robotics,
industrial machinery, and automation equipment.

The DC BO gear motor stands for "Brushed Output", which means that the motor is a brushed
DC motor with an output shaft that is connected to a gearbox. Brushed DC motors are commonly
used in low-cost applications because they are simple, reliable, and easy to control. They have a
rotor with a commutator and brushes that transfer power to the rotor windings, creating a rotating
magnetic field that drives the motor shaft. The gearbox attached to the DC BO gear motor is
typically made up of a set of gears with different sizes, arranged in a specific sequence to provide
the desired speed reduction and torque increase. The gearbox also protects the motor from
external impacts and reduces noise and vibration during operation.

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DC BO gear motors are available in a wide range of sizes, power ratings, and gear ratios, making
them suitable for a variety of applications. They can operate on different voltage levels and have
different output shaft configurations, such as round, D-shaped, or keyed shafts. The motor speed
and torque can be adjusted by changing the voltage applied to the motor or by changing the gear
ratio of the gearbox.

f. Rechargeable batteries (186500)

Rechargeable batteries, specifically the 18650 type, have become ubiquitous in various electronic
devices due to their high energy density, long lifespan, and rechargeability. Named for their
dimensions (18mm in diameter and 65mm in length), these lithium-ion batteries are commonly
used in portable electronics, including laptops, flashlights, and power banks. Their popularity
stems from their ability to provide a reliable source of power while offering the convenience of
recharging multiple times, reducing both cost and environmental impact compared to disposable
batteries.

The 18650 batteries are known for their impressive energy storage capacity, allowing devices to
operate for extended periods between charges. This feature makes them particularly well-suited
for applications where uninterrupted power is essential, such as in electric vehicles and backup
power systems. Additionally, their relatively small size and cylindrical shape facilitate easy
integration into a wide range of devices, providing designers with flexibility in product design
and packaging.

Moreover, advancements in battery technology have led to improvements in the performance and
safety of 18650 rechargeable batteries. Modern variants often incorporate features such as built-in
protection circuits to prevent overcharging, over-discharging, and short circuits, enhancing both
user safety and battery longevity. These safety mechanisms help mitigate the risk of thermal
runaway and other hazardous conditions, ensuring reliable operation even in demanding
environments.

g. ARDUINO NANO

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The Arduino Nano is a compact yet powerful development board that is part of the Arduino
ecosystem, renowned for its ease of use and versatility in electronics prototyping and DIY
projects. Its small form factor, roughly the size of a postage stamp, makes it ideal for projects
with limited space or those requiring portability. Despite its diminutive size, the Nano boasts a
rich set of features, including digital and analog input/output pins, PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) capabilities, and built-in USB connectivity for programming and communication.

Equipped with an Atmel ATmega microcontroller, the Arduino Nano offers a balance of
performance and energy efficiency, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. From
simple LED blinking projects to complex robotics and IoT (Internet of Things) applications, the
Nano provides a robust platform for experimentation and innovation. Its compatibility with the
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and extensive library support simplify the
process of writing and uploading code, even for beginners.

Moreover, the Arduino Nano is highly adaptable, with a plethora of shields and modules available
for expanding its capabilities. Whether you need to add wireless connectivity with a Bluetooth or
Wi-Fi module, interface with sensors and actuators using I2C or SPI protocols, or drive motors
and servos for robotics projects, there's likely a compatible expansion board or module available
to suit your needs. This modularity enhances the Nano's versatility, enabling developers to tailor it
to specific applications without the need for extensive hardware design.

h. DHT11 Sensor

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The DHT11 sensor is a digital temperature and humidity sensor that is commonly used in a
variety of applications, including environmental monitoring, HVAC systems, and indoor
gardening. It is a low-cost sensor that provides reliable temperature and humidity readings in a
wide range of conditions. The sensor uses a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor to
measure the temperature and humidity, respectively. It then converts these values into a digital
signal, which can be read by a microcontroller or a single-board computer like Arduino or
Raspberry Pi.

The DHT11 sensor has four pins: VCC, GND, DATA, and NC (not connected). VCC and GND
are used to power the sensor, while the DATA pin is used to communicate with the
microcontroller. The NC pin is not used and can be left unconnected. When reading data from the
DHT11 sensor, the microcontroller sends a start signal to the sensor, which responds by sending a
low signal for 18ms, followed by a high signal for 20-40us. The sensor then sends the
temperature and humidity data as a 40-bit signal, with each bit being transmitted as a 50us low
signal followed by a 26-28us high signal. Overall, the DHT11 sensor is a simple and reliable
sensor that can be easily integrated into a wide range of projects with its straightforward pin
connection and digital output.

i. Jumper wires and LEDs

Jumper wires and LEDs are fundamental components in electronics prototyping and circuit
design, commonly used together to create circuits for various projects. Jumper wires, typically
made of flexible copper or aluminum with plastic insulation, serve as electrical connections
between different components on a breadboard or circuit board. Their flexibility and ease of use
make them essential for quickly building and modifying circuits without soldering, facilitating
experimentation and rapid iteration in electronics projects.

LEDs, or Light-Emitting Diodes, are semiconductor devices that emit light when current flows
through them in the forward direction. Available in various colors and sizes, LEDs are widely
used for visual feedback, status indicators, illumination, and decorative lighting in electronic
devices and projects. Their low power consumption, long lifespan, and instant response make
them ideal for applications where efficiency, reliability, and speed are crucial.

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j. Motors
Motors are essential when it comes to converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Basically, they allow you to perform mechanical tasks using electricity. There are a number of
types of motors including DC motors, servo motors and stepper motors which have different
characteristics based on their working principles. Here DC motor and servo motors are used in
this project.

k. Switch
An on/off switch, also known as a toggle switch, is a mechanism used to control the flow of
electricity to a device. It typically has two positions: "on" and "off." When the switch is in the
"on" position, the circuit is complete, allowing electricity to flow and powering the device. When
the switch is in the "off" position, the circuit is broken, cutting off the flow of electricity and
turning off the device. These switches are commonly used in various electronic devices and
appliances for easy control of power.

2. Software Components:

• MIT App Inventor

• Arduino IDE
Software Components:
a. MIT App Inventor

MIT App Inventor is a user-friendly platform that enables individuals, especially those with
limited programming experience, to create mobile applications for Android devices. Developed
by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), this web-based tool provides a visual drag-
and-drop interface, allowing users to design and build apps by arranging components and blocks
of code without the need for traditional text-based programming. With its intuitive interface and
simplified approach to app development, MIT App Inventor democratizes the creation of mobile
apps, empowering users from diverse backgrounds to turn their ideas into functional software
solutions.

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The platform offers a wide range of built-in components and features, including buttons, text
boxes, sensors, multimedia capabilities, and connectivity options, enabling developers to create
apps with various functionalities. By connecting these components with event-driven
programming blocks, users can define how their app responds to user interactions, sensor inputs,
and external data sources, making it possible to create interactive and dynamic experiences.
Furthermore, MIT App Inventor provides seamless integration with Android devices, allowing
users to test their apps directly on their smartphones or tablets in real-time, facilitating rapid
prototyping and iteration.

MIT App Inventor is particularly well-suited for educational purposes, as it offers a hands-on
approach to learning computer science and mobile app development. Its visual programming
environment simplifies complex concepts, making them accessible to learners of all ages and
backgrounds. Through guided tutorials, sample projects, and community forums, users can
acquire essential skills in problem-solving, computational thinking, and software development
while creating fully functional mobile applications. Additionally, MIT App Inventor encourages
collaboration and creativity by enabling users to share their projects with others, fostering a
vibrant community of app creators and innovators.

Moreover, MIT App Inventor supports a wide range of educational initiatives and outreach
programs aimed at promoting digital literacy and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics) education worldwide. By providing free access to a powerful app development
tool, MIT App Inventor empowers individuals to explore their interests, express their creativity,
and contribute to the growing landscape of mobile technology. Whether for personal projects,
educational endeavors, or entrepreneurial ventures, MIT App Inventor offers a gateway to the
exciting world of mobile app development, where anyone can transform their ideas into reality
with confidence and enthusiasm.

b. Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a comprehensive software tool used
for programming Arduino microcontroller boards. Developed by the Arduino community, the IDE
provides a user-friendly interface that simplifies the process of writing, compiling, and uploading
code to Arduino boards, making it accessible to beginners and experienced developers alike.
Featuring a simple text editor with syntax highlighting and auto-completion, the IDE supports the
Arduino programming language, which is based on C and C++. This language abstraction shields

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users from the complexities of low-level hardware programming, allowing them to focus on
writing code to control sensors, actuators, and other electronic components.

One of the key features of the Arduino IDE is its extensive library of pre-written code, known as
"sketches," which users can leverage to implement common functionalities in their projects.
These include libraries for interfacing with sensors, communicating over serial ports, controlling
motors, and more, enabling developers to build complex systems with minimal effort.
Additionally, the IDE provides tools for managing libraries, boards, and serial ports, streamlining
the development process and enhancing productivity.

Furthermore, the Arduino IDE offers built-in support for a wide range of Arduino-compatible
boards, including the popular Arduino Uno, Arduino Nano, and Arduino Mega, as well as third-
party variants from other manufacturers. Users can easily select their target board from the IDE's
menu and configure various parameters such as the processor speed and communication port,
ensuring compatibility with their hardware setup. Moreover, the IDE integrates seamlessly with
the Arduino ecosystem, facilitating collaboration, sharing, and community-driven development
through online forums, tutorials, and open-source contributions.

3. Integration:
Hardware and software components are integrated to ensure seamless communication and
coordination.
Control signals from the user interface or autonomous navigation algorithms are sent to the
microcontroller, which translates them into commands for the servo motors.
4. Mechanical Design:
The agriculture robot is design for easy and multi-functionality feature for efficient usage. The
robot is equipped with wheels, sensors and Bluetooth connectivity.
5. Communication and control:
Bluetooth connectivity for remote control and data exchange is being used. The HC-05 bluetooth
module is used for the Bluetooth connectivity. \
6. Power supply:
We use the 186500 rechargable batteries for the charging and power supply. The batteries are
connected to battery and arduino for power supply.
7. Sensors:
Soil moisture check sensor - it keeps the track of moisture present in the soil along with digger.

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Humidity and temperature sensor –it gives the reading of the temperature and humidity of the air.
8. Expandability:
Al-driven autonomous navigation. Advanced data analysis and interpretation.
Integration of additional sensors for enhanced functionality.
Multimodal communication, including cellular and satellite connectivity.

9. Durability and Environmental resistance:

Resilience to a wide range of environmental conditions, including harsh wcather, cxtreme
temperatures, and rugged terrains.
Robust construction to withstand vibrations, impacts, and physical stress.
10. Safety Features:
Emergency shut-off mechanisms for immediate cessation of operations in critical situations.
Visual and audible indicators for operator awareness

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 CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM DESIGN
AGRICULTURE ROBOT

5.1 Details of Design

Fig. Architecture of the project

The architecture of an IoT-based Agricultural Robot project integrating components like SG90
servo motor, HC05 Bluetooth module, plastic gear motor, soil moisture sensor, L298 motor
controller, and Arduino Nano can be designed as follows:
1. Components Overview:
Arduino Nano : Acts as the main controller unit responsible for processing data from sensors,
controlling motors, and communicating with external devices.
SG90 Servo Motor : Used for precise positioning of specific components such as the camera or
any movable parts of the robot.

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HC05 Bluetooth Module : Enables wireless communication between the agricultural robot and
external devices such as smartphones or tablets for remote control or data transmission.
Plastic Gear Motor : Provides the locomotion for the robot, allowing it to move across the
agricultural field.
Soil Moisture Sensor : Measures the moisture content of the soil, providing data for automated
irrigation systems and soil moisture monitoring.
L298 Motor Controller : Controls the direction and speed of the plastic gear motor, facilitating
precise movement of the robot.
2. System Architecture:
Sensor Data Acquisition : Sensors such as the soil moisture sensor gather environmental data
(e.g., soil moisture levels) relevant to agricultural activities.
Control Unit : The Arduino Nano serves as the control unit, receiving sensor data, making
decisions based on predefined logic or user commands, and controlling the actuators accordingly.
Motor Control : The L298 motor controller regulates the speed and direction of the plastic gear
motor, enabling the robot's movement across the field.
Servo Motor Control : The SG90 servo motor controls any movable parts or accessories mounted
on the robot, such as a camera for monitoring or a robotic arm for specific tasks.
Communication Module : The HC05 Bluetooth module facilitates wireless communication
between the agricultural robot and external devices, allowing for remote control, data
transmission, and monitoring.
User Interface : A user interface may be implemented on external devices such as smartphones or
computers to visualize sensor data, control the robot remotely, and receive notifications or alerts.
3. Data Flow:
Sensor Data Collection : Sensor data (e.g., soil moisture readings) is collected periodically by the
Arduino Nano from the soil moisture sensor.
Data Processing : The Arduino Nano processes the sensor data, performing any necessary
calculations or decision-making algorithms to determine actions such as irrigation scheduling or
movement control.
Actuator Control : Based on the processed data or user commands received via the Bluetooth
module, the Arduino Nano controls the actuators (motors, servo motor) to perform desired
actions such as moving the robot, adjusting the position of accessories, or activating irrigation
systems.

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Communication with External Devices : The Bluetooth module enables communication with
external devices, allowing users to interact with the agricultural robot, receive real-time updates,
and control its operations remotely.
4. Power Supply:
Power for the components can be provided by a suitable power source such as batteries or a
rechargeable power bank, ensuring portability and autonomy for the agricultural robot.
By integrating these components and designing a robust architecture, the IoT-based Agricultural
Robot can effectively perform tasks such as soil monitoring, irrigation management, and field
navigation, contributing to improved agricultural efficiency and productivity.

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5.2 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Level – 0

Level – 1

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5.3 Diagrams
5.3.1 UML Diagram

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5.3.2 Structure Diagram

Fig. Structure Diagram

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5.4 Flowchart

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 CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS
AGRICULTURE ROBOT

6.1 Test Procedure

Testing the IoT-based agricultural robot with sowing, ploughing, digging features, and
environmental sensing capabilities involves several steps to ensure its functionality, reliability,
and performance. Here's a detailed test procedure for the project:
1. Functional Testing:
- Test each individual feature of the agricultural robot separately, including sowing, ploughing,
digging, and environmental sensing.
- Verify that the robot can perform each task accurately and effectively according to the
specified parameters.
- Ensure that the soil moisture sensor provides accurate readings and responds appropriately to
changes in soil moisture levels.
- Test the mobile app interface to control the robot, ensuring that all functions are accessible
and responsive.

2. Integrated Testing:
- Conduct integrated testing to verify the seamless operation of all features and components of
the agricultural robot.
- Test scenarios where the robot performs multiple tasks sequentially, such as ploughing
followed by sowing or digging followed by environmental sensing.
- Validate the integration between the mobile app and the robot, ensuring that commands sent
from the app are executed correctly by the robot.

3. Environmental Testing:
- Test the agricultural robot in various environmental conditions representative of real-world
farming environments.
- Conduct tests in different types of soil (e.g., sandy, loamy, clay) to evaluate the performance
of the ploughing, sowing, and digging features.
- Expose the robot to different temperature and humidity levels to assess the reliability of the
environmental sensing capabilities.

4. Performance Testing:

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- Measure the performance of the agricultural robot in terms of speed, accuracy, and efficiency.
- Evaluate the time taken by the robot to complete each task, such as ploughing a specified area
or sowing a certain number of seeds.
- Assess the accuracy of the robot's movements and the precision of its actions, such as the
depth and spacing of sown seeds or the uniformity of ploughed furrows.

5. Reliability Testing:
- Conduct reliability testing to assess the stability and robustness of the agricultural robot under
various operating conditions.
- Subject the robot to prolonged operation to identify any potential issues related to
overheating, power consumption, or mechanical wear.
- Test the durability of the robot's components and mechanisms, ensuring that they can
withstand the rigors of continuous use in agricultural environments.

6. User Acceptance Testing (UAT):

- Involve end-users, such as farmers or agricultural technicians, in the testing process to gather
feedback on usability and functionality.
- Conduct UAT sessions where users interact with the agricultural robot and provide feedback
on its performance, ease of use, and suitability for practical farming applications.
- Incorporate user feedback to make any necessary improvements or refinements to the design
and functionality of the agricultural robot.

7. Documentation and Reporting:

- Document the results of all tests conducted, including observations, measurements, and any
issues or discrepancies encountered.
- Generate a comprehensive test report summarizing the test procedures, results, and
conclusions drawn from the testing process.
- Use the test report to identify areas for improvement and guide further development iterations
or enhancements to the agricultural robot.

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6.2 Test Cases

I. Unit Test Cases:
Test Case 1: Verify Servo Movement
Description: Test if each servo motor moves within specified range.
Steps: 1. Command each servo motor to move forward.
2. Measure the angle of movement using a protractor.
3. Verify that the angle is within the expected range.
Test Case 2: Check Sensor Readings
Description: Test soil moisture sensors provide accurate distance readings.
Steps: 1. Place the sensor into soil.
2. Wait for stabilization.
3. Read the measurements.

II. Integration Test Cases:

Test Case 3: Test Microcontroller
Description: Test if Arduino NANO communicate effectively.
Steps: 1. Connect Arduino to the computer.
2. Select board and port.
3. Upload sketch.
4. Verify upload
Test Case 4: Verify Sensor Integration
Description: Test if sensor data is integrated into control system.
Steps: 1. Trigger soil moisture sensor to measure soil moisture.
2. Verify that measured moisture affects robot behavior.

III. System Test Cases:

Test Case 5: Test Locomotion

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Description: Test different locomotion patterns of the robot

Steps: 1. Command the robot to walk forward, backward, turn left, and turn right.
2. Observe robot's movement and verify that it follows commanded pattern accurately.
Test Case 6: Test ploughing feature
Description: Test the robot's ploughing feature is working or not.
Steps: 1. Operate the ploughing feature through the app.
2. Observe the plougher’s movement.
3. Verify that the plougher ploughs the soil when the user operates it.

IV. User Acceptance Test Cases:

Test Case 7: Bluetooth Control
Description: Test user control via bluetooth interface.
Steps: 1. Pair the robot with a Bluetooth-enabled device.
2. Send commands (e.g., move forward, turn) via Bluetooth interface.
3. Verify that the robot responds to commands correctly.
Test Case 8: App testing
Description: Test if the app is working.
Steps: 1. Open the app.
2. Check if the app is connected to the Bluetooth.
3. Operate the robot.
4. Observe if the robot is working.

These test cases cover a range of functionalities and scenarios to ensure thorough testing of the
Acrobatic Spider Robot project, from individual components to system-level behavior and user
interaction, Additional test cases may be developed based on specific project requirements and
use.

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6.3 Screenshots

Fig. App Screenshot

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Fig. Front View of robot

Fig. Side View of robot

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Fig. Seed Sowing Feature

Fig. Ploughing Feature

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Fig. Digging Feature

Fig. Cutting Feature

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6.4 Applications of Project

The application of IoT-based agriculture robots is vast and can revolutionize modern farming
practices. Here are some key applications:
1. Precision Farming:
IoT-enabled robots can precisely plant seeds, apply fertilizers, and manage irrigation based on
real-time data collected from sensors. This helps optimize resource usage, increase crop yield,
and reduce environmental impact.
2. Weed Control:
Robots equipped with cameras and AI algorithms can autonomously identify and target weeds
for mechanical removal or targeted herbicide application, reducing the need for chemical inputs
and manual labor.
3. Crop Monitoring and Management:
IoT sensors on robots can continuously monitor crop health parameters such as humidity,
temperature, soil moisture, and nutrient levels. This data allows farmers to make informed
decisions about crop management practices like watering, fertilization, and pest control.
4. Harvesting and Post-Harvest Operations:
Robots can be designed to harvest crops like fruits and vegetables with precision and efficiency,
minimizing damage and reducing labor costs. They can also assist in post-harvest tasks such as
sorting, grading, and packaging.
5. Data-Driven Decision Making:
By collecting and analyzing vast amounts of data from sensors and other sources, IoT-based
agriculture robots enable farmers to make data-driven decisions to optimize crop production,
minimize risks, and maximize profits.
.

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 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
AGRICULTURE ROBOT

7.1 Conclusion
The integration of IoT technology in agriculture through the development of a multifunctional
robot with seed sowing, cutting, digging, and plowing capabilities alongside advanced sensor
systems marks a significant advancement in precision farming. The incorporation of humidity,
temperature, and moisture sensors enables precise monitoring of environmental conditions,
empowering farmers to make data-driven decisions for irrigation, fertilization, and pest
management. This proactive approach minimizes risks and ensures optimal crop growth while
reducing resource wastage and environmental impact. The robot is also equipped with
connectivity features, allowing farmers to monitor and control them remotely using smart phones
or computers. This enables farmers to manage their fields more effectively, even from a distance.
Furthermore, the versatility of the robot streamlines labor-intensive tasks, reducing the reliance
on manual labor and addressing labor shortages in the agricultural sector. Its adaptability to
various crops and terrain enhances scalability and applicability across diverse agricultural
landscapes.
Overall, the IoT-based agriculture robot represents a transformative solution for modern farming,
fostering sustainability, productivity, and resilience in the face of evolving challenges. As
technology continues to evolve, further innovations in robotics and IoT promise even greater
advancements in agriculture, driving towards a more sustainable and food-secure future.

7.2 Future Scope

The future scope for an IoT-based agriculture robot with seed sowing, cutting, digging, plowing
features, and sensors for humidity, temperature, and moisture is promising. As technology
continues to advance, such robots will play a crucial role in revolutionizing agriculture by
increasing efficiency and reducing labor costs.
These robots can be programmed to operate autonomously, optimizing planting patterns and soil
management based on real-time data collected from the sensors. By integrating AI algorithms,
they can adapt to different soil conditions and crop types, maximizing yield while minimizing
resource usage.
In addition to their primary functions, these robots can also serve as data collection platforms,
gathering valuable information about soil health, crop growth, and environmental conditions.
This data can then be analyzed to make informed decisions, such as adjusting irrigation
schedules or applying fertilizers more precisely.
Overall, IoT-based agriculture robots have the potential to revolutionize farming practices,
making them more sustainable, efficient, and productive in the future agricultural landscape.

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 CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
AGRICULTURE ROBOT

8.1 IEEE Papers

[1] M. M. Trivedi, K. C. Ng, N. Lassiter, and R. Capella, "New generation of multirobot
systenns," IEEE International Conference on System, Man and Cybernetics, vol. 4, pp. 3342-
3346, 1998.
[2] Asif Ansari, T.C.Manjunath, and C.Ardil, "Implementationof a motion detection system,
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 52-63, 2008.
[3] S. Alhersh, A. S. Ashiru, M. K. Shukla, "Design and implementation of IoT-based smart
agriculture system"IEEE Conference: 2018 International Conference on Computing,
Mathematics and Engineering Technologies.
[4] R. Kaur, S. Walia, S. Gill, "Design and development of an IoT-based smart irrigation
management system"IEEE Conference: 2018 International Conference on Recent Innovations in
Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering.
[5] R. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Ji, W. Lu, "An IoT-based smart greenhouse system for optimal climate
management"IEEE Journal: IEEE Access.
[6] S. Zhang, X. Chen, C. Wang, "An IoT-based intelligent precision agriculture monitoring
system"IEEE Conference: 2017 IEEE 3rd Information Technology and Mechatronics
Engineering Conference (ITOEC).

8.2 Books

“Practical Electronics for Inventors” by Paul Scherz and Simon Monk - A practical guide to
electronics, circuits, and microcontrollers, whichwill behelpful in understanding and building the
electronic components of your robot.

“Introduction to Autonomous Robots” by Nikolaus Correll, Bradley Hayes, et al.- This book
provides an introduction to various aspects of robotics, including sensing, control, and
navigation, which are relevant to your project.

“Internet of Things (IoT): Technologies, Applications and Implementations” by

BhaskarKrishnamachari - This book explores IoT technologies and their applications, which are
essential for remote control and monitoring in your project.
“Fundamentals of Agricultural and Field Robotics” by Manoj Karkee, Qin Zhang - This
book aims at presenting the fundamental principles of various aspects of automation and robotics
as they relate to production agriculture.
“Agricultural Robots: Mechanisms and Practice” by Naoshi Kondo, Mitsuji Monta, Noboru
Noguchi - This richly-illustrated volume surveys the results of these efforts, concisely and
plainly presenting specific examples of the latest robotic mechanisms and practices for
agricultural applications.

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“AI, Edge and IoT-based Smart Agriculture” by Ajith Abraham, Sujata Dash, Joel J.P.C.
Rodrigues - The book also addresses precision irrigation, precision horticulture, greenhouse IoT,
livestock monitoring, IoT ecosystem for agriculture, mobile robot for precision agriculture,
energy monitoring, storage management, and smart farming.

8.3 Websites
RobotShop (https://www.robotshop.com/): A comprehensive online store for robotics and
automation components, as well as a resource hub with tutorials,forums, and product
information.
Robotics Online (https://www.robotics,org): A platform for information and resources related to
industrial robotics, offering insights, news, and industry trends.
IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (https://www.iccc-ras.org): The official websitc of
IEEE's Robotics and Automation Society, providing access to journals, conferences, and
researchin robotics.
Arduino (https://www.arduino.cc): The official website of Arduino, offering resources, tutorials,
and documentation for Arduino-based projects and loT development.
Arduino Project Hub (https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub): A repository of Arduino-
basedprojects, including loT and robotics, with step-by-step guides.
GitHub (https://github.com): A platform for open-source software development where you can
find and contribute to robotics and Al-related projects.

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