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Coding and signal processing for magnetic recording
systems 1st Edition Bane Vasic Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Bane Vasic, Erozan M. Kurtas
ISBN(s): 9780849315244, 0849315247
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 17.19 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
 CODING AND SIGNAL
PROCESSING FOR MAGNETIC
RECORDING SYSTEMS

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 Computer Engineering Series
Series Editor: Vojin Oklobdzija

Low-Power Electronics Design

Edited by Christian Piguet

Digital Image Sequence Processing,

Compression, and Analysis
Edited by Todd R. Reed

Coding and Signal Processing for

Magnetic Recording Systems
Edited by Bane Vasic and Erozan M. Kurtas

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 CODING AND SIGNAL
PROCESSING FOR MAGNETIC
RECORDING SYSTEMS

EDITED BY

Bane Vasic
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ

Erozan M. Kurtas
Seagate Technology
Pittsburgh, PA

CRC PR E S S
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Coding and signal processing for magnetic recording systems / edited by Bane Vasic and Erozan M. Kurtas.
p. cm. — (Computer engineering; 2)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1524-7 (alk. paper)
1. Magnetic recorders and recording. 2. Signal processing. 3. Coding theory.
I. Vasic, Bane II. Kurtas, M. Erozan III. Title IV. Series: Computer engineering (CRC Press); 2.

TK7881.6C62 2004
621.39—dc22
2004050269

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Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 Preface

A steady increase in recording densities and data rates of magnetic recording systems in the last 15 years
is mostly due to advances in recording materials, read/write heads and mechanical designs. The role of
signal processing and coding has been to make the best use of the capacity and speed potentials offered by
these advances. As the recording technology matures, the hard disk drive “read channel” is becoming more
and more advanced, reaching the point where it uses equally or even more complicated signal processing,
coding and modulation algorithms than any other telecommunication channel and where, due to the
speed, power consumption and cost requirements, the challenges in implementing new architectures and
designs have been pushed to today’s integrated circuit manufacturing technology limits.
This book reviews advanced coding and signal processing techniques, and architectures for magnetic
recording read channels. In the most general terms, the read channel controls reading and writing the
data to/from recording medium. The operations performed in the data channel include: timing recovery,
equalization, data detection, modulation coding/decoding and limited error control. Besides this so-called
data channel, a read channel also has a servo channel whose role is to sense head position information,
and to regulate a proper position of the head above the track. The error control functions of a hard drive
reside in a controller, a separate system responsible for a diverse set of electronic and mechanical functions
to provide the user with a data storage system that implements the high-level behavior described by the
magnetic hard drive’s user interface. A trend in hard drive systems is to merge the functionalities of a read
channel and controller into a so-called superchip. This book gives an in-depth treatment of all of these
subsystems, with an emphasis on coding and signal processing aspects.
The book has six sections. Each section begins with a review of the underlying principles and theoretical
foundations, describes the state-of-the-art systems, and ends with novel and most advanced techniques
and methodologies.
The first section gives an introduction to recording systems. After a brief history of magnetic storage,
we give basic principles of physics of longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic recording, and the physics
of optical recording.
A modern hard disk drive comprises a recording medium in the form of a thin film on a surface
of a disk, an inductive write head and a giant magneto-resistive read head. We describe and compare
two types of recording mechanisms: (i) longitudinal recording in which the media magnetic anisotropy
is oriented in the thin film plane, and (ii) perpendicular recording, where the magnetic anisotropy is
aligned perpendicular to the film plane. We discuss a pulse response, the media noise powers, and the
signal-to-noise ratio calculation for both types of recording. In a recording system, the playback noise orig-
inates from the head electronics and the media magnetization random patterns. Generally the medium
noise is decomposed into the direct current (DC) remanent and the transition components. However,
the transition jitter noise is dominant. In longitudinal recording, due to the random anisotropy disper-
sion, there always exist some levels of the DC remanent noise. However, in perpendicular recording,
the loop full squareness is required to maintain thermal stability. Therefore, the DC remanent noise
vanishes.

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 The principles of optical recording are becoming increasingly important in hard drives because of
a promise of a dramatic increase in the recording density that can be achieved by applying heat assisted
magnetic recording (HAMR). In this approach, a laser beam at the spot where data are being recorded heats
the magnetic medium. Heating the medium results in a reduction of the coercivity required to write the
data to a level accessible by the recording head, while rapid subsequent cooling stabilizes the written data.
We give an introduction and history of magnetic recording heads, their evolution and importance,
followed by a description of the write head for both longitudinal and perpendicular recording. We describe
how various write head design parameters affect the written and read-back waveforms.
It is well understood that one of the key challenges to increasing areal density in magnetic recording
systems is media noise suppression. Reducing the size of magnetic domains written to the medium, which
has been the conventional approach to this problem, has a side effect whereby the magnetic domains
become thermally unstable. To avoid this, so-called super paramagnetic effects media with increased
coercivity are being used. However, the magnetic materials from which the head is made limit the fields
that can be applied, and these limits are being approached. When the bit size is reduced, the signal-to-noise
ratio is decreased, making the detection problem much more difficult.
The first section should equip the reader with a solid understanding of the physical principles of write
and read back processes and constraints in designing a data storage system.
The second section gives communication and information theory tools necessary for a design and analysis
of coding and signal processing techniques. We begin with modeling the recording channel. Design and
analysis of coding and signal processing techniques require a suitable communications channel model for
magnetic storage systems. Such a model should correctly reflect the essential physics of the read and write
processes of magnetic recording, but must also provide a system level description that allows convenient
design, analysis and simulation of the communications and signal processing techniques under study. We
introduce common signal and noise models for recording channel models, statistical analysis tools, and
partial response (PR) signaling as a method of controlling the intersymbol interference (ISI). We give
models for medium noise, nonlinear distortion of magnetic transitions, and jitter. We show the effect of
these noises on a number of conventional data detectors.
The first chapter on error control codes introduces finite fields and error correction capabilities of
algebraically constructed and decoded codes. We introduce finite fields, define linear codes over finite fields,
discuss the relation between minimum distance and error correction capability of a code, introduce cyclic
codes and Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and explain in detail their encoding and decoding algorithms. The
second chapter gives a theoretical foundation of message-passing algorithms and linear time sub-optimal
probabilistic decoding algorithms that achieve near optimum performance. Recently such algorithms
have attracted tremendous interest and have been investigated as an alternative decoding scheme for new
generation of read channels.
The next chapter reviews sofic systems, the theoretical foundation of constrained (or modulation) codes
that are used to translate an arbitrary sequence of user data to a channel sequence with special properties
required by the physics of the recording medium. Modulation coding in a read channel serves a variety
of important roles. Generally speaking, modulation coding eliminates those sequences from a recorded
stream that would degrade the error performance, for example, long runs of consecutive symbols that
impact the timing recovery or sequences that result in signals on a small Euclidian distance.
The section ends with a view of recording channels from the information theory standpoint, and a
chapter summarizing techniques for bounding the capacity of a PR channel. Such results are very important
in that they provide theoretical limits on the performance of practical coding/decoding schemes. Since
recording channels can be modeled as ISI channels with binary inputs, we first present the capacity of
the general ISI channels with additive white Gaussian noise, which is achieved by correlated Gaussian
inputs. When taking the constraint of binary inputs into account, no closed-form solutions exist; however,
several upper and lower bounds are derived. Monte-Carlo simulation techniques to estimate the achievable
information rates of ISI channels are also described. The simulation-based techniques can be extended

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 further to compute the achievable information rates of the magnetic recording channels with media noise,
present in high density recording systems.
The third section begins with a description of physical and logical organization of data in various
recording systems and methods of increasing recording density. Then we give a cross section of the state-
of-the-art read channels and explain their subsystems. We explain organization of data on the disc tracks,
servo sectors and data sectors, seeking and tracking operations, and phase and frequency acquisition. The
section on servo information detection explains sensing radial information and read channel subsystem
used to perform this operation.
The image of a magnetic storage device presented to a host computer by a standard interface is an
abstraction quite different from the reality of the actual mechanisms providing the means for storing
data. The device’s presentation via the interface is that of a linear and contiguous array of data blocks
that are trivially read from and stored in a defect-free space of logical blocks. This image belies the
elaborate choreography of signal processing, coding, data structure, control systems, and digital electronics
technologies that is exercised with every block of data moved to and from the magnetic media. The function
of a hard drive controller is to implement and coordinate the operation of these disparate technologies so
as to map the behavior of the physical storage device into the abstract storage model defined by the drive’s
interface to the host computer. The chapter on hard drive controllers describes some of the architectures
implemented by current hard drive controllers to serve this function.
The fourth section is concerned with modulation and error control coding for read channels. It starts
with an introduction of modulation coding techniques. The first class of constraints discussed is the
runlength constraint. It is the most common constraint in hard drives and is imposed to bound the
minimal or maximal lengths of consecutive like channel symbols in order to improve timing recovery,
reduce intersymbol interference in channels with excess bandwidth and reduce transition noise in nonlinear
media. We also discuss other important classes of codes: namely maximum transition run (MTR) coding
and spectrum shaping codes.
Maximum transition run constraint, which limits the number of consecutive transitions, improves
minimum distance properties of recorded sequences for a variety of channel responses applicable to
recording systems. The channel is characterized by types of error events and their occurrence probability,
and pairs of coded sequences that produce these errors are determined. This ambiguity is resolved by
simply enforcing a constraint in the encoder, which prevents one or both of the coded sequences.
The first type of spectrum shaping codes considered here is codes with higher order spectral zero at
zero frequency. Another class of spectrum shaping codes was invented to support the use of frequency
multiplexing technique for track following. Both techniques require the existence of spectral nulls at
nonzero frequencies. The third class of spectrum shaping codes is those that give rise to spectral lines.
Their purpose is to give the reference information to the head positioning servo system.
We continue with modulation codes with error correcting capability and convolutional codes for PR
channels designed to increase the minimum Euclidean distance. The section continues with an overview
of the research in new classes of modulation codes and detection techniques: capacity approaching codes
for partial response channels, coding and detection for multitrack systems and two-dimensional PR
equalization and error control.
The fifth section gives an in depth treatment of the signal processing techniques for read channels. In PR
channels a clock is used to sample the analog waveform to provide discrete samples to symbol-by-symbol
and sequence (Viterbi) detectors. Improper synchronization of these discrete samples with respect to those
expected by the detectors for a given partial response will degrade the eventual bit error rate (BER) of the
system. The goal of adaptive timing recovery is to produce samples for a sequence detector that are at the
desired sampling instances for the partial response being used. We review the basics of timing recovery as
well as commonly used algorithms for timing recovery in magnetic recording channels, and we introduce a
novel technique called interpolated timing recovery. We also introduce adaptive equalization architectures
for partial response channels.

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 Data in a disk drive is stored in concentric tracks, and when a given track needs to be accessed, the head
assembly moves the read/write head to the appropriate radial location. This positioning of the head on
top of a given track and maintaining a proper position is achieved by the use of a feedback servo system.
The servo system analysis includes a chapter on head position estimation and a chapter on servo signal
processing. The first chapter reviews methods to estimate the head position, which is uniquely determined
from the radial and angular position of the head with respect to a disk surface.
The second chapter gives an overview of servo channel signal processing using examples of techniques
employed in practical servo channels. It reviews how detectors for PR channels can be used to improve
the detection of the servo data with time varying Viterbi detector matched to a servo code.
The first article on data detection gives the basic detection principles and techniques. The second one
describes signal dependent detectors. It introduces the concepts and tools necessary for performing optimal
detection for ISI channels when the noise is not AWGN and signal dependent. We describe the techniques
to design both hard and soft decision detectors, in particular the so-called K-step, noise prediction and
signal dependent noise prediction detectors.
We end this section with an overview of traditional architectures for signal processing in magnetic read-
write channels. Today’s dominant architecture, where the majority of signal processing is performed in
the digital domain is analyzed in detail. The main challenges and alternatives for implementation of major
building blocks are discussed. As the previous chapters had covered the theoretical aspects of operation
of these blocks in considerable detail, most of the discussion in this chapter focuses on architectures and
techniques that are used in practical read channels. The techniques for implementing iterative decoders as
possible future detectors are presented at the end of this chapter.
We conclude this book by the review of new trends in coding, namely iterative decoding, given in the
sixth section. Iterative coding techniques that improve the reliability of input-constrained ISI channels
have recently driven considerable attention in magnetic recording applications.
It has been shown that randomly selected codes of very large block lengths can achieve channel capacity.
One way of obtaining a large block length code is concatenating two simple codes so that the encoding
and the decoding of the overall code are less complex. Turbo codes represent a way of concatenating two
simple codes to obtain codes that achieve the channel capacity. In turbo coding, two systematic recursive
constituent convolutional encoders are concatenated in parallel via a long interleaver. For decoding, a
practical suboptimal iterative decoding algorithm is employed. The first chapter in this section describes
the turbo coding principle in detail.
Drawing inspiration from the success of turbo codes, several authors have considered iterative decoding
architectures for coding schemes combining concatenation of outer block, convolutional or turbo encoder
with a rate one code representing the channel. Such an architecture is equivalent to a serial concatenation
of codes with the inner code being the ISI channel. The decoding of such concatenated codes is facilitated
using the concept of codes on graphs.
We continue with an introduction to low-density parity check (LDPC) codes, and describe single-parity
check turbo product codes and well-structured LDPC codes. We describe several classes of combinatorially
constructed LDPC codes along with their performance PR channels. Due to their mathematical structure,
and unlike random codes, these LDPC codes can lend themselves to very low complexity implementa-
tions. We describe constructions of regular Gallager LDPC codes based on combinatorial designs, finite
geometries and finite lattices.
Two constructions of single-parity check (SPC) codes are considered, one in the form of turbo codes
where two SPC branches are concatenated in parallel using a random interleaver, and the other in the
form of product codes where multiple SPC codewords are arranged row-wise and column-wise in a
two-dimensional array. Despite their small minimum distances, concatenated SPC codes, when combined
with a precoded PR channel, possess good distance spectra.
The last chapter introduces turbo coding for multi-track recording channels. It describes a modified
maximum a posteriori (MAP) detector for the multi-track systems with deterministic or random ITI.

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 The turbo equalization and the iterative decoding are performed by exchanging the soft information
between the channel MAP detector and the outer soft-input soft-output decoder that corresponds to the
outer encoder. The resulting system performance is very close to the information theoretical limits.
We would like to end this preface by acknowledging the excellent work done by the contributors. Also
it is a pleasure to acknowledge the financial support from the National Science Foundation (Grant CCR
020859) and the continuous support from the Information Storage Industry Consortium and Seagate
Technologies.
Bane Vasic
Erozan M. Kurtas

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 Contributor Listing

Viswanath Annampedu Bruce Buch Dusan Drajic

Agere Systems Maxtor Corporation Faculty of Electrical
Storage Products Shrewsbury, MA Engineering
Allentown, PA University of Belgrade
William A. Challener Serbia and Montenegro
Pervez Aziz Seagate Technology
Agere Systems Pittsburgh, PA Tolga M. Duman
Storage Products Department of Electrical
Dallas, TX Roy W. Chantrell Engineering
Seagate Technology Arizona State University
Dragana Bajic Pittsburgh, PA Tempe, AZ
Faculty of Technical Sciences
University of Novi Sad Willem A. Clarke Mehmet Fatih Erden
Serbia and Montenegro Department of Electrical and Seagate Technology
Electronic Engineering Pittsburgh, PA
John R. Barry Rand Afrikaans University
School of Electrical and Auckland Park, South Africa John L. Fan
Computer Engineering Flarion Technologies
Georgia Institute of Stojan Denic Bedminster, NJ
Technology School of Information
Atlanta, GA Technology and Engineering Hendrik C. Ferreira
University of Ottawa Department of Electrical and
Mario Blaum Ottawa, ON Electronic Engineering
Hitachi Global Storage Rand Afrikaans University
Technologies Miroslav Despotović Auckland Park, South Africa
San Jose, CA Department of Electrical
Engineering and Kiyoshi Fukahori
Eric D. Boerner Computer Science TDK Semiconductor
Seagate Technology Faculty of Engineering Corporation
Pittsburgh, PA University of Novi Sad, Mountain View, CA
Serbia and Montenegro
Barrett J. Brickner Roy W. Gustafson
Bermai, Inc. Seagate Technology
Minnetonka, MN Pittsburgh, PA

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 Mark A. Herro Jing Li Borivoje Nikolic
Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical
Electronic Engineering Computer Engineering Engineering and Computer
University College Lehigh University Sciences
Dublin, Ireland Bethlehem, PA University of California
Berkeley, CA
Kees A. Schouhamer Immink Michael Link
University of Essen Seagate Technology Travis Oenning
Essen, Germany Pittsburgh, PA IBM Corporation,
Turing Machines Inc. Rochester, MI
Rotterdam, Netherlands Xiao Ma
Department of Electronic Dean Palmer
Aleksandar Kavčić Engineering Seagate Technology
Division of Engineering and City University of Hong Kong Minneapolis, MN
Applied Sciences Kowloon, Hong Kong
Harvard University Jongseung Park
Boston, MA Brian Marcus Seagate Technology
Department of Mathematics Pittsburgh, PA
Mustafa Kaynak University of British Columbia
Department of Electrical Vancouver, BC Ara Patapoutian
Engineering Maxtor Corporation
Arizona State University Terry W. McDaniel Shrewsbury, MA
Tempe, AZ Seagate Technology
Pittsburgh, PA John Proakis
Brian M. King Department of Electrical and
Electrical and Computer Olgica Milenkovic Computer Engineering
Engineering Department Electrical and Computer University of California
Worcester Polytechnic Institute Engineering Department San Diego
Worcester, MA University of Colorado San Diego, CA
Boulder, CO
Piya Kovintavewat William Radich
School of Electrical and Jaekyun Moon Seagate Technology
Computer Engineering Department of Electrical and Pittsburgh, PA
Georgia Institute of Computer Engineering
Technology University of Minnesota Thomas A. Roscamp
Atlanta, GA Minneapolis, MN Seagate Technology
Pittsburgh, PA
Erozan M. Kurtas Krishna R. Narayanan
Seagate Technology Texas A&M University Robert E. Rottmayer
Pittsburgh, PA College Park, TX Seagate Technology
Pittsburgh, PA
Alexander Kuznetsov Mark A. Neifeld
Seagate Technology Electrical and Computer William E. Ryan
Pittsburgh, PA Engineering Department Department of Electrical and
University of Arizona Computer Engineering
Michael Leung Tucson, AZ 85721 University of Arizona
SolarFlare Communications Tucson, AZ
Irvine, CA

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 Sundararajan Sankaranarayanan Bartolomeu F. Uchôa-Filho Xueshi Yang
Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical Seagate Technology
Computer Engineering Engineering Pittsburgh, PA
University of Arizona Federal University of Santa
Tucson, AZ Catarina Engling Yeo
Florianopolis, Brazil Department of Electrical
Necip Sayiner Engineering and Computer
Agere Systems Nedeljko Varnica Sciences
Allentown, PA Division of Engineering and University of California
Applied Sciences Berkeley, CA
Vojin Šenk Harvard University
Department of Electrical Boston, MA Zheng Zhang
Engineering and Department of Electrical
Computer Science Bane Vasic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Arizona State University
University of Novi Sad Computer Engineering Tempe, AZ
Novi Sad, Yugoslavia Department of Mathematics
University of Arizona Hong J. Zhou
Emina Soljanin Tucson, AZ Seagate Technology
Bell Laboratories Pittsburgh, PA
Lucent Technologies Shaohua Yang
Murray Hill, NJ Division of Engineering and
Applied Sciences
Harvard University
Boston, MA

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 Contents

Section I: Recording Systems

1 A Brief History of Magnetic Storage

Dean Palmer

2 Physics of Longitudinal and Perpendicular Recording

Hong Zhou, Tom Roscamp, Roy Gustafson, Eric Boernern, and Roy Chantrell

3 The Physics of Optical Recording

William A. Challener and Terry W. McDaniel

4 Head Design Techniques for Recording Devices

Robert E. Rottmayer

Section II: Communication and Information Theory

of Magnetic Recording Channels

5 Modeling the Recording Channel

Jaekyun Moon

6 Signal and Noise Generation for Magnetic Recording Channel Simulations

Xueshi Yang and Erozan M. Kurtas

7 Statistical Analysis of Digital Signals and Systems

Dragana Bajic and Dusan Drajic

8 Partial Response Equalization with Application to High Density

Magnetic Recording Channels
John G. Proakis

9 An Introduction to Error-Correcting Codes

Mario Blaum

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 10 Message-Passing Algorithm
Sundararajan Sankaranarayanan and Bane Vasic

11 Modulation Codes for Storage Systems

Brian Marcus and Emina Soljanin

12 Information Theory of Magnetic Recording Channels

Zheng Zhang, Tolga M. Duman, and Erozan M. Kurtas

13 Capacity of Partial Response Channels

Shaohua Yang and Aleksandar Kavčić

Section III: Introduction to Read Channels

14 Recording Physics and Organization of Data on a Disk

Bane Vasic, Miroslav Despotović, and Vojin Šenk

15 Read Channels for Hard Drives

Bane Vasic, Pervez M. Aziz, and Necip Sayiner

16 An Overview of Hard Drive Controller Functionality

Bruce Buch

Section IV: Coding for Read Channels

17 Runlength Limited Sequences

Kees A. Schouhamer Immink

18 Maximum Transition Run Coding

Barrett J. Brickner

19 Spectrum Shaping Codes

Stojan Denic and Bane Vasic

20 Introduction to Constrained Binary Codes with Error Correction Capability

Hendrik C. Ferreira and Willem A. Clarke

21 Constrained Coding and Error-Control Coding

John L. Fan

22 Convolutional Codes for Partial-Response Channels

Bartolomeu F. Uchôa-Filho, Mark A. Herro, Miroslav Despotović,
and Vojin Šenk

23 Capacity-Approaching Codes for Partial Response Channels

Nedeljko Varnica, Xiao Ma, and Aleksandar Kavčić

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

 24 Coding and Detection for Multitrack Systems
Bane Vasic and Olgica Milenkovic

25 Two-Dimensional Data Detection and Error Control

Brian M. King and Mark A. Neifeld

Section V: Signal Processing for Read Channels

26 Adaptive Timing Recovery for Partial Response Channels

Pervez M. Aziz and Viswanath Annampedu

27 Interpolated Timing Recovery

Piya Kovintavewat, John R. Barry, M. Fatih Erden, and Erozan M. Kurtas

28 Adaptive Equalization Architectures for Partial Response Channels

Pervez M. Aziz

29 Head Position Estimation

Ara Patapoutian

30 Servo Signal Processing

Pervez M. Aziz and Viswanath Annampedu

31 Evaluation of Thermal Asperity in Magnetic Recording

M. Fatih Erden, Erozan M. Kurtas, and Michael J. Link

32 Data Detection
Miroslav Despotović and Vojin Šenk

33 Detection Methods for Data-dependent Noise in Storage Channels

Erozan M. Kurtas, Jongseung Park, Xueshi Yang, William Radich,
and Aleksandar Kavčić

34 Read/Write Channel Implementation

Borivoje Nikolić, Michael Leung, Engling Yeo, and Kiyoshi Fukahori

Section VI: Iterative Decoding

35 Turbo Codes
Mustafa N. Kaynak, Tolga M. Duman, and Erozan M. Kurtas

36 An Introduction to LDPC Codes

William E. Ryan

Copyright 2005 by CRC Press LLC

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