CHAPTER

16 Human Development

Introduction:
In this chapter, we will discuss human development, India has a mixed development experience. The distribution of available
opportunities is unequal. A small portion of the population enjoys all the modern conveniences available. There is another
development-related factor that plays a direct role in making human life uncomfortable and causing environmental pollution,
e.g., air, water, soil and noise pollution.

1. India and Human Development

India has a mixed development experience. The distribution of available opportunities is unequal. A small portion of the
population enjoys all the modern conveniences available. On the other hand, marginalized groups include organized structures,
organized tribes, landless agricultural workers, poor farmers, slum dwellers and others, who lack basic necessities and even
drinking water, education, and health facilities. At all levels, women are the most marginalized. With the growth of development
activities, these previously disadvantaged sections are greatly reduced and that is why they are forced to live in extreme poverty
and substandard conditions. There is another development-related factor that plays a direct role in making human life
uncomfortable and causing environmental pollution, e.g., air, water, soil and noise pollution. This leads to the catastrophe of
encountering and threatening the existence of human society. Therefore, the poor face three processes related to depression,
namely:
1. Social skills due to migration and weakening social relations
2. Natural Skills due to increased pollution.
3. Personal Skills due to the increasing incidence of diseases and accidents.
Therefore, this has negative effects on their quality of life and human development.
 2. Human Development

The purpose of human development is the process of increasing people's freedom and
opportunity and improving their well-being. In other words, “Human development is a
process of diversifying people's choices, increasing their educational opportunities, health
care, income and empowerment and encompassing the full range of human choices
ranging from a living environment to economic, social and political freedom.”

DO YOU KNOW?
The Government of India has introduced Beti Bachao Beti Padhao programme to
address the issue of decline in child sex ratio.

3. Human Development in India:

India with a population of over 1.20 billion is ranked 130th out of 189
countries in the world according to the Human Development Index (HDI).
With a combined HDI value of 0.640 India finds itself grouped with
countries that reflect the development of the middle class. There are many
socio-cultural, historical and political factors that are committed to the low
point of human development in India.
DO YOU KNOW?
Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq and Prof Amartya Sen were close friends and
have worked together under the leadership of Dr Haq to bring out the
initial Human Development Reports. Both these South Asian
economists have been able to provide an alternative view of
development.
1. Historical elements such as colonialism, imperialism and neo-imperialism,
2. Social and cultural factors such as human rights violations, racism, religion, gender and the framework, social problems such
as crime, terrorism, and war.
3. Political factors such as the nature of the state, forms of government (democracy or dictatorship) and the level of
empowerment are some of the most important factors in determining the nature of human development.
India's planning commission also prepares India's Human Development (HDR) report and considers the Union's regions
and territories as units to be analyzed. In addition, states regard regions as their own analysis units. The planning
commission in its report on human development considers selected UNDP-based indicators as well as other indicators such
as economic achievement, social empowerment, and social justice, access to opportunities, cleanliness and social policies
developed by the provinces.

3. Indicators of Economic Attainments:

Gross National Product (GNP) and its individual
availability are considered as steps to assess the
resource base / talent of any country. The economic
benefits and well-being of individuals depend on
economic growth, employment opportunities and
access to assets. The percentage of people below the
poverty line in 2011-12 is estimated at 25.7% in
rural areas, 13.7% in urban areas and 21.9%
nationwide. The poverty profile of the provinces
shows that there are provinces like Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur and Odessa, Dadra and Nagar
Haveli which record more than 30% of their population. Life below the poverty line. Other provinces such as Gujarat,
Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand and West-
Bengal recorded between 10 and 20% of their population below the poverty line. Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Goa, Himachal
Pradesh, Kerala, Punjab, Sikkim, Pondicherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep have less than
10% of the population living below the poverty line. “Poverty is a state of poverty. In simple terms it means the inability of
a person to satisfy certain basic needs for a sustainable, healthy and productive life. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a
country does not fully reflect the quality of life of a country. There are other factors such as housing, availability of public
transport, air, quality and availability of drinking water which also determine quality of life. Increased unemployment and
rising unemployment are some of the main reasons for the high incidence of poverty in India.

DO YOU KNOW?
Nobel Laureate Prof Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom (or
decrease in unfreedom) as the main objective of development.
Interestingly, increasing freedoms is also one of the most effective
ways of bringing about development. His work explores the role of
social and political institutions and processes in increasing freedom.
 4. Healthy Life
A healthy and healthy lifestyle is a sign of a healthy lifestyle. The
presence of antenatal and postnatal health care facilities to
reduce infant and maternal mortality, adult health care,
adequate nutrition and individual safety are some of the most
important steps for a healthy mental health. The health
indicators are:
1. India's Mortality Rate:
India has been successful in reducing the death toll from 25.1
thousand in 1951 to 8.1 thousand in 1999. The infant
mortality rate also dropped from 148 thousand in 1951 to
70,000 in 1999.
2. Average Life Expectancy:
Increased from 37.1 years to 62.3 years for males, from 36.2 to 65.3 for females between 1951-1999.
3. Birth rate:
India has also reduced the birth rate from 40.8 in 1951 to 26.1 in 1999. But it is still high compared to the developed world.
4. Sexuality Rate:
India's sex ratio decreases every ten years. According to the 2001 census, the findings are particularly disturbing, especially
in the case of the age group of children aged 0-6 years. With the exception of Kerala (high gender ratio), all states have a
declining trend in child sex ratio. For example, Activity
Haryana and Punjab have an infant mortality
Q1. Make a short note on the India and Human Development?
rate of less than 800 women per 1,000 men
(according to a 2011 census, the proportion of Q2. Make a short note on the Human Development in India?
children dropped from 2001 from 927 to Q3. Make a short note on the Healthy Life?
919).

5. Indicators of Community Empowerment

“Development is freedom”. Freedom from hunger, poverty, slavery, servitude, illiteracy, illiteracy or any other form of
government is the key to human development. Freedom in the true sense of the word can only be achieved through personal
empowerment and participation in the exercise of their abilities and choices in society. Access to social and environmental
information is essential for freedom. Literacy is the beginning of access to such a world of knowledge and freedom.
 6. Literacy in India:

1. According to the 2001 census, India has an average literacy rate of 65.4%, and its literacy rate for women is 54.16% (2011,
74.04% literacy rate, out of 82.14% % and 65.46% males and females respectively).
2. The percentage of women's total literacy is above the national average in most southern provinces.
3. The literacy rate is low in Bihar (47.53%) and high in Kerala (90.92%). It shows the great regional differences in the Indian
literacy context.
4. The literacy rate is low in rural areas, in some neglected sections of our society such as women, schedule structures,
organized nations, agricultural workers, etc. Despite the improvement in literacy levels in these categories, there is still a
huge gap between students. . Rich and disadvantaged categories.

7. Index of Human Development in India

The Human Development Report in India is prepared annually by the Institute of Applied Manpower Research under the
direction of the Planning Commission by taking regions and territories as a study unit. Kerala with a combined index of 0.790 is
ranked highest followed by Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Goa and Punjab. As expected, regions such as Bihar, Odessa and
Chhattisgarh are the lowest among the 23 largest regions in India.
Reasons:
There are several social and political, economic and historical reasons for such a situation. Kerala is able to record the highest
value in HDI due to its amazing performance in achieving 100% literacy. Different regions such as Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Odessa, Assam and Uttar Pradesh are less educated. Provinces that show high levels of literacy have a limited gap between
literacy rates for both men and women. In addition to educational achievements, economic development rates also have a
significant impact on HDI. The economically developed provinces like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Punjab and Haryana have
a higher HDI value compared to regions like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, etc. The distortions of the regions and the
social divisions that took place during the colonial period continue to play an important role in the Indian economy, politics and
society. The Government of India has made concerted efforts to promote equitable development with a strong focus on social
justice through planned development.

8. Population, environment and development

Development is important because
it improves the quality of life, but at
the same time it has brought many
problems such as regional
inequality, social inequality,
discrimination, deprivation,
eviction, human rights violations
and human rights abuses and
environmental degradation. UNDP
in its 1993 Human Development
Report seeks to address these
issues and recognizes the
important role that communities
play in bringing peace and human development. These civil society organizations can help by building a vision for lower war
costs, the demolition of armed forces, from security to the production of basic goods and services and the reduction of nuclear
weapons in developed countries.
The concept of these methods is expressed by Neo-Malthusianism, environmentalists and Radical ecologists. These philosophers
are opposed to maintaining equity between people and resources before embarking on any development work. Sir Robert
Malthus became the first expert to draw attention to inequalities between people and resources. Along with the problem of
resource shortages and population growth, there was another problem with equally distributed resources locally and their
access to a few countries and rich people. So there were conflicts between rich and poor nations over these equitable resources.
Along with Malthus, Mahatma Gandhi was also a supporter of equality and harmony between people and resources. According
to him the establishment of industries
focuses on moral, spiritual, self-confident, Activity
non-violent and co-operative and Q1. Make a short note on the Indicators of Community Empowerment?
environmental institutions. In addition, Q2. Make a short note on the Literacy in India?
Gandhi says, the highest goals in the life of an Q3. Make a short note on the Index of Human Development in India?
individual or nation can be achieved through Q4. Make a short note on the Population, environment and development?
individual reduction, trust in public
resources and non-violence.
 Questions For Practice
1. Which of the following is the 9. Which one of the following scholars 18. Which country ranks first in the
criterion used to measure introduced the concept of Human world in the Human Development
development? Development? Index?
(a) Education (a) Prof. Amartya Sen (a) Canada (b) Norway
(b) Economic growth (b) Ellen C. Sein pie (c) Iceland (d) Australia
(c) Both economic growth and (c) Dr. Mahbub-Ul-Haq
(d) Ratzel. 19. The state having the lowest literacy
education
(d) None of these rate in India?
10. Which country ranks first in the (a) Bihar (b) Odisha
2. Which criterion was used in the world in the Human Development (c) Rajasthan (d) UP
early period to measure Index?
development? (a) Canada (b) Norway 20. Which criterion was used in the
(a) Industrial growth (c) Iceland (d) Australia early period to measure
(b) Agricultural growth 11. Which of these is not a key area on development?
(c) Economic growth which the Human Development (a) Industrial growth
(d) Population growth Index of a country is determined? (b) Agricultural growth
(a) Health (b) Education (c) Economic growth
3. Which of these is not a key area on
(c) Happiness (d) Access to (d) Population growth
which the Human Development
Index of a country is determined? resources 21. Development means?
(a) Health 12. Human development concern with? (a) Quality change
(b) Happiness (a) Quantitative development (b) Negative change
(c) Education (b) Qualitative development (c) Increased quality
(d) Access to resources (c) Both(a)&(b) (d) Simple change.
(d) None
4. What is the measure of access to 22. When was the human development
resources? 13. What is the measure of access to index created?
(a) Medical facilities resources? (a) 1980 (b) 1985
(b) Good governance (a) Medical facilities (c) 1990 (d) 1955
(c) Purchasing power (b) Good governance
(d) Education (c) Purchasing power 23. What is not a hindrance to Equity?
(d) Education (a) Gender (b) Race
5. What does UNDP mean? (c) Framework (d) Freedom
(a) United Nation Dual Programme 14. When was UNDP established?
(b) United Nation Drainage (a) November 22, 1964 24. How many countries have low levels
Programme (b) November 22, 1966 of human development?
(c) United Nation Development (c) November 22, 1965 (a) 12 (b) 22
Programme (d) November 22, 1969 (c) 72 (d) 42
(d) United Nation Departmental 15. How many countries have a high 25. Where does India rank in the world
Programme level of human development? Human Development Index?
6. What is the score of the high (a) 37 (b) 47 (a) 107 (b) 117
development index? (c) 47 (d) 67 (c) 136 (d) 137
(a) Above 0.6 (b) Above 0.7 16. What is the score of the high 26. Which of the following is the best
(c) Above 0.8 (d) Above 0.9 development index? development?
(a) Above 0.6 (b) Above 0.7
7. What was the rank of India in the (a) Increased size
(c) Above 0.8 (d) Above 0.9
Human Development Index 2016? (b) Fixed size
(a) 100 (b) 113 17. Gross National Happiness (c) Positive quality change
(c) 120 (d) 130 encourages us to think about the (d) Simple quality change.
following aspects of development?
8. Gross National Happiness (a) Spiritual 27. Which of the following experts has
encourages us to think about the (b) Non-material introduced the concept of Human
following aspects of development? (c) Qualitative Development?
(a) Spiritual (d) All of these (a) Prof. Amartya Sen
(b) Non-material (b) Ellen C. Sein pie
(c) Qualitative (c) Drs. Mahbub-Ul-Haq
(d) All of these (d) Ratzel.
28. Which country is the world leader in 32. Which of the following years were 36. Human Development Index is
the Human Development Index? the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
published by?
(a) Canada (b) in Norway programme launched?
(a) UNSC (b) UNGA
(c) Iceland (d) in Australia (a) 2020 (b) 2015
(c) UNDP (d) None of the
(c) 2014 (d) 2017
29. What are the indicators of high above
development indicators? 33. Which of the following states
became 3rd rank in the context of 37. Which is not a key area of human
(a) More than 0.6 development?
population density in India?
(b) More than 0.7 (a) Access to Resources
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(c) More than 0.8 (b) Good health
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(d) More than 0.9 (c) Education
(c) Rajasthan
30. What is not the key to human (d) Bihar (d) Industrial development
development? 34. Which criterion was used in the 38. Which is not a hindrance to Equity?
(a) Access to Services early period to measure (a) Gender (b) Race
(b) Good health development? (c) Caste (d) Freedom
(c) Education (a) Industrial growth
(d) Industrial development 39. What is the score of the high
(b) Agricultural growth
development index?
31. Dr Mehbub ul Haq belongs to which (c) Economic growth
(d) Population growth (a) Above 0.6 (b) Above 0.7
of the following countries? (c) Above 0.8 (d) Above 0.9
(a) Pakistan 35. Which is not a part of the Human
(b) Bangladesh development of people? 40. Where does India rank in the world
(c) Sri Lanka (a) Opportunities Human Development Index?
(d) None of the above (b) Freedom (a) 107 (b) 117
(c) Health (c) 136 (d) 137
(d) Number of people

Solutions
1. (c) 5. (c) 9. (c) 13. (c) 17. (d) 21. (a) 25. (c) 29. (c) 33. (d) 37. (d)
2. (c) 6. (c) 10. (b) 14. (c) 18. (b) 22. (c) 26. (c) 30. (d) 34. (c) 38. (d)
3. (b) 7. (d) 11. (c) 15. (c) 19. (a) 23. (d) 27. (c) 31. (a) 35. (d) 39. (c)
4. (c) 8. (d) 12. (b) 16. (c) 20. (c) 24. (c) 28. (b) 32. (b) 36. (c) 40. (c)