ECE 2k1 Spring 2023

Solution Manual
Homework 09

March 2023

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Question 1
Circuit for t < 0
R3

5mA R1 R2 2mF

Circuit for t > 0

R3

5mA R1 R2 2mF

Find V (t0 ) and V (∞)

For V (t0 )
R3

R2 2mF

No current to supply charge to capacitor before t = 0, therefore V (t0 ) = 0

−t
So, our voltage function will take the form V (t) = V (∞)(1 − e RC )
−t
dVc C
Then we can find, ic = C ∗ dt = RC V (∞)e RC

V (∞) −t
i(t) = R e
RC

And with p(t) = i(t)v(t)

V (∞)2 −t −t
p(t) = R (1 − e RC )e RC

So all we need is V (∞) and the Req seen by the capacitor

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 for V (∞)

5mA R1 ||R2 2mF

5mA∗R1 R2
Therefore, V (∞) = 5mA ∗ R1 ||R2 = R1 +R2

Now for Req

R3

R1 R2 2mF

Therefore, Req = R3 + R1||R2

for R1 = 5Ω, R2 = 20Ω, R3 = 21Ω

Req = 25Ω
V (∞) = 20mV
(20mV )2
p(t) = 25Ω (1 − e−20t )e−20t

for R1 = 5Ω, R2 = 20Ω, R3 = 16Ω

Req = 20Ω
V (∞) = 20mV
(20mV )2
p(t) = 20Ω (1 − e−25t )e−25t

for R1 = 5Ω, R2 = 20Ω, R3 = 26Ω

Req = 30Ω
V (∞) = 20mV
(20mV )2 50 50
p(t) = 30Ω (1 − e− 3 t )e− 3 t

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Question 2

Figure 1: Q2

formula:
ZL = jωL
1
ZC =
jωC

plug in: ZL = j, ZC = −2j

We will have:
1
Zeq = −j+0.5j = 2j

Version A
R
when R=2: VR = 10 × R+Zeq = 5(1 − j)
10∠0
IR = 2+2j = 5∠ − 45
Thus: p(t) = v(t)i(t) = 5cos(ωt − 45◦ ) × 5cos(ωt − 45◦ ) = 25cos(ωt − 45◦ )2

Version B
R 30
when R=3: VR = 10 × R+Zeq = 13 (3 − 2j)
10∠0 10
IR = 2+2j = − 2j)
13 (3
Thus: p(t) = v(t)i(t) = √3013 cos(ωt − 33.69◦ ) × √10 cos(ωt
13
− 33.69◦ ) = 300
13 cos(ωt − 33.69◦ )2

Version C
R
when R=4: VR = 10 × R+Zeq = 40(0.2 − 0.1j)
10∠0
IR = 4+2j = 10(0.2 − 0.1j)
Thus: p(t) = v(t)i(t) = √4020 cos(ωt − 26.57◦ ) × √20 cos(ωt
10
− 26.57◦ ) = 20cos(ωt − 26.57◦ )2

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Question 3
For p(t) = 2 + 4cos2 (ωt + θ):

Figure 2: Q3

For the other two versions with p(t) = 2 + 6cos2 (ωt + θ) and p(t) = 2 + 8cos2 (ωt + θ), following similar derivation,
the answer will then be 2 + 6/2 = 5W and 2 + 8/2 = 6W .

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Question 4

Figure 3: Q4.

Version A
Find the impedance of the elements

ZL = 10m ∗ 1000j = 10j

1
ZC = = −40j
25µ ∗ 1000j
ZR = 40
Apply KCL at R
V r − 50 V r Vr
+ + =0
10j 40 −40j
4V r − 200 + V rj − V r = 0
200 200
Vr = = √ ∠ − 18.4
3+j 10
V2
F indpowerP = = 50W
2R

Version B
Find the impedance of the elements

ZL = 20m ∗ 1000j = 20j

1
ZC = = −40j
25µ ∗ 1000j
ZR = 40
Apply KCL at R
V r − 50 V r Vr
+ + =0
20j 40 −40j
2V r − 100 + V rj − V r = 0
100 100
Vr = = √ ∠ − 45
1+j 2
V2
F indpowerP = = 62.5W
2R

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Version C
Find the impedance of the elements

ZL = 30m ∗ 1000j = 30j

1
ZC = = −40j
25µ ∗ 1000j
ZR = 40
Apply KCL at R
V r − 50 V r Vr
+ + =0
30j 40 −40j
(4/3)V r − (200/3) + V rj − V r = 0
200/3 200
Vr = = √ ∠ − 71.565
1/3 + j 10
V2
F indpowerP = = 50W
2R

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Question 5

Figure 4: Q5

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Question 6

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Question 7
The equation for effective (rms) voltage is:
s
Z T
1
Vrms = v(t)2 dt
T 0

where T is the period of the waveform. For this problem, v(t) includes both of the sinusoidal terms.

Version A
Keeping period as T since it is unspecified, the rms equation should take this form:
s
1 T
Z
Vrms = (5cos(ωt) + 10sin(2ωt))2 dt
T 0

Squaring v(t) yields the following:

v(t)2 = 25cos2 (wt) + 100cos(wt)sin(2wt) + 100sin2 (2wt)V 2

Using the trig identity:

1
sin(A)cos(B) = (sin(A + B) + sin(A − B))
2
The equation can be re-written as:
s
1 T
Z
Vrms = 25cos2 (wt) + 100(sin(3ωt + sin(ωt)) + 100sin2 (2wt) dt
T 0

Since the integral of sin is cos and we are integrating over a period, the two sin terms in the middle cancel each
other when integrated. When taking the integrals of cos2 and sin2 , the equation will take the form of:
r
25 1 1 100 1 1
Vrms = (T + sin(2T )) + (T − sin(4T ))
T 2 2 T 2 2
where the sin terms go to 0 since this is a periodic function. This yields a final equation of:
r
25 100
Vrms = +
2 2
Vrms = 7.91Vrms

Version B
Keeping period as T since it is unspecified, the rms equation should take this form:
s
1 T
Z
Vrms = (6cos(ωt) + 8sin(3ωt))2 dt
T 0

Squaring v(t) yields the following:

v(t)2 = 36cos2 (wt) + 96cos(wt)sin(3wt) + 64sin2 (3wt)V 2

Using the trig identity:

1
sin(A)cos(B) = (sin(A + B) + sin(A − B))
2

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The equation can be re-written as:
s
1 T
Z
Vrms = 36cos2 (wt) + 96(sin(4ωt + sin(2ωt)) + 64sin2 (3wt) dt
T 0

Since the integral of sin is cos and we are integrating over a period, the two sin terms in the middle cancel each
other when integrated. When taking the integrals of cos2 and sin2 , the equation will take the form of:
r
36 1 1 64 1 1
Vrms = (T + sin(2T )) + (T − sin(6T ))
T 2 2 T 2 2
where the sin terms go to 0 since this is a periodic function. This yields a final equation of:
r
36 64
Vrms = +
2 2
Vrms = 7.07Vrms

Version C
Keeping period as T since it is unspecified, the rms equation should take this form:
s
1 T
Z
Vrms = (4cos(ωt) + 6sin(2ωt))2 dt
T 0

Squaring v(t) yields the following:

v(t)2 = 16cos2 (wt) + 48cos(wt)sin(2wt) + 36sin2 (2wt)V 2

Using the trig identity:

1
sin(A)cos(B) = (sin(A + B) + sin(A − B))
2
The equation can be re-written as:
s
1 T
Z
Vrms = 16cos2 (wt) + 48(sin(3ωt + sin(ωt)) + 36sin2 (2wt) dt
T 0

Since the integral of sin is cos and we are integrating over a period, the two sin terms in the middle cancel each
other when integrated. When taking the integrals of cos2 and sin2 , the equation will take the form of:
r
16 1 1 36 1 1
Vrms = (T + sin(2T )) + (T − sin(4T ))
T 2 2 T 2 2
where the sin terms go to 0 since this is a periodic function. This yields a final equation of:
r
16 36
Vrms = +
2 2
Vrms = 5.10Vrms

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Question 8
Version A

12
Version B and C

13
Question 9

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15
Question 10
Version 1:
1 1
The equivalent of impedance of the circuit is Zeq = Req − j ωC = 20 − j 100·1.5·10−3 = 20 − j20/3Ω.
1 j −1
The equivalent impedance of the load is ZL = ( RL − XL ) .
For maximum power transfer:
∗
ZL = Zeq

∗
1/ZL = 1/Zeq

1 j 1
− = = 0.045 − j0.015Ω−1
RL XL 20 + j20/3
So, RL = 1/0.045 = 22.2Ω and XL = 1/0.015 = 66.7Ω.
The Thevenin voltage, |VT h | = 100V (This is the peak value and not the rms value).
Maximum power transferred,
|VT h |2 1002
Pmax = = = 62.5W
8Req 8 · 20

Version 2:
1 1
The equivalent of impedance of the circuit is Zeq = Req − j ωC = 20 − j 100·2·10−3 = 20 − j5Ω.
1 j −1
The equivalent impedance of the load is ZL = ( RL − XL ) .
For maximum power transfer:
∗
ZL = Zeq

∗
1/ZL = 1/Zeq

1 j 1 4 1
− = = − j Ω−1
RL XL 20 + j5 85 85
So, RL = 85/4Ω and XL = 85Ω.
The Thevenin voltage, |VT h | = 100V (This is the peak value and not the rms value).
Maximum power transferred,
|VT h |2 1002
Pmax = = = 62.5W
8Req 8 · 20

Version 3:
1 1
The equivalent of impedance of the circuit is Zeq = Req − j ωC = 20 − j 100·1·10−3 = 20 − j10Ω.
1 j −1
The equivalent impedance of the load is ZL = ( RL − XL ) .
For maximum power transfer:
∗
ZL = Zeq

∗
1/ZL = 1/Zeq

1 j 1 1 1
− = = − j Ω−1
RL XL 20 + j10 25 50
So, RL = 25Ω and XL = 50Ω.
The Thevenin voltage, |VT h | = 100V (This is the peak value and not the rms value).
Maximum power transferred,
|VT h |2 1002
Pmax = = = 62.5W
8Req 8 · 20

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Question 11
∗
For maximum power transfer, ZL = Eeq (Maximum Power Transfer Theorem), where Zeq is the equivalent impedance
seen form the load.
To find the equivalent impedance, we take the load out, and turn off the voltage source. Since we have an
dependent source, we have to use the test source method. Let us choose an 1A current source.

Figure 5: Q11

Applying KCL at node A:

Vt IL
−IL + − −1=0
50 2
Vt
But, IL = − j50 . So,
Vt Vt Vt
+ + −1=0
j50 50 j100

(3 + j2)Vt = j100

j100 j100(3 − j2) 200 + j300 200 300

Vt = = = = +j = 15.38 + j23.08V
3 + j2 (3 + j2)(3 − j2) 13 13 13
Now, Zeq = VItt = 200 300
13 + j 13 = 15.38 + j23.08Ω
∗
For maximum power transfer, ZL = Zeq = 15.38 − j23.08.
2
Max power transferred is Pm ax = |V th |
8Req (Req is the real part of the equivalent impedance. We have a factor of 8
instead of 4 because the voltage is in peak value and not in rms value).
Now, to find Vth , we keep the load terminal open circuited:

Figure 6: Q11

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Nodal Equation:
Vth − Vs Vth IL
+ − =0
j50 50 2
Vs −V th
But, IL = j50 . So,
Vth − Vs Vth Vs − Vth
+ − =0
j50 50 j100
3 9 − j6
Vth = Vs = Vs
3 + j2 13

92 + 6 2 117
|Vth |2 = |Vs |2 = 2 |Vs |2
13 13
So, maximum power transferred,

|Vth |2 117 · 13 9
Pmax = = 2
|Vs |2 = |Vs |2
8Req 8 · 13 · 200 1600

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