Design and Construction of a Single Faced

Centrifugal Pump
pump performance or to test an educational
Abstract:- This project work details the design, demonstration or instructional unit to allow
manufacture, and testing of a centrifugal pump. undergraduate students to evaluate the behavior of
The centrifugal pump is driven by an electric centrifugal pumps in a variety of operating
motor, which is also linked to a tachometer, a conditions, as inspired by the above literature. The
variable frequency drive and a wattmeter, which unit will be used to supplement a fluid mechanics
measure the speed of the motor shafts and the engineering science course by giving mechanical
electrical power of the pump, respectively. The engineering students hands-on experience with
driven centrifugal pump pulls fluid (water) from pump performance characterization. Pump
a sump reservoir and transfers it to a tank efficiency will also be measured directly.All
through a flow control valve. We were able to experimental pump performance data should be
conduct the experiments required to completely compared to manufacturer's pump performance
describe a centrifugal pump using the data as well as theoretical projections. Choate and
demonstration unit. The correlations between Lenoir (Choate and Lenoir, 2008).
the different parameters, such as head (H),
efficiency (η), rotational speed (ω), and input As previously stated, these pumps are used to
power (Pi), and the flow rate (Q), were also transport liquids from one location to another. As a
generated in tabular and graphical form. The result, they are an effective tool for teaching students
experimental findings acquired at the conclusion the relationships between pressure or head, volumetric
of this study demonstrate that the tested pump flow rate, shaft rotational speeds, and input and output
can achieve a head (Hₘₐₓ) of 35m, a volumetric powers, effectively bridging the gap between theory and
discharge (Qₘₐₓ) of 35l/min, and a speed of 2850 practice. The test bed is designed to give students an
rpm with an input power of 0.5HP. The pump's instructional tool that they may use to conduct various
performance was reported to be very smooth, experiments to demonstrate the physical and functional
with minimal vibration and noise levels on both links between these characteristics.
the pump and the motor, ensuring the pump's
reliability in service. The test bed is capable of measuring pressures
(pressures at the pump inlet or suction and outlet or
I. INTRODUCTION discharge sides of the pump), volume flow rates, pump
shaft rotational speeds, and shaft torques or forces with
Fluid mechanics students have long respected moment arms, based on the background outlined. The
the concept of centrifugal pumps and their water flow rate is controlled by manually operated
characteristics in terms of understanding the many valves at the pump inlets and outputs, which aid the
equations that predict their performance under student experimenter in intuitively arranging the flow
various operating conditions. Centrifugal pumps for the suggested designed centrifugal pump
have a wide range of commercial and industrial configuration.
uses, including the oil and gas business, steam
power plants, buildings, agriculture and irrigation, These pumps allowed fluid to be transported
the food industry, and the paper and pulp industry between two locations by harnessing power from
(Sharma and Rai, 2013). Added to the need for another source (steam turbines and electric motors).
fluid mechanics students to not only understand the Centrifugal pumps are a form of dynamic pressure
equations that predict the performance of these pump that generates head and flow by raising the
pumps under various operating conditions through liquid's velocity with the help of a rotating vane
calculations, but also provide them with hands-on impeller and diffuser. The performance of such pumps is
experience through specialized training in their influenced by factors such as specific speed, blade
fluid mechanics laboratory, giving them a orientation, casing insulation, impeller diameter, number
competitive advantage in the industry. Hence, a and pitch of blades, internal surface finish, liquid
need for the design and construction of a viscosity, and so on (Sharma and Rai, 2013).The
centrifugal pump test bed for student use at the rotating element, which consists of an impeller and a
fluid mechanics laboratory. shaft, and the stationary element, which consists of a
casing, casing cover, and bearings, are the major
The stated scope of this work is to design, components of this type of pump (Karrassik, 2011).
build, and experimentally investigate centrifugal

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Other components, however, are required to complete a the electric motor, which corresponds to the pump
centrifugal pump assembly. speed, was measured with a tachometer.The outboard
end of an electric motor is usually left exposed to allow
The centrifugal force of the impeller blade the tachometer spindle to rest against a recess in the
converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy of the motor shaft. The mass flow rate of the fluid (water) was
handling fluid, allowing it to be transported to a desired measured using a flow meter with an inner diameter of
location or height. Newton's second law governs their 25.4mm, and the water flow rate before and after the
operation. Due to the mechanical energy on the driven pump was controlled using manually operated valves at
impeller, the fluid at the internal radius flows to the the pump inlets and outputs.
outer radius, gaining the centrifugal head and causing
suction at the pump inlet known as the eye. The fluid II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
that is pumped by this sort of pump receives useful
energy through velocity variations when the fluid goes Consider the energy transfer of a pump by
through the impeller of the pumps Mechanical energy, applying the steady state form of the energy equation as
such as an electrical motor on the drive shaft driven by a follows in order to completely comprehend the function
prime mover or a small engine, is used to operate this of the centrifugal pump.
pump. The hydraulic energy of the fluid being elevated
or conveyed is the output energy. The liquid is driven
into a series of revolving vanes by atmospheric or other Q+W= outlet – minlet
inlet
pressure in a centrifugal pump. These rotating vanes are
(1)
contained within a housing or casing and are used to
transmit energy to a fluid via centrifugal force (Khin,
Defining the enthalpy, h, in Equation (1),
Mya, and Khin, 2008).
therefore, h;
Long service life, non-toxic effects, local
availability, cheap cost, easy handling during building h = u + Pv = u + 𝑃 (2)
and fabrication, lightness of weight for easy handling 𝜌
during usage, and supplying caster wheels for easy
movability were all essential considerations in the And by conservation of mass of the centrifugal
design of this centrifugal pump test bed. The frame is pump’s axial input and tangential output:
built of mild steel that is welded in a rectangular shape moutlet = minlet (3)
in both vertical and horizontal directions to increase
rigidity. The system's components are held in place by This implies that on a per unit mass basis, m =
the supports. With a vertical elevation of 1117.6mm, the moutlet = minlet :
frame is approximately 1270mm long and 457.2mm q + ws
wide. The centrifugal pump was not designed because it
was beyond the scope of this project. However, an
arbitrary centrifugal pump was obtained from the
market, with suction and exit pipe diameters matching because the flow is incompressible, equation (3)
the size of the pipe ran on the bed, in order to shows
characterize it (the pump) using the test bed. The chosen that the inlet and outlet velocities are equal if the inlet
0.5H pump has a 35m total head inscription on its and outlet areas are roughly similar. Furthermore, there
nameplate and runs at a maximum speed of 2850rpm. is a minor
Two fluid (water) reservoirs make up the test rig.The change in potential energy across the pump, resulting in;
larger reservoir (469.9mm in length, 457.2mm in width,
and 558.8mm in height) is supported by a steel support
base (495.3mm by 457.2mm with a thickness of (5)
1.5mm). The smaller reservoir is supported by a
495.3mm by 457.2mm steel support base with 1.5mm The last group of terms represents frictional losses
thickness that is 635mm high from the big reservoir and and is grouped into a frictional head loss term, hf.
is perforated at the bottom side of the reservoir to allow similarly, expressing the shaft work input into the pump
pipe to go through to the bigger reservoir from the as a shaft work head term, hs, yields:
smaller one.
H= (Poutlet – Pinlet) = hs- hf
Two pressure gauges were chosen, one for the
suction side and the other for the discharge side of the
pump. The discharge side readings had a range of 0-100 HERE, H is the “net” or “pump” head and is the
psi, whereas the suction side gauges had a range of -30 primary output parameter for a pump. Note also that
in-Hg to 15 psi. The electrical power of the pump was this is the difference between the shaft work and the
measured using a Wattmeter, and the rotational speed of frictional head (hs- hf).

1064
 Where h is the height of water in collecting tank
The energy that is been delivered to the fluid is as and W and L are width and length of the collecting tank
a result of the difference between the input energy and respectively (all in m). Discharge is denoted by Q
the energy lost to friction, both mechanical and viscous, (m3/s).
and losses due to pump leakage. The power delivered to
the fluid is by tradition termed the “water horsepower” The total head (H) estimated by the relation
or whp, and therefore, represented as:

whp = 𝜌gVH
H = Hs + Hd (12)
(7)
Where Hs and Hd used for suction Head and
Where V, g, and H are the volumetric flow rate of discharge Head in (m) respectively.
the fluid, the density of water, acceleration due to
gravity and the head of the pump respectively. Po =𝜌 g Q H
(13)
In contrast, the power required to drive the pump
Where 𝜌, g and Po represents the density of water,
is termed the “brake horsepower” or bhp:

bhp = 𝜔T
acceleration due to gravity and output power (P o)
(8) respectively.

Where T is the measured shaft torque and 𝜔 is the The efficiency estimated through the relation
shaft rotational speed in radians per second. The overall given:
efficiency of the pump is defined as the ratio between
the power delivered to the fluid (power required to Efficiency (ɳ) = (Hydraulic power output) ÷ (Input
move the fluid) and the pump input power. power)
(14)
Recall, whp is the “water horsepower” while bhp
is the “brake horsepower, therefore, the efficiency of the
pump is;
ɳpump (15)
ɳpump (9)
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
This overall efficiency is a function of both
• Materials (Equipment): After doing research into
mechanical and fluid losses.
viable possibilities for the system's various equipment,
performing technical calculations, and properly
The viscous frictional effects and mechanical
justifying all aspects of the centrifugal pump test bed.
frictional effects in the bearings, packing and other
The equipment was chosen based on requirement and
contact points in the pump are the contributing factors
market availability. The major equipment that will be
to the overall efficiency of the pump.
integrated into the final system includes: the bench
The most suitable mechanical engineering
frame on which the whole assembly is mounted, the
software that can be used to systematically analysis and
reservoir on a platform, valves fitted on inlet and
easily evaluate the working efficiency of the centrifugal
delivery pipes, the piping system, flow meter, stop
pump rest bed is the solid works. The testing points are
watch, pressure gauge, the pump, electric motor,
at the inlet to the pump and at its exit. Also we test for
caster wheels, strainers, thermometer, fittings and
the variation of head, input power and pump
flexible hose, variable frequency drives (Advanced
performance i.e. the pump efficiency with discharge.
inverter). Each piece of equipment was chosen based
on its use, cost effectiveness, and market availability.
The correlation used to calculate total head,
Each of these elements is briefly discussed in the
discharge, efficiency, specific speed and power has been
following sections:
given by the expressions.
• The Bench Frame: Stress and deflection analysis was
used to choose and design the bench frame material.
Input power of motor to the shaft =
We were able to relate the analysis results to material
(Number of revolution × 3600) ÷ (time × Z × W) (10)
properties so that we can choose the best material
from the material group. The material chosen have
Input power to the pump = (input power of motor
good ductility, strength, corrosion-resistant, and was
to the shaft) × (transmission efficiency)
locally sorted (cheap). Mild steel have been chosen as
Q= (11) the preferred material for this design.
𝑡 • The Reservoir: For the water reservoir, we chose a
polyethylene rectangular tank. It came with a steel

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 platform that was designed to support the maximum conversion, and had an advance inverter with variable
amount of water. frequency controllers that could be programmed for
• The Valves: The system consists of a ball valve for varied speeds and constant or varying torque.
the input (suction valve) and a ball valve for the • Caster Wheels: Heavy-duty caster wheels were
output (discharge valve). chosen to allow for easy movement of the system
• The Piping Network: PVC tubing and fittings were from one location to another while also uniformly
used to construct the plumbing network, which carrying the weight of the complete system without
includes the necessary elbows, tees, reducers, distortion.
diameter change adapters, and valves. • Strainers: At the end of the suction line, which is
• Water Flow Meter and Stop Watch: The volume of subsequently connected to the reservoirs, strainers are
water leaving the pump from the discharge line is connected. This allows for particle separation while
measured using water flow meters. In order to also protecting downstream equipment (pump,
calculate the flow rate, a stopwatch is also required. instrumentation) from renegade garbage.
• Pressure Gauges: There are two different gauges that Material selection is an important part of the
were chosen, one for the suction side and the other for design process for any physical object. The basic
the discharge side of the pump. The discharge side purpose of material selection in product design is to
gauge should have a standard precision, whereas the minimize cost while maximizing product performance
suction side gauge should have a higher precision. in order to fulfill the product goal. Material selection
• The Pump: A centrifugal pump connected to an entails finding the best match between the material's
electric motor was selected. Pump motor specification property-profile in its kingdom and the design's
includes 1hp, 220-230 volts, single to three phase requirements (Ashby, 2005).
Therefore, the weight of the hollow square mild steel
• Mild Steel: One of the most widely utilized section, W = volume × density Recall: The density of

Volume = Area × Length

construction materials is mild steel. Because of its mild steel is 7850 kg/m.
low carbon concentration, it is referred to as mild
steel. Mild steel has a maximum carbon content of 40 (16)
points (i.e. 0.4 percent carbon). Other alloying • Carbon Steel: Carbon steel is a type of steel that
elements, besides carbon, are used to give steel its consists of an iron and carbon alloy. In comparison to
desirable mechanical characteristics, such as stainless steel, it has a larger carbon content, a lower
corrosion resistance and strength. Mild steel is melting point, and is more durable. The tensile
extremely strong due to its low carbon content. Even strength and hardness of carbon steel are both high.
when cold, it is extremely flexible. This indicates that The baseplate is made of carbon steel to provide flat,
the material has a high tensile and impart strength coplanar surfaces on which to install the pump,
(Scott et al., 2018). Mild steel was chosen for the driver, and reservoir. The baseplate is either welded
bench structure because of its weldability, to the base frame or secured by foundation bolts,
machinability, and the fact that it is constructed of providing for vibration-free pump performance and
widely available natural resources. the ability to support the weight of the pump and

IV. MATERIAL SELECTION AND SPECIFICATION

S/N Part Description of use Quantity

1 Mild steel It's what the bench frame is made of 1
2 Carbon steel It's for mounting the pump and motor bed. 1
3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes It is used for the piping system
4 Fibre glass rectangular tank It is used for m the reservoir 1
5 Pressure gauges It is used to take the pressure readings at the inlet and outlet lines 2
6 Ball valves It is used to control flow 3
7 Water flow meter It is used to calculate the volume flow rate. 1
Table 1: List of Materials Selection
• Dimensions of the bench frame: The bench frame, reservoir without distortion (Towsley, 2009).
which is made completely of a 2mm hollow square • Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes: PVC is a typical
mild steel of dimension 50mm × 50mm × 2mm. The building material that is both robust and light.
bench frame has the following dimensions: length = Plasticizers are used to make it softer and more
1270mm, height = 1117.6mm, width = 457.2mm, and flexible. PVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride) or
overall dimension = 1270mm × 1117.6mm × hard PVC is what it's called when no plasticizers are
457.2mm applied. PVC was chosen for the pipe network

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 because of its hardness, density (when compared to opening and shutting, making them ideal for this
other polymers, it has a specific gravity of about 1.4), application.
and tensile strength. It is also widely accessible and
inexpensive. A concentric reducer is utilized at the V. DESIGN CONSIDERATION Design of Frame
pump's suction line, whereas an eccentric reducer is
used at the discharge line. The bench frame is made of mild steel material
• Fiber Glass Rectangular Tank: Fiber Glass was which consists of a hollow square dimensions 25.4mm
designed and built into a rectangular tank that will be × 25.4mm × 25.4mm. This material was chosen
used as the reservoir for this test. The tank can hold because of its light nature, tensile and impart strength
90 liters of water at a time. and its ability to resist bending. It consists of two
• Pressure Gauge: To measure the pressures at the platforms; the first is the lower platform on which the
discharge and suction lines, two pressure gauges are reservoir is mounted and the second upper platform on
utilized and linked at the suction and discharge lines. which the electric motor and centrifugal pump is
• Ball valve: A ball valve is a type of quarter-turn mounted. Various dimensions of the bed and platform
valve that controls flow through a hollow, perforated, are: length of the bed = 1270mm, height of the bed =
and rotating ball. It opens when the ball's hole is 1117.6mm, width of the bed = 457.2mm.
parallel to the flow and closes when the valve handle Total dimensions of the bed = length × height × breath
is rotated 90 degrees. Two ball valves were selected (17)
and attached to the discharge and suction lines, Total dimensions of the bed = 1270mm × 1117.6mm ×
respectively. Ball valves often allow for partial 45

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25 X 25 X 4(2)[2]) profiles/iso/angle iron C:\Users\hausb\
Section Area: 0.000179762m^2 Desktop\New
Length:455.023mm folder\UCHE
Beam – Uniform C/S Volume:8.17947e-05m^3 PROJECT.SLDP
Mass Density:7,800kg/m^3 RT
Mass:0.637998kg Dec 23 08:10:27
Weight:6.25238N 2021

Table 2: Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for the Bed Frame (Model Information)

7.2mm (18)

Beam Name Joints Axial(N) Shear1(N) Shear2(N) Moment1(N.m) Moment2(N.m) Torque(N.m)

Beam- 1 162.317 -161.724 -1.28373 0.529748 -18.3237 -1.39716
1(Trim/Extend21[2]) 2 -132.025 -331.774 -10.3292 -0.864748 24.7936 -2.14763
1 96.7581 491.202 14.1514 -6.24192 68.816 1.79105
2 -92.0843 482.863 -6.51065 -4.42081 -63.2292 4.26825
Beam-2(Trim/Extend5[2]) 3 -93.2924 275.096 -6.54821 -2.93887 38.1968 3.06621
4 -94.9827 49.1844 -7.82688 -1.36171 85.1525 0.666366
5 -96.7567 -176.241 -14.1514 0.581335 64.6726 -1.79107

1073
Beam- 1 -1,954.63 -94.2776 23.1294 15.6003 34.9394 0.832173
3(Trim/Extend14[2]) 2 1,954.63 94.2776 -23.1294 -2.08203 20.1622 -0.832173
1 2,505.93 -46.7134 91.6038 -22.9898 -9.22093 -0.72499
Beam-
2 -455.064 128.384 2.634 9.05861 -25.9076 -3.81115
4(Trim/Extend16[2])
3 -2,505.93 46.7108 -91.6038 -35.1786 -20.4413 0.724996
1 -139.357 -503.906 -40.9353 -9.30792 30.8456 21.1113
Beam-5(Trim/Extend7[2])
2 139.357 -496.094 40.9353 -9.40771 -29.0596 -21.1113
Beam- 1 1,974.08 -55.6549 -28.2609 -0.100456 -8.61061 -0.451188
6(Trim/Extend12[2]) 2 -1,974.08 55.6529 28.2609 16.6179 -23.917 0.45118
Beam-7(Angle iron - 1 -55.5239 57.9831 2.77567 0.0602829 0.694245 0.0043753
configured 25 X 25 X 4(2) 2 80.6722 76.7685 -3.51922 -0.380681 -1.37987 -0.00479154
[4]) 3 80.6722 76.7685 -3.51922 -0.380681 -1.37987 -0.00479154
Beam- 1 -20.8074 -490.331 -24.9532 -5.68332 16.1708 -14.4169
8(Trim/Extend10[1]) 2 20.8074 -509.669 24.9532 -5.72527 -20.5914 14.4169
Beam- 1 491.558 797.497 72.968 5.4457 -19.8866 2.16575
9(Trim/Extend14[1]) 2 -407.306 807.896 89.7625 -7.1796 26.9029 -0.656658
Beam-10(Angle iron - 1 -74.1544 76.6596 4.89387 -0.00915648 -1.43548 -0.0043654
configured 25 X 25 X 4(1)
2 -3.54613 63.9985 2.37607 0.0884885 1.14971 -0.00877809
[2])
-
1 0.609344 -0.0716898 -0.00785465 0.00731674 -0.000105642
0.0775552

2 -995.108 -153.508 -137.692 -47.7047 29.0545 -3.06601

Beam-
11(Trim/Extend22[1])
3 -0.609344 0.0716898 0.0775552 0.0117742 -0.0109398 0.000105642

4 -3,015.53 -33.2135 -94.8453 -35.6485 14.8405 0.186647

1 38.3013 -41.0301 10.9721 -5.59623 -30.17 -3.15196

Beam-
2 1.26674 264.747 -6.93822 -4.47022 -3.3529 -0.933755
12(Trim/Extend16[1])
3 2.47483 47.3172 -6.90106 -2.87316 39.6743 -1.94056

Beam Name Joints Axial(N) Shear1(N) Shear2(N) Moment1(N.m) Moment2(N.m) Torque(N.m)

4 4.16516 -199.212 -5.62157 -1.18835 18.5764 -4.25397
5 -38.3021 355.99 -10.975 1.20722 -49.2342 3.15195
Beam-13(Rectangular tube 1 -97.2521 -266.387 6.88073 0.454116 17.8562 1.10513
- configured 3 X 2 X
2 104.693 -281.249 3.15774 -0.3487 -18.2557 1.37909
0.25(1)[15])

Beam-14(Angle iron - 1 -3.65557 65.8996 -7.7172 0.584323 1.34084 -0.00407561

configured 25 X 25 X 4(1)
[4]) 2 -44.0093 80.8013 -16.7008 -0.854206 -1.79645 0.0020938

Beam-15(Square tube - 1 0.037546 -1.20799 4.83125 -1.20205 -0.275913 0.246345

configured 20 X 20 X
2 -0.0375763 1.20799 -4.83125 -1.0068 -0.27638 -0.246345
2(1)[1])
Beam- 1 -774.416 27.746 23.6864 17.7698 -19.6577 -1.25505
16(Trim/Extend18[1]) 2 774.416 -27.746 -23.6864 8.70214 -11.3512 1.25505
Beam- 1 -973.194 -14.2967 67.1311 48.8122 11.9026 -1.26251
17(Trim/Extend20[1]) 2 973.194 14.2967 -67.1311 26.2135 4.07547 1.26251

1074
Beam-18(Square tube - 1 1.27864 -1.69011 10.309 -2.39985 -0.38725 0.139982
configured 20 X 20 X
2(1)[2]) 2 -1.2787 1.69011 -10.309 -2.31343 -0.385468 -0.139982

1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beam-
19(Trim/Extend13[2]) 2 -249.207 -824.854 89.9316 -5.53954 -34.2108 -0.490359

1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beam-
20(Trim/Extend11[2]) 2 393.028 752.775 -36.8869 -2.83424 -20.857 -3.27107

1 -124.303 67.3984 -6.81214 0.457602 1.33297 -0.00966696

Beam-21(Angle iron -
configured 25 X 25 X 2 106.772 57.5606 -0.227124 -0.218747 -0.949554 6.88073e-05
4(2)[3])
3 -124.303 67.3984 -6.81214 0.457602 1.33297 -0.00966696

1 -401.731 -802.63 -95.1677 4.20569 -28.3212 2.32356

Beam-22(Rectangular tube
- configured 3 X 2 X
2 458.049 -747.369 -55.5815 -2.17296 25.4388 -0.428802
0.25(1)[17])

Beam-23(Square tube - 1 6.32453 -1.77411 10.7949 -2.45744 -0.404962 -0.197873

configured 20 X 20 X
2(1)[3]) 2 -6.32459 1.77411 -10.7949 -2.47798 -0.40616 0.197873

Beam-24(Angle iron - 1 -86.8774 59.9097 -0.874171 0.198861 0.967914 -4.74504e-05

configured 25 X 25 X 4(2)
[1]) 2 81.2163 59.9514 -0.759041 -0.211149 -0.967921 0.000258004

1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beam-
25(Trim/Extend20[2]) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beam-
26(Trim/Extend18[2]) - - -4.25232e-
3 -9.65429e-07 3.86399e-05 -1.43756e-07
0.00166562 0.000170213 06

Beam-27(Angle iron - 1 -31.9751 55.5977 2.00599 0.0557796 0.718132 -0.0161505

configured 25 X 25 X 4(1)
[3]) 2 21.5165 66.6675 4.01536 -0.125364 -1.09339 -0.0115089

Beam Name Joints Axial(N) Shear1(N) Shear2(N) Moment1(N.m) Moment2(N.m) Torque(N.m)

1 232.037 325.164 12.0624 -0.800133 27.5228 -1.47922
2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Beam-
28(Trim/Extend22[2]) - -3.33109e-
3 -0.00012919 -7.57612e-07 2.93636e-05 -1.1274e-07
0.00125351 06

Beam-29(Angle iron - 1 -5.61572 96.7018 -23.1329 -0.912381 -1.9874 0.00926447

configured 25 X 25 X 4(1)
[1]) 2 1.85065 96.3714 -24.0195 0.93329 1.98046 0.00773203

Beam-30(Angle iron - 1 46.2369 58.9081 0.697447 -0.0874389 -0.670669 0.0037764

configured 25 X 25 X 4(2)
[2]) 2 -36.5969 57.7096 0.585193 0.0583377 0.597631 0.000847953

Table 3: Beams (Beam Forces)

Beam Name Joints Axial(N/m^2) Bending Bending Torsional Upper bound axial

1075
 Dir1(N/m^2) Dir2(N/m^2) (N/m^2) and bending(N/m^2)
Beam- 1 -120,434 -28,071.3 -759,641 -51,672.1 908,146
1(Trim/Extend21[2]) 2 -97,957.9 -45,822.8 -1.02786e+06 -79,427.5 1.17164e+06
1 -71,791.3 330,758 2.85288e+06 66,239.9 3.25543e+06
2 -68,323.5 -234,258 2.62127e+06 157,856 2.92385e+06
Beam-
3 -69,219.8 -155,730 -1.58351e+06 113,400 1.80846e+06
2(Trim/Extend5[2])
4 -70,474 -72,156.8 -3.53014e+06 24,644.7 3.67277e+06
5 -71,790.2 30,804.8 -2.68111e+06 -66,240.5 2.78371e+06
Beam- 1 -1.45027e+06 826,655 -1.44847e+06 30,776.7 3.72539e+06
3(Trim/Extend14[2]) 2 -1.45027e+06 110,326 835,858 -30,776.7 2.39645e+06
1 -1.85932e+06 1.21823e+06 -382,269 -26,812.7 3.45981e+06
Beam-
2 -337,642 480,014 1.07404e+06 -140,950 1.8917e+06
4(Trim/Extend16[2])
3 -1.85932e+06 -1.8641e+06 847,427 26,812.9 4.57085e+06
Beam- 1 -103,398 -493,225 -1.27875e+06 780,770 1.87538e+06
5(Trim/Extend7[2]) 2 -103,398 498,512 -1.20471e+06 -780,770 1.80662e+06
Beam- 1 -1.4647e+06 5,323.12 -356,967 -16,686.5 1.82699e+06
6(Trim/Extend12[2]) 2 -1.4647e+06 880,577 991,517 16,686.2 3.3368e+06
Beam-7(Angle iron - 1 308,875 979,947 1.87365e+06 98,316.6 3.16247e+06
configured 25 X 25 X 2 448,773 1.20613e+06 3.29142e+06 -107,670 4.94632e+06
4(2)[4]) 3 448,773 1.20613e+06 3.29142e+06 -107,670 4.94632e+06
Beam- 1 -15,438.4 -301,158 -670,388 -533,189 986,984
8(Trim/Extend10[1]) 2 -15,438.4 303,381 -853,653 533,189 1.17247e+06
Beam- 1 364,720 288,566 824,434 80,097.5 1.47772e+06
9(Trim/Extend14[1]) 2 302,207 380,445 1.1153e+06 -24,285.7 1.79796e+06
Beam-10(Angle iron - 1 -412,515 2.35453e+06 4.06564e+06 -98,094.1 6.83269e+06
configured 25 X 25 X
2 19,726.8 1.6551e+06 3.12169e+06 -197,251 4.79652e+06
4(1)[2])
1 -452.112 416.216 303.328 -3.90704 1,171.66
Beam- 2 -738,337 -2.52786e+06 -1.2045e+06 -113,393 4.4707e+06
11(Trim/Extend22[1]) 3 -452.112 623.91 453.529 3.90704 1,529.55
4 -2.23743e+06 -1.88901e+06 -615,238 6,902.9 4.74167e+06
1 -28,418.2 296,543 -1.25075e+06 -116,571 1.57571e+06
2 939.876 -236,876 139,000 -34,533.6 376,816
Beam-
3 1,836.24 -152,248 -1.64476e+06 -71,769 1.79885e+06
12(Trim/Extend16[1])
4 3,090.41 -62,970.6 -770,114 -157,327 836,176
5 -28,418.8 63,970.4 2.04109e+06 116,570 2.13347e+06
Beam-13(Rectangular 1 -72,157.8 24,063.5 -740,257 40,871.7 836,478
tube - configured 3 X 2
2 -77,679 18,477.5 -756,819 51,004 852,975
X 0.25(1)[15])
Beam-14(Angle iron - 1 20,335.6 562,484 2.84275e+06 -91,563.3 3.42557e+06
Bending Bending Torsional Upper bound axial
Beam Name Joints Axial(N/m^2)
Dir1(N/m^2) Dir2(N/m^2) (N/m^2) and bending(N/m^2)
configured 25 X 25 X
2 -244,821 550,822 3.6904e+06 47,039.7 4.48604e+06
4(1)[4])
Beam-15(Square tube - 1 -280.825 1.73665e+06 -398,622 253,886 2.13555e+06
configured 20 X 20 X
2 -281.051 -1.45456e+06 399,297 -253,886 1.85414e+06
2(1)[1])
Beam- 1 -574,590 941,619 814,942 -46,416.4 2.33115e+06
16(Trim/Extend18[1]) 2 -574,590 -461,125 -470,582 46,416.4 1.5063e+06
Beam- 1 -722,077 2.58655e+06 -493,441 -46,692.3 3.80207e+06
17(Trim/Extend20[1]) 2 -722,077 -1.38905e+06 168,956 46,692.3 2.28008e+06

1076
Beam-18(Square tube - 1 -9,563.53 3.46716e+06 -559,476 144,268 4.03619e+06
configured 20 X 20 X
2 -9,564.01 -3.34231e+06 556,901 -144,268 3.90877e+06
2(1)[2])
Beam- 1 0 0 0 0 0
19(Trim/Extend13[2]) 2 184,903 293,539 -1.41827e+06 -18,135.2 1.89671e+06
Beam- 1 0 0 0 0 0
20(Trim/Extend11[2]) 2 291,614 -150,186 864,662 -120,976 1.30646e+06
Beam-21(Angle iron - 1 691,486 909,676 3.03053e+06 -217,225 4.63169e+06
configured 25 X 25 X 2 593,964 952,859 2.33666e+06 1,546.16 3.88348e+06
4(2)[3]) 3 691,486 909,676 3.03053e+06 -217,225 4.63169e+06
Beam-22(Rectangular 1 298,071 -222,859 -1.1741e+06 85,934.2 1.69503e+06
tube - configured 3 X 2
2 339,857 -115,145 -1.05461e+06 -15,858.7 1.50961e+06
X 0.25(1)[17])
Beam-23(Square tube - 1 -47,304.2 3.55036e+06 -585,065 -203,931 4.18273e+06
configured 20 X 20 X
2 -47,304.7 -3.58004e+06 586,795 203,931 4.21414e+06
2(1)[3])
Beam-24(Angle iron - 1 483,292 1.03984e+06 2.42183e+06 -1,066.03 3.94496e+06
configured 25 X 25 X
2 451,800 1.00492e+06 2.40147e+06 5,796.35 3.85819e+06
4(2)[1])
Beam- 1 0 0 0 0 0
25(Trim/Extend20[2]) 2 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
Beam- 2 0 0 0 0 0
26(Trim/Extend18[2]) -
3 -1.23584 -0.0511579 -1.60188 2.88887
0.00531665
Beam-27(Angle iron - 1 177,875 1.03236e+06 1.94903e+06 -362,916 3.15927e+06
configured 25 X 25 X
2 119,695 1.45687e+06 2.90044e+06 -258,615 4.477e+06
4(1)[3])
1 -172,164 42,398.9 1.14101e+06 -54,706.8 1.35557e+06
Beam- 2 0 0 0 0 0
28(Trim/Extend22[2]) -
3 -0.93006 -0.0401457 -1.21732 2.18752
0.00416954
Beam-29(Angle iron - 1 -31,239.8 702,122 4.13679e+06 208,137 4.87015e+06
configured 25 X 25 X
2 -10,295 631,166 4.08237e+06 173,709 4.72383e+06
4(1)[1])
Beam-30(Angle iron - 1 257,212 863,648 1.76159e+06 84,841.2 2.88245e+06
configured 25 X 25 X
4(2)[2]) 2 203,586 825,254 1.60222e+06 19,050.3 2.63106e+06

Table 4: Beam Stresses

1077
 Fig 1: Study Results for the stresses, strain and displacement of the bench frame

A. Design of Pipe
The design of a pipe involves the determination of inside diameter of the pipe and its wall thickness as discussed
below:
Inside diameter of the pipe: The inside diameter of the pipe depends upon the quantity of fluid to be delivered, Di =
Inside diameter of the pipe, Do = outside diameter of the pipe, V = velocity of fluid (meters/min), Q = Quantity of fluid
(liters/min), and the quantity of fluid flowing per minute has been recorded.

Q = Area × velocity = (19)

Therefore the diameter of the pipe can be calculated.

Also the stress cylinder wall of the pipe can be calculated using Lame’s formula:

(20)
( ro
− ri ) where;
σt max = maximum tangential
stress (MPa) pi = internal
pressure in the pipe (kPa) ri =
internal radius of pipe ro =
external radius of pipe
The thickness of the pipe may be calculated using Lame's equation in order to sustain the internal fluid pressure;

(21)
Where;
T = thickness of the pipe
R = Inner radius of
the pipe, P=
Intensity of internal
pressure σt=
tangential stress

1078
 The pipe's strength may be calculated using the standard ASTM D1785 table, table3.6 in Appendix A, which
shows that the σt for 1" PCV pipe is 581lb.

Converting 581lb to Mega pascal (MPa);

581lb =263.77

Therefore,

σt (MPa) = (22)

= 5.1MPa

A safety factor of 2.5 is used, Therefore, Allowable tensile strength;

= 2.04 MPa

B. Design of Pump
The pump is a single-stage centrifugal pump with a one-horsepower motor. The impeller is developed using the
design flow rate, pump head, and pump specific speed as the foundation. As a result, design data are necessary to
create a centrifugal pump. The design parameters are as follows while calculating the design.

Flow rate, Qₘₐₓ = 35 l/min

Head, Hₘₐₓ = 35m

Speed, n = 2850 rpm

Gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s²

Density of water, ρ = 1000 kg/m³

Specific speed is used to categorize impellers based on their performance and proportions, independent of their actual
size or operating speed.

Specific Speed: nₛ (23)

𝑄4

A pump's capacity, also known as volume flow rate, is the amount of water pushed per unit time. The capacity is
proportional to the velocity of the flow in the suction pipe.
Capacity: Q = AV (24) Where A and V are area of

pipe and volume flow rate respectively.

C. Water Power and Shaft Power:

Water power is the power transferred to the water by the pump. The flow rate and pump head must be determined
in order to compute water power. As a result, in order to deliver a specific level of power to the water, more power
must be provided to the pump shaft. This is referred to as brake power. The pump's efficiency dictates how much more
power is required at the shaft.

The connection below determines the water power.

N= ρgHQ (25)

The shaft power is:

Shaft power = water power/ ηₒ (26)

1079
Pump efficiency: ηₒ = ηₘ × ηᵥ × ηᵣ (27)

ρgHQ⁄ηₒ (28)
Maximum shaft power: Mₘₐₓ: = α₁

Where; α₁ is the safety factor in charge condition of the work onthe pump.

D. Design of the Reservoirs

Fiber glass was used to construct the reservoirs. The material is made up of various composite materials, plastic
resin, and glass fiber, as the name suggests. When loaded, plastic resins have a high compressive strength but a low
tensile strength, whereas glass fibers have a high tension strength but do not resist compression. GRP becomes a
material that resists both compressive and tensile forces well due to the compatibility of each material overcoming the
deficiencies of the other. The material was obtained in sheet form, with a thickness of 5mm, and was cut into various
measurements and designed to the necessary shaped vessel using adhesive material for connecting. Water is pumped
from the sump tank (large reservoir) and released into the measuring tank as part of the overall design (smaller
reservoir).

E. Dimension of the Sump Tank;

Height of the reservoir = 558.8mm

Length of the reservoir = 469.9mm

Total volume of reservoir =length × breath × height

Breath of the reservoir = 457.2mm
(29)
Total volume of reservoir = 558.8mm × 469.9mm × 457.2mm
Therefore total volume of the circular tank = 120051630.864mm³ = 120.05L

Fig. 2: Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for the Sump Reservoir

Nam Max Name Type Min Max

Type Min
e
Stres VON: 6.358e+02N/ 2.293e+07N/m^2
s1 von m^2 Node: 14550 Displacement1 URES: 0.000e+00mm 3.417e+01mm
Mises Node: 6874 Resultant Node: 178 Node: 19933
Stress
Displacement

1080
 Part1-Static 1-Stress-Stress1 Part1-Static 1-Displacement-Displacement1

Fig. 3: Study Results for the Static Stress and Displacement of the Reservoir

F. Dimension of the Measuring

Tank; Height of the reservoir =
431.8mm
Length of the reservoir = 457.2mm

Total volume of reservoir = length × breath × height

Width of the reservoir = 431.8mm

(30) Total volume of reservoir = 457.2mm × 431.8mm ×

431.8mm
Therefore total volume of the circular tank = 85245506.928mm³ = 85.25L
this case, and the kind used is araldite.
VI. THE MANUFACTURING Araldite is a high-performance adhesive that
METHODOLOGY bonds ceramics, wood, chipboard, glass,
metal, and most hard plastics. Free of
A. Machining: This refers to any of the different solvents, heat and cold resistant, as well as
procedures for cutting raw material into a specified water and oil resistant. Three essential
form and size using a controlled material-removal characteristics must be met in order to
process. Cutting, drilling and grinding are the generate a good surface for adhesive bonding
machining procedures employed in this design. of plastics: To develop a strong boundary
 Cutting operation; layer, the provided material's weak boundary
• Drilling operation; this is a cost-effective layer must be eliminated or chemically
method of removing a considerable amount of changed.
metal in order to create a semi-precision • Degreasing; the adhered is to be wiped with
round hole or cavity. This is done in order to solvent or an aqueous detergent solution to
drill holes for fasteners. clean the surface of any oils following
• Grinding operation; this is a cutting degreasing process. After degreasing, a good
operation that involves the use of abrasive test to determine cleanliness of the surface is
particles. By eliminating any leftover to use a drop of water. If the drop spreads on
undesired components from the surface, the the surface, a low contact angle and good
grinding operation improves the surface wettability has been achieved, which indicates
polish and tightens the tolerance. Grinding the surface is clean and ready for application
machines are used to manufacture items that of the adhesive. If the drop beads up or retains
are the same form, size, and finish. its shape, the degreasing process should be
repeated.
B. Joining: The following is a list of the methods that • Abrasion; to roughen the surface and remove
were utilized in the joining operation: any loose material, the adherent is sanded or
• Welding; the hollow mild steel square pipe is grit blasted using an abrasive substance. In
heated and melted using gas welding and arc comparison to a relatively smooth surface,
welding in some areas in this procedure, resulting rough surfaces make stronger connections
in the linked portions functioning as one. It's because they have a larger surface area for the
utilized to produce the frame. adhesive to attach to. After abrasion, the
• Adhesive; Polymers are the most well-known adherent should be cleaned with solvent or an
adhesives, allowing various materials to be joined aqueous detergent solution to remove any oils
at temperatures below 200°C. Adhesive bonding or loose particles, and then dried. The glue is
(also known as gluing or glue bonding) is a wafer then applied when this process is completed.
bonding technique that involves the use of an • Coating; this is a coating that is applied to an
intermediary layer to link substrates of various object's surface, also known as the substrate.
materials. It is used to connect pipes and fittings in The coating can be applied for ornamental,

1081
 utilitarian, or both purposes. The coating may be process of this device, which has the dual
an all-over coating that covers the entire substrate purpose of preserving the substrate while also
or a partial coating that just covers sections of the being beautiful.
substrate. Car paint was employed in the coating

Plate 1: Cutting operations

Plate 2: Joining Operations

Plate 3: Grinding and Smoothening Operations

examined in order to arrive at a certain
C. Fabrication Methodology operation sequence. The designer can
Various methods were examined in the follow the data compilation process to
development of the centrifugal pump test rig, design the equipment step by step.
including: • Material selection: This process
• Research: This step entails carefully involves the cost of materials used for the
considering information sourcing, data manufacturing process, with the goal of
gathering, and data assessment from the lowering production costs while
internet or other sources in order to gain the improving the quality and dependability
knowledge needed to build the centrifugal of the chosen material.
pump test rig. • Design: Following the material selection,
• Data compilation: In this step, the acquired the pieces chosen are considered and
data from the study is integrated and their dimensions are computed.

1082
 • Fabrication: Work is done on the many
pieces that make up the system at this step to
get them to the shape and size necessary for
the design. Various manufacturing
procedures are carried out in this process.
• Assembly; this entails bringing all of the
various sections or parts that have been
worked on together to make the system. The
reservoirs were attached to the frame after
the frame was completed. We installed the
electrical pump and connected the pipes to
it; the horizontal pipe from the pump's
suction side was linked to the reservoir,
while the vertical pipe from the pump's
discharge side was connected to the
reservoir. As the discharge line links to the
receiving reservoir, the water flow meter
was also attached.

Finally, powering the whole unit and testing.

1083
Plate 4:A pictorial view of the finished Centrifugal pump test bed

VII. METHODS

A. Procedure
Make sure the advanced inverter is turned
on and the pump is adjusted to 50% before
starting the motor. The pump speed will be
increased by the interface until it reaches the
desired value. Start the motor by closing the
ball valve on the discharge line. Check to see
whether the discharge pressure of the pump
rises. If the pump does not release pressure

1084
after ten seconds, it is most likely dry and has to
be primed. Close the flow meter cap and start the Repeat the operation with the advanced
pump again to prime the pump, or partly close and inverter Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) at 60
open the inlet valves a few times to help prime the percent, 80 percent, 90 percent, and 100 percent of
system and remove any bubbles stuck inside the the manufacturer's specified pump speed. Tabulate
valve mechanism. Make sure the intake valve is your data of suction pressure, discharge pressure,
completely open. flow rate, pipe diameter, input power, torque at each
speed, and efficiency each time.
To give a flow rate of Q = 0, close the ball valve.
(Be aware that if the ball valve is closed or almost Switch off the pump, and if you're not going to
closed, the back pressure created is outside of normal do another workout right away, turn off the
operating norms, and the pump may not work complete system and drain the water from the
smoothly.) As the trial goes, the pump should begin to reservoir.
run more smoothly.) Allow the pump to run for a few
minutes before collecting data; during this time, open B. Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation
and close the discharge valve as needed and monitor One of the most essential elements that were
the suction and discharge pressure gauges. carefully examined during the design of the
centrifugal pump test bed was material selection.
Allow the readings of the water flow meter and The cost of the materials required for the
the pressure gauges to stabilize and record the values at centrifugal pump test bed's design and construction.
each increment by opening the gates valve (discharge The materials' availability on the market, as well as
valve) in modest increments. their appropriateness for the design, were taken into
account. Transportation, typing or photocopying,
Tabulate a list of your findings. When the communication, and incidental costs might all be
discharge valve (head valve) was closed, the load on ascribed to other expenses. The materials obtained,
the pump increased and the motor speed fell; however, as well as their cost and purchased amount, were
when the discharge valve was opened, the load on the recorded in the table below;

𝑊ₒᵤₜ = 𝜌𝑔𝐻Ԛ̇
pump decreased and the motor speed rose.
(33)
VIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Results and Calculation

On a copy of the single pump test sheet or in the
table below, note the results.

Calculate the volume flow rate from the

volumetric measuring tank if one was utilized, from η= Wout
𝑄
: 𝑄̇ = ⁄𝑡 (31) Calculate the overall efficiency from:
W
in (34)

Calculate the manometric head from

For the data of the constant speed and constant
: (32) voltage tests, plot the pump characteristics as a single
graph of manometric head against volumetric flow rate.
The hydraulic power can be calculatd from:

S/N Part Quantity Cost (#)

1 Flow control valve 2 6,000
2 Water Flow meter 1 4,500
3 Advanced inverter 1 9,000
4 Stop watch 1 500
5 Valves 5 5,000
6 Pressure gauges 2 6,000
7 Centrifugal Pump (0.5hp) 1 9,000
8 Fittings 5 27,240
9 Adhesive 2 5,400
10 Bench Frame 1 17,000
11 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes 6 1,500
12 Polyethylene Circular tank 1 25,500
13 Caster wheels 4 4,000 1085
14 Strainers 2 1000
Total 121,640
Table 5: Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME)
Pump inlet Pump outlet Total Pump Pump Hydraulic Flow rate Total Efficiency

𝑾ₒᵤₜ
Suction Delivery Head Speed Torque Power Q[m³/s] Power [%]
Pressure Pressure H [m] N T[Nm] Input
[Bar] [RPM] [W] [W]

- 0.583155 5.97 2850 0.302 0 0 90 0

-0.00196133 0.343233 3.52 2850 0.369 4.627 0.000134 110 0.042
-0.00196133 0.2647796 2.72 2850 0.395 5.550 0.000208 118 0.047
-0.00196133 0.1569064 1.619 2850 0.476 5.674 0.000357 142 0.039
-0.00196133 0.0392266 0.419 2850 0.519 1.9196 0.000467 155 0.012
The performance test results are plotted in a graphical graph. The experimental Hp vs Q, Win vs Q and p vs Q
fashion, with power input vs flow rate (Win vs Q) for pump graphs are described, and comments on the influence of

Input power ( W)
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003 0.00035 0.0004 0.00045 0.0005

Fig 4: A graph showing power input against flow rate, with the centrifugal pump's characteristic curve measured
simultaneously at 2850 rpm. The flow rate and shaft power are depicted in relative units.

7 Head (m)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003 0.00035 0.0004 0.00045 0.0005

Fig. 5: At constant speed of 2850 rpm, a graph of head vs flow rate is used to determine the centrifugal pump's
characteristic curve. The flow rate and shaft power are shown with relative units.

1086
 Efficiency
0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003 0.00035 0.0004 0.00045 0.0005

Fig 6.0: Resulting graph of Efficiency against flow rate estimates for a centrifugal pump driven by a 0.5Hp motor and
frequency converter at constant pump speed of 2850rpm.
season). When a reasonably constant Q is sought
C. DISCUSSION but H is predicted to fluctuate (e.g., water sources
The H-Q and ho-Q curves are used to form the such as a well, small stream, or small reservoir),
braking power (BP) or shaft power (SP) vs flow impellers with greater specific speeds will likely
rate (Q) curve for a pump. The BP-Q curve's work the best.
shape is determined by the pump's particular
speed and impeller design. Figure 4.0 illustrates Fig. 6.0 shows the pump efficiency against
that for radial flow impellers, BP rises to a peak discharge (ho-Q) curves for common centrifugal
and then falls somewhat as Q rises from zero. BP pumps. As Q rises from zero, the overall
grows progressively from a nonzero value as Q efficiency (ho) of a pump steadily grows to a peak,
increases for mixed flow impellers. Axial flow then drops as Q rises higher. For a particular type
impellers, on the other hand, have a maximum BP of impeller, there is usually just one peak
when Q is 0 and gradually drop as Q grows. To efficiency.
reduce the start-up load on axial flow pumps, the
discharge-side valve (or discharge valve) should Specific speed, impeller design, and pump
be open to the atmosphere when they are turned discharge all affect potential pump efficiency. The
on. When radial flow and mixed flow pumps are greater capacity pumps should have the maximum
started, the discharge-side valve should be closed. efficiency, according to this figure. The types of
materials used in construction, the finish on castings,
The head-discharge curve (H-Q curve) is a the quality of machining, and the type and quality of
graph that shows how a pump's head corresponds bearings used all affect overall efficiency (h o).
to the amount of water pushed per unit time (i.e., Impellers with extraordinarily smooth surfaces, for
discharge of the pump). In general, as a pump's example, are more efficient than impellers with
discharge increases, the head generated by the rougher surfaces.
pump gradually decreases (Fig. 5.0). The design
head or normal head, and the design discharge or IX. CONCLUSION
normal discharge of a pump are the head and
discharge values that correspond to the greatest
efficiency.

The H-Q curve changes form depending on

the speed. As discharge (Q) grows from zero, the
head of radial flow impellers reduces just little
before rapidly dropping. Mixed and axial flow
impellers have less severe H-Q curve slope shifts
than radial flow impellers. In circumstances where
head must stay practically constant while Q
fluctuates, radial flow impellers working on the
flat region of their H-Q curves function effectively
(e.g., as in set-move systems where the number of
operating laterals varies during the irrigation

1087
 The design and building of a centrifugal pump laboratory fluid flow apparatus that allows for the
test bed are the focus of this project. Mild steel square measurement of flow in pipes and the deduction of
hollow pipes, PVC valve gauge taps, PVC pipes, a [18. Engineering (2015). Collinsdictionary.com.
flow meter, and a cast iron centrifugal surface pump
] Retrieved July 30, 2019, from
were used to build the centrifugal pump test bed. The
www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/engish/
goal of this study was to find the best material for a
centrifugalpump
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with the same diameter impeller blade. The materials
were sourced locally, and the building was completed
at the university workshop. The centrifugal-pump, as
previously said, is a hydraulic machine that uses
centrifugal force to transform mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy. The centrifugal pump is powered by
an electric motor and pulls fluid (water) from a water
storage tank before delivering it to a tank via a flow
control valve. We were able to use the demonstration
unit to do all of the experiments required to completely
describe a centrifugal pump at varied constant speeds
with the same impeller diameter blade. Because
centrifugal pumps are used to transport liquids from
one location to another, they are an effective tool for
teaching students the relationships between pressure or
head, volumetric flow rate, shaft rotational speeds, and
input and output powers, effectively bridging the gap
between theory and practice. The test bed is designed
to give students an instructional tool that they may use
to conduct various experiments to show the physical
and functional links between these characteristics.

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