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CCNA (NOTE)

Chapter 2 discusses the fundamentals of Ethernet LANs, detailing its standards, cabling, and protocols essential for wired LAN technology. It covers various Ethernet physical layer standards, the construction of Ethernet links, and the differences between UTP and fiber cabling. Additionally, it explains Ethernet data-link protocols, addressing, and the operation of switches and hubs in modern LANs, along with the concepts of VLANs and WANs in Chapter 3.

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7 views

CCNA (NOTE)

Chapter 2 discusses the fundamentals of Ethernet LANs, detailing its standards, cabling, and protocols essential for wired LAN technology. It covers various Ethernet physical layer standards, the construction of Ethernet links, and the differences between UTP and fiber cabling. Additionally, it explains Ethernet data-link protocols, addressing, and the operation of switches and hubs in modern LANs, along with the concepts of VLANs and WANs in Chapter 3.

Uploaded by

haileyblock1357
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF ETHERNET LANs

ETHERNET: A family of LAN standards that define the physical and data-link layers of the
world’s most popular wired LAN technology/ ETHERNET = TECHNOLOGY.
THE STANDARD defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
ETHERNET LAN = STANDARDS, CABLING, CONNECTORS, PROTOCOL RULE
CÔNG NGHỆ MẠNG ETHERNET = PHẦN CỨNG + GIAO THỨC TRUYỀN DỮ LIỆU
Typical SOHO (small home, home office)
LANS
1. Can combine the functions of both
switch and router and wireless
connection

2. Wireless LANs connection (send the


bits through radio waves)

Need a wireless LAN access point


(AP)

Typical Enterprise (công ty) LANs


Need a central switch connect with other switches in different floors/places.
The Variety of Ethernet Physical Layer Standards
Standard name begins with: 802.3 (follow by some suffix letter)
History: 40 years
Many standards: optical (dây cáp quang siêu dẫn) + copper cabling (dây cáp đồng) + types and
length of the cables.
Material inside the cables: Fiber-optic (sợi quang) + optical cables (cáp quang)
Must know the name and features of the different Ethernet standards.

Megabit per second= Mbps


Consistent Behavior over All Links Using the Ethernet Data-Link Layer
Ethernet LAN: the combination of user devices, LAN switches and different kind of cabling
(different speed)
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair: Cáp xoắn đôi).
Header and trailer: the data at the beginning and the end of transmitted data over a LAN.
Building Physical Ethernet LANs with UTP
Transmitting Data Using Twisted Pairs (Truyền dữ liệu sử dụng cáp xoắn đôi)
How to create an electrical circuit (Cách tạo ra 1 mạng điện): electrical circuit requires a
complete loop, using circuitry (mạch điện) on their Ethernet ports, connect the wires in one pair
to complete a loop, allowing electricity to flow.
How to make that electrical signal communicate 1s and 0s (cách để làm điện giao tiếp bằng 1s
và 0s)
Encoding scheme (sơ đồ mã hoá) will help them communicate with each other.
For example: 10BASE-T uses an encoding scheme that encodes a binary 0 as a transition from
higher voltage to lower voltage.
Hệ nhị phân (0 và 1)
UTP: The wires will be twisted together, the twisting helps solve EMI (NHIỄU ĐIỆN TỪ)
(CROSSTALK: NÓI CHUYỆN XUYÊN, GÂY NHIỄU),
Breaking Down a UTP Ethernet Link
Ethernet link = physical cable between 2 Ethernet nodes
We need: cable (wires inside), 2 RJ (Registered Jack)-45 Connectors (the end of the cable), 2 RJ-
45 Ports (cổng).
10BASE-T (2 pair of wires)
100BASE-T (2 pair of wires)
1000BASE-T (4 pair of wires)
Wires has color-coded plastic coating (lớp phủ nhựa) which follow the color scheme (sơ đồ
màu)
RJ-45 connector has 8 physical locations help 8 wires inserted (pin positions – pins) – the end
of the copper wires can touch the electronics inside the nodes, allow electricity to flow.
RJ-45 Ethernet port: can be seen on a switch, give user devices a place to connect to the
Ethernet LAN.
NIC (Network Interface Card = card giao diện mạng, thẻ giao diện mạng = dùng để cung cấp các
kết nối mạng)
PC = Personal Computer
Cooper crossover (alike computer) straight-through (different types)
Taisi? Swappable transceivers
Find an Ethernet link
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T
Using the right wires inside the cable (crossover or straight-through)
Crossover: endpoints transmit on the same pin pair
Straight-through cable: endpoint transmit on different pin pairs
Straight-Through Cable Pinout
Choosing the Right Cable Pinouts
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 1000BASE-T
1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet)
Use for advanced electronics
Using 4 wire pairs
Building Physical Ethernet LANs with Fiber (quang)
Fiber Cabling Transmission Concepts (cáp quang)
Use light to transmit data
Need protection and strengthening
Using Fiber with Ethernet
UTP: Cheaper, work poorly in electrically noisy environment.
FIBER: Use for secure environment
Sending Data in Ethernet Networks
Ethernet Data-Link Protocols
Define Ethernet header, encapsulated data, Ethernet trailer

IPv4 – IPv6
Use the same data-link standard
Ethernet Addressing
Sending nodes
Play a huge role in how Ethernet LANs work: source and destination.
Ethernet addresses = Media Access Control (MAC): 6 byte long, 48 bit long binary numbers =
Identifying Network Layer Protocols with the Ethernet Type Field
Unicast (một tin nhắn được gửi từ một người gửi đến 1 người nhận)

Error Detection with FCS 53


Sending Ethernet Frames with Switches and Hubs
Switch: unicast, gửi dữ liệu chỉ đến thiết bị đích
Hub: broadcast, gửi dữ liệu đến tất cả thiết bị trong mạng
 Hiệu suất bảo mật của switch cao hơn, mỗi kết nối là độc lập.
3 chế độ truyền: Simplex (đơn công – tín hiệu truyền đi theo 1 hướng), Half Duplex (bán song
công – tín hiệu truyền 2 hướng, nhưng 1 trong 2 hướng 1 lúc), Full Duplex (song công toàn phần
– tín hiêu truyền 2 hướng cùng lúc)
Sending in Modern Ethernet LANs Using Full Duplex
Using Half Duplex with LAN Hubs
VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network): Separate network in a LAN without needing physical
separation (router)
LAN (Local Area Network): Many connected computers in ONE specific area (limited in
thousand meters), they can share information, print and mange documents.
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): No cable needed, work remotely.
WAN (Wide Area Network): Many connected computers in many areas, divided into many
smaller LAN
Configuration: cấu hình (sự chọn lựa trong quá trình thiết lập phần cứng hoặc phần mềm sao
cho hệ thống hoạt động đúng với yêu cầu của người sử dụng)
Interface: giao diện mạng, các cổng (port) hoặc kết nối dùng để truyền dữ liệu giữa firewall và
các mạng khác.

CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF WANS AND IP ROUTING


Foundation Topics
Wide-Area Networks Definition: I am an officer of a branch enterprise. I am sitting inside a
LAN of my company. I want to connect with other websites of the main company. My data will
travel over one or more wide-area network (WAN).
Physical Layer standards (Layer 1)
Data-link (Layer 2)
2 Wide-Area Networks Technologies
Leased-Line WANs (đường dây mượn) (less common today): Use a crooked line to
connect
Physical Details of Leased Lines

HDLC Data-link details of Leased Lines

How routers use a WAN Data link


Ethernet as a WAN Technology (longer distance)
IP Routing
Other Network Layer Features

#RULE: Tiêu đề lớn


**Chữ in đậm**
*Chữ nghiêng*
- Danh sách
- Gạch đầu dòng
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