1.) Why do children taught in their mother tongue during early schooling perform better?

●​ Cognitive Development: Learning in a familiar language allows children to grasp concepts faster
since they are not struggling with language barriers.
●​ Better Comprehension: They can focus on understanding lessons rather than decoding
unfamiliar words.
●​ Stronger Foundation: Literacy skills in the mother tongue transfer to second-language learning
later on.
●​ Emotional and Cultural Connection: Learning in one’s native language helps preserve cultural
identity and fosters confidence in learning.

2.) How does education “humanize” an individual and Philippine society?

●​ Empowers Individuals: Education nurtures critical thinking, self-awareness, and empathy.

●​ Social Transformation: It addresses social inequalities by equipping individuals with skills for
meaningful participation in society.
●​ Cultural Preservation and Innovation: Education encourages appreciation of heritage while
promoting progress.

3.) How can teachers address multiple intelligences in assessments and teaching strategies?

●​ Use varied teaching methods (e.g., storytelling for linguistic learners, hands-on activities for
kinesthetic learners).
●​ Provide different assessment formats (e.g., oral exams, projects, and written tests).
●​ Encourage collaborative learning where students use their strengths to help each other.

4.) Does observational learning work the same way for math formulas and dance steps?

●​ No, because learning math involves abstract thinking, while copying dance steps is motor
learning.
●​ Observational learning in math may involve watching problem-solving techniques, but actual
mastery requires practice and reasoning.
●​ In dance, muscle memory and coordination play a bigger role in mastering movements.

5.) Curriculum consideration to address socio-economic conditions

●​ Incorporate livelihood skills: Offer vocational training or financial literacy programs to equip
students with practical job skills, especially in areas with high unemployment rates.

6.) Catering to cultural differences in the classroom

●​ Example: Different communication styles (some cultures encourage active participation, others
value listening).
●​ Solution: Use multiple modes of participation (verbal discussions, written reflections, group
activities) to ensure inclusivity.

7.) What happens if cultural differences are ignored?

 ●​ Example: If a teacher only uses direct questioning, students from cultures that value indirect
communication may struggle.
●​ Result: These students may seem disengaged or less intelligent, leading to lower self-esteem
and academic performance.

8.) Example of a government policy for diverse social groups

●​ The K to 12 Program in the Philippines aims to make education more inclusive by integrating
indigenous knowledge and providing technical-vocational tracks.
●​ Is it working? Partially—while it expanded educational opportunities, challenges like funding and
teacher training still affect its success.

9.) Is Dewey’s “education as a social process” still true in virtual learning?

●​ Yes, but with modifications.

●​ Online learning fosters interaction through discussion boards, group projects, and
collaborative tools.
●​ However, it requires intentional engagement strategies to maintain the social aspect of
learning.

10.) How does technology become a cultural factor in education?

●​ It shapes how students access and process information (e.g., digital learning, AI tutoring).
●​ It can either bridge or widen educational gaps—wealthier students may have better access to
resources, while marginalized groups may struggle with digital literacy and connectivity.

11. 1. Understanding the "Restless World" of Adolescents Using a Psychological Theory

Adolescents today face a rapidly changing world, influenced by social media, academic pressure, and
shifting societal expectations. Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory, particularly the stage
of Identity vs. Role Confusion, can help teachers understand and support students navigating these
challenges.

Example of a Student's Situation:

A 16-year-old student feels overwhelmed by peer pressure to conform to social media trends, causing
anxiety about self-image. A teacher using Erikson’s theory would encourage self-reflection, open
discussions about identity, and positive reinforcement to help the student develop a stable sense of self.

Example Involving the Teacher:

A teacher struggles to adapt to the rapidly evolving digital landscape and feels disconnected from
students. Applying Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, the teacher can observe how students engage
with digital tools, model digital literacy, and integrate modern technology into lessons to bridge the gap.

2. B.F. Skinner’s Theory and Its Impact on Learning and Teaching

B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory suggests that behavior is shaped through reinforcement
and punishment.

Positive Impact:

●​ Reinforcement: A teacher uses praise, rewards, and positive feedback to encourage

participation. For example, giving stickers for correct answers or offering extra credit for
completing assignments on time fosters motivation.
●​ Structured Learning: Online learning apps like Kahoot and Quizlet, which provide immediate
feedback, reinforce learning.

Negative Impact:

●​ Over-reliance on Extrinsic Motivation: If students become dependent on rewards, they may

struggle with intrinsic motivation, leading to a lack of genuine interest in learning.
●​ Punishment Can Backfire: Scolding a student harshly for incorrect answers may lead to anxiety
and reluctance to participate.

3. Controversial Topic in a Filipino Classroom and Psychological Theory to Address It

Example Topic: Sex Education in Grade 10​

Sex education remains controversial due to cultural and religious beliefs.

Psychological Theory to Address It:

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory emphasizes learning through social interactions and cultural context.
A teacher can:

●​ Encourage open discussions in a non-judgmental manner.

●​ Use group work and peer discussions to allow students to share their thoughts and debunk
myths.
●​ Connect sex education to real-world situations, like reproductive health and responsible
decision-making.

4. A Psychological Theory That Makes a Teacher a Better Educator

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences helps teachers recognize that students learn in
different ways.

Application:

●​ A teacher identifies that some students learn better through visuals (Spatial Intelligence) and
integrates infographics and diagrams into lessons.
●​ A student who struggles with math but excels in music (Musical Intelligence) is taught through
rhythmic patterns to understand concepts like fractions.
 ●​ Differentiated instruction helps students engage with content based on their strengths, making
lessons more inclusive and effective.

5. Operant Conditioning and Social Learning Theory in Promoting Positive Classroom Behavior

Operant Conditioning (Skinner):

●​ Positive Reinforcement: Rewarding good behavior (e.g., praising students for active
participation) encourages them to continue.
●​ Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant task when students complete work (e.g.,
finishing classwork early = no extra homework).
●​ Punishment: A gentle warning or loss of privilege discourages disruptions.

Social Learning Theory (Bandura):

●​ Modeling Behavior: If a teacher demonstrates respect, students are more likely to follow suit.
●​ Peer Influence: Encouraging group work where responsible students influence others in a
positive way.
●​ Observational Learning: Showcasing videos of inspiring role models can shape students’
behavior.