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This page intentionally left blank
Basic Electronics for Scientists and Engineers

Ideal for a one-semester course, this concise textbook covers basic

electronics for undergraduate students in science and engineering.

Beginning with basics of general circuit laws and resistor circuits to ease
students into the subject, the textbook then covers a wide range of topics,
from passive circuits through to semiconductor-based analog circuits and
basic digital circuits. Using a balance of thorough analysis and insight,
readers are shown how to work with electronic circuits and apply the
techniques they have learnt. The textbook’s structure makes it useful as a
self-study introduction to the subject. All mathematics is kept to a suitable
level, and there are several exercises throughout the book. Solutions for
instructors, together with eight laboratory exercises that parallel the text, are
available online at www.cambridge.org/Eggleston.

Dennis L. Eggleston is Professor of Physics at Occidental College, Los

Angeles, where he teaches undergraduate courses and labs at all levels
(including the course on which this textbook is based). He has also
established an active research program in plasma physics and, together with
his undergraduate assistants, he has designed and constructed three plasma
devices which form the basis for the research program.
Basic Electronics for
Scientists and Engineers

Dennis L. Eggleston
Occidental College, Los Angeles
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/Eggleston

© D. Eggleston 2011

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2011

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Eggleston, Dennis L. (Dennis Lee), 1953-
Basic Electronics for Scientists and Engineers / by Dennis L. Eggleston.
p. cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-521-76970-9 (Hardback) – ISBN 978-0-521-15430-7 (Paperback) 1. Electronics.
I. Title.
TK7816.E35 2011
621.381–dc22
2010050327

ISBN 978-0-521-76970-9 Hardback

ISBN 978-0-521-15430-7 Paperback

Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/Eggleston

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or

accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to
in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
To my wife Lynne
 Contents

Preface page xi

1 Basic concepts and resistor circuits 1

1.1 Basics 1
1.2 Resistors 4
1.3 AC signals 19
Exercises 23
Further reading 26

2 AC circuits 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Capacitors 27
2.3 Inductors 29
2.4 RC circuits 30
2.5 Response to a sine wave 37
2.6 Using complex numbers in electronics 43
2.7 Using the complex exponential method for a switching problem 54
2.8 Fourier analysis 58
2.9 Transformers 61
Exercises 65
Further reading 67

3 Band theory and diode circuits 68

3.1 The band theory of solids 68
3.2 Diode circuits 80
Exercises 101
Further reading 103

4 Bipolar junction transistors 104

4.1 Introduction 104
4.2 Bipolar transistor fundamentals 104
viii Contents

4.3 DC and switching applications 108

4.4 Amplifiers 110
Exercises 131
Further reading 132

5 Field-effect transistors 133

5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Field-effect transistor fundamentals 134
5.3 DC and switching applications 140
5.4 Amplifiers 141
Exercises 150
Further reading 151

6 Operational amplifiers 152

6.1 Introduction 152
6.2 Non-linear applications I 153
6.3 Linear applications 154
6.4 Practical considerations for real op-amps 159
6.5 Non-linear applications II 165
Exercises 168
Further reading 170

7 Oscillators 171
7.1 Introduction 171
7.2 Relaxation oscillators 171
7.3 Sinusoidal oscillators 185
7.4 Oscillator application: EM communications 193
Exercises 198
Further reading 199

8 Digital circuits and devices 200

8.1 Introduction 200
8.2 Binary numbers 200
8.3 Representing binary numbers in a circuit 202
8.4 Logic gates 204
8.5 Implementing logical functions 206
8.6 Boolean algebra 208
8.7 Making logic gates 211
 Contents ix

8.8 Adders 213

8.9 Information registers 216
8.10 Counters 220
8.11 Displays and decoders 223
8.12 Shift registers 224
8.13 Digital to analog converters 227
8.14 Analog to digital converters 228
8.15 Multiplexers and demultiplexers 229
8.16 Memory chips 232
Exercises 234
Further reading 235

Appendix A: Selected answers to exercises 236

Appendix B: Solving a set of linear algebraic equations 238
Appendix C: Inductively coupled circuits 241
References 245
Index 247
Preface

A professor of mine once opined that the best working experimentalists tended to
have a good grasp of basic electronics. Experimental data often come in the form of
electronic signals, and one needs to understand how to acquire and manipulate such
signals properly. Indeed, in graduate school, everyone had a story about a budding
scientist who got very excited about some new result, only to later discover that the
result was just an artifact of the electronics they were using (or misusing!). In addition,
most research labs these days have at least a few homemade circuits, often because
the desired electronic function is either not available commercially or is prohibitively
expensive. Other anecdotes could be added, but these suffice to illustrate the utility of
understanding basic electronics for the working scientist.
On the other hand, the sheer volume of information on electronics makes learning the
subject a daunting task. Electronics is a multi-hundred billion dollar a year industry, and
new products of ever-increasing specialization are developed regularly. Some introduc-
tory electronics texts are longer than introductory physics texts, and the print catalog for
one national electronic parts distributor exceeds two thousand pages (with tiny fonts!).
Finally, the undergraduate curriculum for most science and engineering majors
(excepting, of course, electrical engineering) does not have much space for the study
of electronics. For many science students, formal study of electronics is limited to
the coverage of voltage, current, and passive components (resistors, capacitors, and
inductors) in introductory physics. A dedicated course in electronics, if it exists, is
usually limited to one semester.
This text grew out of my attempts to deal with this three-fold challenge. It is based
on my notes for a one-semester course on electronics I have taught for many years in
the Physics Department of Occidental College. The students in the course are typically
sophomore, junior, or senior students majoring in physics or pre-engineering, with
some from the other sciences and mathematics. The students have usually had at least
two introductory physics courses and two semesters of calculus.
The primary challenge of such a course is to select the topics to include. My choices
for this text have been guided by several principles: I wanted the text to be a rigorous,
self-contained, one-semester introduction to basic analog and digital electronics. It
should start with basic concepts and at least touch upon the major topics. I also let
the choice of material be guided by those topics I thought were fundamental or have
found useful during my career as a researcher in experimental plasma physics. Finally,
xii Preface

I wanted the text to emphasize learning how to work with electronics through analysis
rather than copying examples.
Chapters 1 and 2 start with basic concepts and cover the three passive components.
Key concepts such as Thevenin’s theorem, time- and frequency-domain analysis, and
complex impedances are introduced. Chapter 3 uses the band theory of solids to explain
semiconductor diode operation and shows how the diode and its cousins can be used in
circuits. The use of the load line to solve the transcendental equations arising from the
diode’s non-linear I–V characteristic is introduced, as well as common approximation
techniques. The fundamentals of power supply construction are also introduced in this
chapter.
Bipolar junction transistors and field-effect transistors are covered in Chapters 4
and 5. Basic switching and amplifier circuits are analyzed and transistor AC equivalents
are used to derive the voltage and current gain as well as the input and output impedance
of the amplifiers. A discussion of feedback in Chapter 4 leads into the study of
operational amplifiers in Chapter 6. Linear and non-linear circuits are analyzed and the
limitations of real op-amps detailed.
Several examples of relaxation and sinusoidal oscillators are studied in Chapter 7,
with time-domain analysis used for the former and frequency-domain analysis used for
the latter. Amplitude- and frequency-modulation are introduced as oscillator applica-
tions. Finally, a number of basic digital circuits and devices are discussed in Chapter 8.
These include the logic gates, flip-flops, counters, shift-registers, A/D and D/A con-
verters, multiplexers, and memory chips. Although the digital universe is much larger
than this (and expanding!), these seem sufficient to give a laboratory scientist a working
knowledge of this universe and lay the foundation for further study.
Exercises are given at the end of each chapter along with texts for further study.
I recommend doing all of the exercises. While simple plug-in problems are avoided,
I have found that most students will rise to the challenge of applying the techniques
studied in the text to non-trivial problems. Answers to some of the problems are given
in Appendix A, and a solution manual is available to instructors.
At Occidental this course is accompanied by a laboratory, and I enthusiastically
recommend such a structure. In addition to teaching a variety of laboratory skills,
an instructional laboratory in electronics allows the student to connect the analytical
approach of the text to the real world. A set of laboratory exercises that I have used is
available from the publisher.
The original manuscript was typeset using LaTeX and the figures constructed using
PSTricks: Postscript macros for Generic TeX by Timothy Van Zandt and M4 Macros
for Electric Circuit Diagrams in Latex Documents by Dwight Aplevich. I am indebted
to the makers of these products and would not have attempted this project without them.
Dennis L. Eggleston Los Angeles, California, USA
 Preface xiii

“Basic Electronics for Scientists and Engineers by Dennis Eggleston is an example of

how the most important material in the introduction to electronics can be presented
within a one-semester time frame. The text is written in a nice logical sequence and is
beneficial for students majoring in all areas of the Natural Science. In addition, many
examples and detailed introduction of all equations allows this course to be taught
to students of different background – sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Overall, the
effort of the author is thrilling and, definitely, this text will be popular among many
instructors and students.”
Anatoliy Glushchenko, Department of Physics and Energy Science, University of
Colorado at Colorado Springs

“This text is an excellent choice for undergraduates majoring in physics. It covers

the basics, running from passive components through diodes, transistors and op-amps
to digital electronics. This makes it self-contained and a one-stop reference for the
student. A brief treatment of the semiconductor physics of silicon devices provides
a good basis for understanding the mathematical models of their behaviour and the
end-of-chapter problems help with the learning process. The concise and sequential
nature of the book makes it easier to teach (and study) from than the venerable but
somewhat overwhelming Art of Electronics by Horowitz and Hill.”
David Hanna, W C Macdonald Professor of Physics, McGill University

“I have been frustrated in the past by my inability to find a suitable book for a one-
semester Electronics course that starts with analog and progresses to basic digital
circuits. Most available books seem to be out of date or aimed at electrical engineers
rather than scientists. Eggleston’s book is exactly what I was looking for – a basic
course ideal for science students needing a practical introduction to electronics. Written
concisely and clearly, the book emphasizes many practical applications, but with
sufficient theoretical explanation so that the results don’t simply appear out of thin air.”
Susan Lehman, Clare Boothe Luce Associate Professor and Chair of Physics, The
College of Wooster
Other documents randomly have
different content
dans un coin de l’atelier, un mannequin revêtu d’une robe de femme.
—Prête-moi ce mannequin? dit-il à l’artiste.
—Pourquoi faire?
—Je n’en sais rien; mais laisse-moi l’emporter.
—Volontiers, répond le peintre, habitué sans doute aux
excentricités du cor.
Et Vivier s’en va bras dessus bras dessous avec le mannequin.
Il était onze heures. Le dernier omnibus était sur le point de
partir. Il n’y avait personne dedans. Le cocher dormait sur son siége;
le conducteur battait la semelle sur le trottoir.
Vivier monte avec son mannequin et s’installe dans les places du
fond. Grâce à la demi-obscurité, le mannequin, assis comme une
personne naturelle, faisait illusion.
L’omnibus s’emplit peu à peu. On part.
—Pour deux personnes! dit Vivier en passant douze sous au
conducteur.
Dix minutes après, arrivé devant sa porte, il descend, laissant le
mannequin dans la voiture,—sans s’embarrasser de la surprise et de
l’effroi que celui-ci doit y causer tôt ou tard.

*
* *
B.... aussi, le long acteur B...., fournit un joli contingent
d’historiettes. Elles sont un peu vives, par exemple, et bonnes à
émettre seulement à la campagne.
Rappeler entre autres,—avec des circonlocutions,—une entrevue
avec un de ses directeurs. B.... sollicitait de lui une avance. Le
directeur refusait; B.... insistait avec douceur; le directeur persistait
avec dureté.
 A la fin, lassé, mais sans rien perdre de son flegme, B.... fit un
geste terrible, et lui dit:
—Vous allez m’avancer mon mois à l’instant, ou je... dans votre
cabinet!

*
* *

Pages 22 et suivantes. Des propos incohérents.

Je crois être l’inventeur de cette variété de mystification; dans

tous les cas, je l’ai fait arriver à un haut degré de perfectionnement.
La meilleure façon d’en donner une idée est de rapporter à peu
près la conversation que j’eus dans un grand dîner.
J’avais remarqué la physionomie débonnaire d’un de mes voisins,
et j’attendais avec impatience qu’il m’adressât la parole.
Ce moment arriva.
LE VOISIN. Voilà un délicieux potage; n’est-il pas vrai, monsieur?
MOI. Assurément; il y a dans ce potage des combinaisons dont le
soulèvement peut se sous-entendre sans nuire à l’austérité des
fonctions illusoires.
LE VOISIN. Vous dites?
MOI. Je suis de votre avis; toutefois, vous me permettrez de
croire, qu’en parlant ainsi, vous vous placez exclusivement au point
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jamais la volatilisation.
LE VOISIN. Comment cela, monsieur?
MOI. Eh, oui! Vous laissez planer un sentiment de suspicion,
impétueux et subreptice, dû autant à la solidarité d’un principe
équitable qu’au libre arbitre du plénipotentiaire que tout le monde
nomme.
LE VOISIN. Quel plénipotentiaire, s’il vous plaît?
MOI. J’en appelle à ces dames et à ces messieurs. Tout est
légitime, rien n’est abandonné au hasard. C’est une volute, capable
d’aveugler; ne nous écartons des idées rationnelles que dans la
limite inoffensive de la combativité. Triste, j’en conviens, mais
nécessaire. Toute synthèse a sa base; qui le nie? Monsieur
(désignant le voisin) soutient une mauvaise cause.
LE VOISIN. Moi, monsieur!
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ériger en système les insanités d’un esprit foncièrement cubique,
melliflu, solitaire, incapable d’un élan collecteur, c’est tomber droit
dans le manichéisme, etc., etc.

IV

Ne lâcher le voisin que lorsqu’on le voit suer à grosses gouttes.

Voyons, vous devez avoir assez de ces échantillons, mes chers

lecteurs, restons-en là pour aujourd’hui,—et pour toujours.
J’ai rendu le paletot,—mais j’ai gardé les tablettes.
Depuis cette soustraction, il m’est arrivé de me trouver plusieurs
fois avec le farceur.
Il n’est plus le même; sa verve est embarrassée, sa parole est
hésitante. On sent qu’il lui manque quelque chose...

FIN.
 TABLE

Pages
Préface 1
Les Femmes qui font des scènes 3
La première Bonne 19
Il y aura des femmes charmantes 35
La Grue 45
Ma femme m’ennuie 63
La Rosière 75
La Bague 87
Les Inviteurs 105
Le Photographe 121
Il sait où est le cadavre 135
La Symphonie du banquet 149
Examen de conscience d’un homme de lettres 165
Les Vétérans de Cythère 171
Pourquoi l’on aime la campagne 185
Le Samaritain du boulevard 195
Un Réveillon 201
Les Immortels 213
Le Turc et le Grenadier 223
Mémoires d’un homme à qui il n’est jamais rien arrivé 237
Le Dîner du Lancier 247
L’Ami des Acteurs 261
Une Nature en dehors 271
L’Œil, la Dent et le Cheveu 283
Les Réputations de cinq minutes 289
Le Chicard 295
Les Parisiens du Dimanche 309
Les Vieilles bêtes 313
Le Chant de la tisane 323
Je m’appelle Corbin 329
Épître au roi de Prusse 333
Le Répertoire d’un farceur 337

FIN DE LA TABLE

Clichy.—Impr. Maurice Loignon et Cie, rue du Bac-d’Asnières, 12.

Au lecteur.
L'orthographe d'origine a été conservée et n'a pas été
harmonisée, mais quelques erreurs clairement introduites par le
typographe ou à l'impression ont été corrigées. Ces corrections
sont soulignées en pointillés dans le texte. Placez le curseur sur le
mot pour voir l'orthographe originale.
La ponctuation a été tacitement corrigée à quelques endroits.
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